\input texinfo @c -*- coding: utf-8 -*- @c %**start of header @setfilename ../../info/org.info @settitle The Org Manual @include docstyle.texi @include org-version.inc @c Version and Contact Info @set MAINTAINERSITE @uref{http://orgmode.org,maintainers web page} @set AUTHOR Carsten Dominik @set MAINTAINER Carsten Dominik @set MAINTAINEREMAIL @email{carsten at orgmode dot org} @set MAINTAINERCONTACT @uref{mailto:carsten at orgmode dot org,contact the maintainer} @c %**end of header @finalout @c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @c Macro definitions for commands and keys @c ======================================= @c The behavior of the key/command macros will depend on the flag cmdnames @c When set, commands names are shown. When clear, they are not shown. @set cmdnames @c Below we define the following macros for Org key tables: @c orgkey{key} A key item @c orgcmd{key,cmd} Key with command name @c xorgcmd{key,cmd} Key with command name as @itemx @c orgcmdnki{key,cmd} Like orgcmd, but do not index the key @c orgcmdtkc{text,key,cmd} Like orgcmd,special text instead of key @c orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, use "or" @c orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,cmd} Two keys with one command name, but @c different functions, so format as @itemx @c orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as orgcmdkkc, but use "or short" @c xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,cmd} Same as previous, but use @itemx @c orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,cmd1,cmd2} Two keys and two commands @c a key but no command @c Inserts: @item key @macro orgkey{key} @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\key\} @end macro @macro xorgkey{key} @kindex \key\ @itemx @kbd{\key\} @end macro @c one key with a command @c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND @macro orgcmd{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c One key with one command, formatted using @itemx @c Inserts: @itemx KEY COMMAND @macro xorgcmd{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @itemx @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @itemx @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @itemx @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c one key with a command, bit do not index the key @c Inserts: @item KEY COMMAND @macro orgcmdnki{key,command} @ifset cmdnames @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @item @kbd{\key\} @end ifclear @end macro @c one key with a command, and special text to replace key in item @c Inserts: @item TEXT COMMAND @macro orgcmdtkc{text,key,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\text\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\text\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key\ @item @kbd{\text\} @end ifclear @end macro @c two keys with one command @c Inserts: @item KEY1 or KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkkc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Two keys with one command name, but different functions, so format as @c @itemx @c Inserts: @item KEY1 @c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkxkc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Same as previous, but use "or short" @c Inserts: @item KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND @macro orgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c Same as previous, but use @itemx @c Inserts: @itemx KEY1 or short KEY2 COMMAND @macro xorgcmdkskc{key1,key2,command} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command\ @iftex @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command\} @end iftex @ifnottex @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @itemx @kbd{\key1\} @ @r{or short} @ @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c two keys with two commands @c Inserts: @item KEY1 COMMAND1 @c @itemx KEY2 COMMAND2 @macro orgcmdkkcc{key1,key2,command1,command2} @ifset cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @findex \command1\ @findex \command2\ @iftex @item @kbd{\key1\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @hskip 0pt plus 1filll @code{\command2\} @end iftex @ifnottex @item @kbd{\key1\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command1\}) @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @tie{}@tie{}@tie{}@tie{}(@code{\command2\}) @end ifnottex @end ifset @ifclear cmdnames @kindex \key1\ @kindex \key2\ @item @kbd{\key1\} @itemx @kbd{\key2\} @end ifclear @end macro @c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @iftex @c @hyphenation{time-stamp time-stamps time-stamp-ing time-stamp-ed} @end iftex @c Subheadings inside a table. @macro tsubheading{text} @ifinfo @subsubheading \text\ @end ifinfo @ifnotinfo @item @b{\text\} @end ifnotinfo @end macro @copying This manual is for Org version @value{VERSION}. Copyright @copyright{} 2004--2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.'' @end quotation @end copying @dircategory Emacs editing modes @direntry * Org Mode: (org). Outline-based notes management and organizer @end direntry @titlepage @title The Org Manual @subtitle Release @value{VERSION} @author by Carsten Dominik with contributions by Bastien Guerry, Nicolas Goaziou, Eric Schulte, Jambunathan K, Dan Davison, Thomas Dye, David O'Toole, and Philip Rooke. @c The following two commands start the copyright page. @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @c Output the short table of contents at the beginning. @shortcontents @c Output the table of contents at the beginning. @contents @ifnottex @c FIXME These hand-written next,prev,up node pointers make editing a lot @c harder. There should be no need for them, makeinfo can do it @c automatically for any document with a normal structure. @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) @top Org Mode Manual @insertcopying @end ifnottex @menu * Introduction:: Getting started * Document structure:: A tree works like your brain * Tables:: Pure magic for quick formatting * Hyperlinks:: Notes in context * TODO items:: Every tree branch can be a TODO item * Tags:: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags * Properties and columns:: Storing information about an entry * Dates and times:: Making items useful for planning * Capture - Refile - Archive:: The ins and outs for projects * Agenda views:: Collecting information into views * Markup:: Prepare text for rich export * Exporting:: Sharing and publishing notes * Publishing:: Create a web site of linked Org files * Working with source code:: Export, evaluate, and tangle code blocks * Miscellaneous:: All the rest which did not fit elsewhere * Hacking:: How to hack your way around * MobileOrg:: Viewing and capture on a mobile device * History and acknowledgments:: How Org came into being * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. * Main Index:: An index of Org's concepts and features * Key Index:: Key bindings and where they are described * Command and Function Index:: Command names and some internal functions * Variable Index:: Variables mentioned in the manual @detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Introduction * Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does * Installation:: Installing Org * Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers * Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc. * Conventions:: Typesetting conventions in the manual Document structure * Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode * Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines * Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified * Motion:: Jumping to other headlines * Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines * Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context * Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry * Drawers:: Tucking stuff away * Blocks:: Folding blocks * Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax * Orgstruct mode:: Structure editing outside Org * Org syntax:: Formal description of Org's syntax Visibility cycling * Global and local cycling:: Cycling through various visibility states * Initial visibility:: Setting the initial visibility state * Catching invisible edits:: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts Tables * Built-in table editor:: Simple tables * Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings * Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines * Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode * The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities * Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables The spreadsheet * References:: How to refer to another field or range * Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff * Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp * Durations and time values:: How to compute durations and time values * Field and range formulas:: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields * Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column * Lookup functions:: Lookup functions for searching tables * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas * Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields * Advanced features:: Field and column names, parameters and automatic recalc Hyperlinks * Link format:: How links in Org are formatted * Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file * External links:: URL-like links to the world * Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following * Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code? * Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links * Search options:: Linking to a specific location * Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough Internal links * Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text TODO items * TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries * TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments * Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress * Priorities:: Some things are more important than others * Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces * Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists Extended use of TODO keywords * Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps * TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest * Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way * Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state * Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements * Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states * TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others Progress logging * Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE? * Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change? * Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been? Tags * Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline * Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline * Tag hierarchy:: Create a hierarchy of tags * Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags Properties and columns * Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out * Special properties:: Access to other Org mode features * Property searches:: Matching property values * Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree * Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing * Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers Column view * Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property * Using column view:: How to create and use column view * Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view Defining columns * Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid? * Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column Dates and times * Timestamps:: Assigning a time to a tree entry * Creating timestamps:: Commands which insert timestamps * Deadlines and scheduling:: Planning your work * Clocking work time:: Tracking how long you spend on a task * Effort estimates:: Planning work effort in advance * Timers:: Notes with a running timer Creating timestamps * The date/time prompt:: How Org mode helps you entering date and time * Custom time format:: Making dates look different Deadlines and scheduling * Inserting deadline/schedule:: Planning items * Repeated tasks:: Items that show up again and again Clocking work time * Clocking commands:: Starting and stopping a clock * The clock table:: Detailed reports * Resolving idle time:: Resolving time when you've been idle Capture - Refile - Archive * Capture:: Capturing new stuff * Attachments:: Add files to tasks * RSS feeds:: Getting input from RSS feeds * Protocols:: External (e.g., Browser) access to Emacs and Org * Refile and copy:: Moving/copying a tree from one place to another * Archiving:: What to do with finished projects Capture * Setting up capture:: Where notes will be stored * Using capture:: Commands to invoke and terminate capture * Capture templates:: Define the outline of different note types Capture templates * Template elements:: What is needed for a complete template entry * Template expansion:: Filling in information about time and context * Templates in contexts:: Only show a template in a specific context Archiving * Moving subtrees:: Moving a tree to an archive file * Internal archiving:: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file Agenda views * Agenda files:: Files being searched for agenda information * Agenda dispatcher:: Keyboard access to agenda views * Built-in agenda views:: What is available out of the box? * Presentation and sorting:: How agenda items are prepared for display * Agenda commands:: Remote editing of Org trees * Custom agenda views:: Defining special searches and views * Exporting agenda views:: Writing a view to a file * Agenda column view:: Using column view for collected entries The built-in agenda views * Weekly/daily agenda:: The calendar page with current tasks * Global TODO list:: All unfinished action items * Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search * Timeline:: Time-sorted view for single file * Search view:: Find entries by searching for text * Stuck projects:: Find projects you need to review Presentation and sorting * Categories:: Not all tasks are equal * Time-of-day specifications:: How the agenda knows the time * Sorting agenda items:: The order of things * Filtering/limiting agenda items:: Dynamically narrow the agenda Custom agenda views * Storing searches:: Type once, use often * Block agenda:: All the stuff you need in a single buffer * Setting options:: Changing the rules Markup for rich export * Structural markup elements:: The basic structure as seen by the exporter * Images and tables:: Images, tables and caption mechanism * Literal examples:: Source code examples with special formatting * Include files:: Include additional files into a document * Index entries:: Making an index * Macro replacement:: Use macros to create templates * Embedded @LaTeX{}:: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents * Special blocks:: Containers targeted at export back-ends Structural markup elements * Document title:: Where the title is taken from * Headings and sections:: The document structure as seen by the exporter * Table of contents:: The if and where of the table of contents * Lists:: Lists * Paragraphs:: Paragraphs * Footnote markup:: Footnotes * Emphasis and monospace:: Bold, italic, etc. * Horizontal rules:: Make a line * Comment lines:: What will *not* be exported Embedded @LaTeX{} * Special symbols:: Greek letters and other symbols * Subscripts and superscripts:: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text * @LaTeX{} fragments:: Complex formulas made easy * Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments:: What will this snippet look like? * CDLaTeX mode:: Speed up entering of formulas Exporting * The export dispatcher:: The main exporter interface * Export back-ends:: Built-in export formats * Export settings:: Generic export settings * ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export:: Exporting to flat files with encoding * Beamer export:: Exporting as a Beamer presentation * HTML export:: Exporting to HTML * @LaTeX{} and PDF export:: Exporting to @LaTeX{}, and processing to PDF * Markdown export:: Exporting to Markdown * OpenDocument Text export:: Exporting to OpenDocument Text * Org export:: Exporting to Org * Texinfo export:: Exporting to Texinfo * iCalendar export:: Exporting to iCalendar * Other built-in back-ends:: Exporting to a man page * Export in foreign buffers:: Author tables and lists in Org syntax * Advanced configuration:: Fine-tuning the export output HTML export * HTML Export commands:: How to invoke HTML export * HTML doctypes:: Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors * HTML preamble and postamble:: How to insert a preamble and a postamble * Quoting HTML tags:: Using direct HTML in Org mode * Links in HTML export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted * Tables in HTML export:: How to modify the formatting of tables * Images in HTML export:: How to insert figures into HTML output * Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web * Text areas in HTML export:: An alternative way to show an example * CSS support:: Changing the appearance of the output * JavaScript support:: Info and Folding in a web browser @LaTeX{} and PDF export * @LaTeX{} export commands:: How to export to LaTeX and PDF * Header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure * Quoting @LaTeX{} code:: Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code * @LaTeX{} specific attributes:: Controlling @LaTeX{} output OpenDocument text export * Pre-requisites for ODT export:: What packages ODT exporter relies on * ODT export commands:: How to invoke ODT export * Extending ODT export:: How to produce @samp{doc}, @samp{pdf} files * Applying custom styles:: How to apply custom styles to the output * Links in ODT export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted * Tables in ODT export:: How Tables are exported * Images in ODT export:: How to insert images * Math formatting in ODT export:: How @LaTeX{} fragments are formatted * Labels and captions in ODT export:: How captions are rendered * Literal examples in ODT export:: How source and example blocks are formatted * Advanced topics in ODT export:: Read this if you are a power user Math formatting in ODT export * Working with @LaTeX{} math snippets:: How to embed @LaTeX{} math fragments * Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files:: How to embed equations in native format Advanced topics in ODT export * Configuring a document converter:: How to register a document converter * Working with OpenDocument style files:: Explore the internals * Creating one-off styles:: How to produce custom highlighting etc * Customizing tables in ODT export:: How to define and use Table templates * Validating OpenDocument XML:: How to debug corrupt OpenDocument files Texinfo export * Texinfo export commands:: How to invoke Texinfo export * Document preamble:: File header, title and copyright page * Headings and sectioning structure:: Building document structure * Indices:: Creating indices * Quoting Texinfo code:: Incorporating literal Texinfo code * Texinfo specific attributes:: Controlling Texinfo output * An example:: Publishing * Configuration:: Defining projects * Uploading files:: How to get files up on the server * Sample configuration:: Example projects * Triggering publication:: Publication commands Configuration * Project alist:: The central configuration variable * Sources and destinations:: From here to there * Selecting files:: What files are part of the project? * Publishing action:: Setting the function doing the publishing * Publishing options:: Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export * Publishing links:: Which links keep working after publishing? * Sitemap:: Generating a list of all pages * Generating an index:: An index that reaches across pages Sample configuration * Simple example:: One-component publishing * Complex example:: A multi-component publishing example Working with source code * Structure of code blocks:: Code block syntax described * Editing source code:: Language major-mode editing * Exporting code blocks:: Export contents and/or results * Extracting source code:: Create pure source code files * Evaluating code blocks:: Place results of evaluation in the Org mode buffer * Library of Babel:: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks * Languages:: List of supported code block languages * Header arguments:: Configure code block functionality * Results of evaluation:: How evaluation results are handled * Noweb reference syntax:: Literate programming in Org mode * Key bindings and useful functions:: Work quickly with code blocks * Batch execution:: Call functions from the command line Header arguments * Using header arguments:: Different ways to set header arguments * Specific header arguments:: List of header arguments Using header arguments * System-wide header arguments:: Set global default values * Language-specific header arguments:: Set default values by language * Header arguments in Org mode properties:: Set default values for a buffer or heading * Language-specific header arguments in Org mode properties:: Set language-specific default values for a buffer or heading * Code block specific header arguments:: The most common way to set values * Header arguments in function calls:: The most specific level Specific header arguments * var:: Pass arguments to code blocks * results:: Specify the type of results and how they will be collected and handled * file:: Specify a path for file output * file-desc:: Specify a description for file results * dir:: Specify the default (possibly remote) directory for code block execution * exports:: Export code and/or results * tangle:: Toggle tangling and specify file name * mkdirp:: Toggle creation of parent directories of target files during tangling * comments:: Toggle insertion of comments in tangled code files * padline:: Control insertion of padding lines in tangled code files * no-expand:: Turn off variable assignment and noweb expansion during tangling * session:: Preserve the state of code evaluation * noweb:: Toggle expansion of noweb references * noweb-ref:: Specify block's noweb reference resolution target * noweb-sep:: String used to separate noweb references * cache:: Avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks * sep:: Delimiter for writing tabular results outside Org * hlines:: Handle horizontal lines in tables * colnames:: Handle column names in tables * rownames:: Handle row names in tables * shebang:: Make tangled files executable * tangle-mode:: Set permission of tangled files * eval:: Limit evaluation of specific code blocks * wrap:: Mark source block evaluation results * post:: Post processing of code block results * prologue:: Text to prepend to code block body * epilogue:: Text to append to code block body Miscellaneous * Completion:: M-TAB knows what you need * Easy templates:: Quick insertion of structural elements * Speed keys:: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline * Code evaluation security:: Org mode files evaluate inline code * Customization:: Adapting Org to your taste * In-buffer settings:: Overview of the #+KEYWORDS * The very busy C-c C-c key:: When in doubt, press C-c C-c * Clean view:: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline * TTY keys:: Using Org on a tty * Interaction:: Other Emacs packages * org-crypt:: Encrypting Org files Interaction with other packages * Cooperation:: Packages Org cooperates with * Conflicts:: Packages that lead to conflicts Hacking * Hooks:: How to reach into Org's internals * Add-on packages:: Available extensions * Adding hyperlink types:: New custom link types * Adding export back-ends:: How to write new export back-ends * Context-sensitive commands:: How to add functionality to such commands * Tables in arbitrary syntax:: Orgtbl for @LaTeX{} and other programs * Dynamic blocks:: Automatically filled blocks * Special agenda views:: Customized views * Speeding up your agendas:: Tips on how to speed up your agendas * Extracting agenda information:: Post-processing of agenda information * Using the property API:: Writing programs that use entry properties * Using the mapping API:: Mapping over all or selected entries Tables and lists in arbitrary syntax * Radio tables:: Sending and receiving radio tables * A @LaTeX{} example:: Step by step, almost a tutorial * Translator functions:: Copy and modify * Radio lists:: Sending and receiving lists MobileOrg * Setting up the staging area:: Where to interact with the mobile device * Pushing to MobileOrg:: Uploading Org files and agendas * Pulling from MobileOrg:: Integrating captured and flagged items @end detailmenu @end menu @node Introduction @chapter Introduction @cindex introduction @menu * Summary:: Brief summary of what Org does * Installation:: Installing Org * Activation:: How to activate Org for certain buffers * Feedback:: Bug reports, ideas, patches etc. * Conventions:: Typesetting conventions in the manual @end menu @node Summary @section Summary @cindex summary Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and project planning with a fast and effective plain-text system. It also is an authoring system with unique support for literate programming and reproducible research. Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to keep the content of large files well structured. Visibility cycling and structure editing help to work with the tree. Tables are easily created with a built-in table editor. Plain text URL-like links connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any files related to the projects. Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain lists or information about projects as plain text. Project planning and task management makes use of metadata which is part of an outline node. Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in queries and create dynamic @i{agenda views} that also integrate the Emacs calendar and diary. Org can be used to implement many different project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system. Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to many different formats such as HTML, @LaTeX{}, Open Document, and Markdown. New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or defined from scratch. Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely suited for authoring technical documents with code examples. Org source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in place and their results can be captured in the file. This makes it possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium. Org keeps simple things simple. When first fired up, it should feel like a straightforward, easy to use outliner. Complexity is not imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed. Org is a toolbox. Many users actually run only a (very personal) fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more whenever they need it. All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most portable and future-proof file format. Org runs in Emacs. Emacs is one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available on every major platform. @cindex FAQ There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc. This page is located at @uref{http://orgmode.org}. @cindex print edition An earlier version (7.3) of this manual is available as a @uref{http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/, paperback book from Network Theory Ltd.} @page @node Installation @section Installation @cindex installation Org is part of recent distributions of GNU Emacs, so you normally don't need to install it. If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this pre-packaged version, there are three ways to do it: @itemize @bullet @item By using Emacs package system. @item By downloading Org as an archive. @item By using Org's git repository. @end itemize We @b{strongly recommend} to stick to a single installation method. @subsubheading Using Emacs packaging system Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you install Elisp libraries. You can install Org with @kbd{M-x package-install RET org}. @noindent @b{Important}: you need to do this in a session where no @code{.org} file has been visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded. Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation. Then, to make sure your Org configuration is taken into account, initialize the package system with @code{(package-initialize)} in your @file{.emacs} before setting any Org option. If you want to use Org's package repository, check out the @uref{http://orgmode.org/elpa.html, Org ELPA page}. @subsubheading Downloading Org as an archive You can download Org latest release from @uref{http://orgmode.org/, Org's website}. In this case, make sure you set the load-path correctly in your @file{.emacs}: @lisp (add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/lisp") @end lisp The downloaded archive contains contributed libraries that are not included in Emacs. If you want to use them, add the @file{contrib} directory to your load-path: @lisp (add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/contrib/lisp" t) @end lisp Optionally, you can compile the files and/or install them in your system. Run @code{make help} to list compilation and installation options. @subsubheading Using Org's git repository You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this: @example $ cd ~/src/ $ git clone git://orgmode.org/org-mode.git $ make autoloads @end example Note that in this case, @code{make autoloads} is mandatory: it defines Org's version in @file{org-version.el} and Org's autoloads in @file{org-loaddefs.el}. Remember to add the correct load-path as described in the method above. You can also compile with @code{make}, generate the documentation with @code{make doc}, create a local configuration with @code{make config} and install Org with @code{make install}. Please run @code{make help} to get the list of compilation/installation options. For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the Org Build System page on @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html, Worg}. @node Activation @section Activation @cindex activation @cindex autoload @cindex ELPA @cindex global key bindings @cindex key bindings, global @findex org-agenda @findex org-capture @findex org-store-link @findex org-iswitchb Org mode buffers need font-lock to be turned on: this is the default in Emacs@footnote{If you don't use font-lock globally, turn it on in Org buffer with @code{(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)}}. There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp packages, please take the time to check the list (@pxref{Conflicts}). The four Org commands @command{org-store-link}, @command{org-capture}, @command{org-agenda}, and @command{org-iswitchb} should be accessible through global keys (i.e., anywhere in Emacs, not just in Org buffers). Here are suggested bindings for these keys, please modify the keys to your own liking. @lisp (global-set-key "\C-cl" 'org-store-link) (global-set-key "\C-ca" 'org-agenda) (global-set-key "\C-cc" 'org-capture) (global-set-key "\C-cb" 'org-iswitchb) @end lisp @cindex Org mode, turning on Files with the @file{.org} extension use Org mode by default. To turn on Org mode in a file that does not have the extension @file{.org}, make the first line of a file look like this: @example MY PROJECTS -*- mode: org; -*- @end example @vindex org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file @noindent which will select Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name is. See also the variable @code{org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file}. Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is @i{active}. To make use of this, you need to have @code{transient-mark-mode} turned on, which is the default. If you do not like @code{transient-mark-mode}, you can create an active region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} twice before moving the cursor. @node Feedback @section Feedback @cindex feedback @cindex bug reports @cindex maintainer @cindex author If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or ideas about it, please mail to the Org mailing list @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org}. You can subscribe to the list @uref{https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode, on this web page}. If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it@footnote{Please consider subscribing to the mailing list, in order to minimize the work the mailing list moderators have to do.}. For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already. If the bug persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as possible, including the version information of Emacs (@kbd{M-x emacs-version @key{RET}}) and Org (@kbd{M-x org-version RET}), as well as the Org related setup in @file{.emacs}. The easiest way to do this is to use the command @example @kbd{M-x org-submit-bug-report RET} @end example @noindent which will put all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you only need to add your description. If you are not sending the Email from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email program. Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or Org mode setup. Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem. Doing so often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or with Org mode itself. You can start a typical minimal session with a command like the example below. @example $ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el @end example However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal setup is not necessary. In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs as @code{emacs -Q}. The @code{minimal-org.el} setup file can have contents as shown below. @lisp ;;; Minimal setup to load latest 'org-mode' ;; activate debugging (setq debug-on-error t debug-on-signal nil debug-on-quit nil) ;; add latest org-mode to load path (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp")) (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/contrib/lisp" t)) @end lisp If an error occurs, a backtrace can be very useful (see below on how to create one). Often a small example file helps, along with clear information about: @enumerate @item What exactly did you do? @item What did you expect to happen? @item What happened instead? @end enumerate @noindent Thank you for helping to improve this program. @subsubheading How to create a useful backtrace @cindex backtrace of an error If working with Org produces an error with a message you don't understand, you may have hit a bug. The best way to report this is by providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a @emph{backtrace}. This is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the error occurred. Here is how to produce a useful backtrace: @enumerate @item Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files. The backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with uncompiled code. To do this, use @example @kbd{C-u M-x org-reload RET} @end example @noindent or select @code{Org -> Refresh/Reload -> Reload Org uncompiled} from the menu. @item Go to the @code{Options} menu and select @code{Enter Debugger on Error}. @item Do whatever you have to do to hit the error. Don't forget to document the steps you take. @item When you hit the error, a @file{*Backtrace*} buffer will appear on the screen. Save this buffer to a file (for example using @kbd{C-x C-w}) and attach it to your bug report. @end enumerate @node Conventions @section Typesetting conventions used in this manual @subsubheading TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc. Org mainly uses three types of keywords: TODO keywords, tags and property names. In this manual we use the following conventions: @table @code @item TODO @itemx WAITING TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are user-defined. @item boss @itemx ARCHIVE User-defined tags are written in lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written with all capitals. @item Release @itemx PRIORITY User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with special meaning are written with all capitals. @end table Moreover, Org uses @i{option keywords} (like @code{#+TITLE} to set the title) and @i{environment keywords} (like @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT html} to start a @code{HTML} environment). They are written in uppercase in the manual to enhance its readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files@footnote{Easy templates insert lowercase keywords and Babel dynamically inserts @code{#+results}.}. @subsubheading Key bindings and commands @kindex C-c a @findex org-agenda @kindex C-c c @findex org-capture The manual suggests a few global key bindings, in particular @kbd{C-c a} for @code{org-agenda} and @kbd{C-c c} for @code{org-capture}. These are only suggestions, but the rest of the manual assumes that these key bindings are in place in order to list commands by key access. Also, the manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for accessing a functionality. Org mode often uses the same key for different functions, depending on context. The command that is bound to such keys has a generic name, like @code{org-metaright}. In the manual we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally called by the generic command. For example, in the chapter on document structure, @kbd{M-@key{right}} will be listed to call @code{org-do-demote}, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to call @code{org-table-move-column-right}. If you prefer, you can compile the manual without the command names by unsetting the flag @code{cmdnames} in @file{org.texi}. @node Document structure @chapter Document structure @cindex document structure @cindex structure of document Org is based on Outline mode and provides flexible commands to edit the structure of the document. @menu * Outlines:: Org is based on Outline mode * Headlines:: How to typeset Org tree headlines * Visibility cycling:: Show and hide, much simplified * Motion:: Jumping to other headlines * Structure editing:: Changing sequence and level of headlines * Sparse trees:: Matches embedded in context * Plain lists:: Additional structure within an entry * Drawers:: Tucking stuff away * Blocks:: Folding blocks * Footnotes:: How footnotes are defined in Org's syntax * Orgstruct mode:: Structure editing outside Org * Org syntax:: Formal description of Org's syntax @end menu @node Outlines @section Outlines @cindex outlines @cindex Outline mode Org is implemented on top of Outline mode. Outlines allow a document to be organized in a hierarchical structure, which (at least for me) is the best representation of notes and thoughts. An overview of this structure is achieved by folding (hiding) large parts of the document to show only the general document structure and the parts currently being worked on. Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing the entire show/hide functionality into a single command, @command{org-cycle}, which is bound to the @key{TAB} key. @node Headlines @section Headlines @cindex headlines @cindex outline tree @vindex org-special-ctrl-a/e @vindex org-special-ctrl-k @vindex org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree Headlines define the structure of an outline tree. The headlines in Org start with one or more stars, on the left margin@footnote{See the variables @code{org-special-ctrl-a/e}, @code{org-special-ctrl-k}, and @code{org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree} to configure special behavior of @kbd{C-a}, @kbd{C-e}, and @kbd{C-k} in headlines.} @footnote{Clocking only works with headings indented less than 30 stars.}. For example: @example * Top level headline ** Second level *** 3rd level some text *** 3rd level more text * Another top level headline @end example @vindex org-footnote-section @noindent Note that a headline named after @code{org-footnote-section}, which defaults to @samp{Footnotes}, is considered as special. A subtree with this headline will be silently ignored by exporting functions. Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters. @ref{Clean view}, describes a setup to realize this. @vindex org-cycle-separator-lines An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and will be hidden when the subtree is folded. However, if you leave at least two empty lines, one empty line will remain visible after folding the subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view. See the variable @code{org-cycle-separator-lines} to modify this behavior. @node Visibility cycling @section Visibility cycling @cindex cycling, visibility @cindex visibility cycling @cindex trees, visibility @cindex show hidden text @cindex hide text @menu * Global and local cycling:: Cycling through various visibility states * Initial visibility:: Setting the initial visibility state * Catching invisible edits:: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts @end menu @node Global and local cycling @subsection Global and local cycling Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer. Org uses just two commands, bound to @key{TAB} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to change the visibility in the buffer. @cindex subtree visibility states @cindex subtree cycling @cindex folded, subtree visibility state @cindex children, subtree visibility state @cindex subtree, subtree visibility state @table @asis @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} @emph{Subtree cycling}: Rotate current subtree among the states @example ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --. '-----------------------------------' @end example @vindex org-cycle-emulate-tab @vindex org-cycle-global-at-bob The cursor must be on a headline for this to work@footnote{see, however, the option @code{org-cycle-emulate-tab}.}. When the cursor is at the beginning of the buffer and the first line is not a headline, then @key{TAB} actually runs global cycling (see below)@footnote{see the option @code{org-cycle-global-at-bob}.}. Also when called with a prefix argument (@kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}), global cycling is invoked. @cindex global visibility states @cindex global cycling @cindex overview, global visibility state @cindex contents, global visibility state @cindex show all, global visibility state @orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-global-cycle} @itemx C-u @key{TAB} @emph{Global cycling}: Rotate the entire buffer among the states @example ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --. '--------------------------------------' @end example When @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} is called with a numeric prefix argument N, the CONTENTS view up to headlines of level N will be shown. Note that inside tables, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} jumps to the previous field. @cindex set startup visibility, command @orgcmd{C-u C-u @key{TAB},org-set-startup-visibility} Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (@pxref{Initial visibility}). @cindex show all, command @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-u @key{TAB},show-all} Show all, including drawers. @cindex revealing context @orgcmd{C-c C-r,org-reveal} Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the following heading and the hierarchy above. Useful for working near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (@pxref{Sparse trees}) or an agenda command (@pxref{Agenda commands}). With a prefix argument show, on each level, all sibling headings. With a double prefix argument, also show the entire subtree of the parent. @cindex show branches, command @orgcmd{C-c C-k,show-branches} Expose all the headings of the subtree, CONTENT view for just one subtree. @cindex show children, command @orgcmd{C-c @key{TAB},show-children} Expose all direct children of the subtree. With a numeric prefix argument N, expose all children down to level N@. @orgcmd{C-c C-x b,org-tree-to-indirect-buffer} Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer@footnote{The indirect buffer (@pxref{Indirect Buffers,,,emacs,GNU Emacs Manual}) will contain the entire buffer, but will be narrowed to the current tree. Editing the indirect buffer will also change the original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer.}. With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is negative then go up that many levels. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect buffer. @orgcmd{C-c C-x v,org-copy-visible} Copy the @i{visible} text in the region into the kill ring. @end table @node Initial visibility @subsection Initial visibility @cindex visibility, initialize @vindex org-startup-folded @vindex org-agenda-inhibit-startup @cindex @code{overview}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{content}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showall}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showeverything}, STARTUP keyword When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to OVERVIEW, i.e., only the top level headlines are visible@footnote{When @code{org-agenda-inhibit-startup} is non-@code{nil}, Org will not honor the default visibility state when first opening a file for the agenda (@pxref{Speeding up your agendas}).}. This can be configured through the variable @code{org-startup-folded}, or on a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the buffer: @example #+STARTUP: overview #+STARTUP: content #+STARTUP: showall #+STARTUP: showeverything @end example The startup visibility options are ignored when the file is open for the first time during the agenda generation: if you want the agenda to honor the startup visibility, set @code{org-agenda-inhibit-startup} to @code{nil}. @cindex property, VISIBILITY @noindent Furthermore, any entries with a @samp{VISIBILITY} property (@pxref{Properties and columns}) will get their visibility adapted accordingly. Allowed values for this property are @code{folded}, @code{children}, @code{content}, and @code{all}. @table @asis @orgcmd{C-u C-u @key{TAB},org-set-startup-visibility} Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever is requested by startup options and @samp{VISIBILITY} properties in individual entries. @end table @node Catching invisible edits @subsection Catching invisible edits @vindex org-catch-invisible-edits @cindex edits, catching invisible Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake. Setting @code{org-catch-invisible-edits} to non-@code{nil} will help prevent this. See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch invisible edits and process them. @node Motion @section Motion @cindex motion, between headlines @cindex jumping, to headlines @cindex headline navigation The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer. @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c C-n,outline-next-visible-heading} Next heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-p,outline-previous-visible-heading} Previous heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-f,org-forward-same-level} Next heading same level. @orgcmd{C-c C-b,org-backward-same-level} Previous heading same level. @orgcmd{C-c C-u,outline-up-heading} Backward to higher level heading. @orgcmd{C-c C-j,org-goto} Jump to a different place without changing the current outline visibility. Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer, where you can use the following keys to find your destination: @vindex org-goto-auto-isearch @example @key{TAB} @r{Cycle visibility.} @key{down} / @key{up} @r{Next/previous visible headline.} @key{RET} @r{Select this location.} @kbd{/} @r{Do a Sparse-tree search} @r{The following keys work if you turn off @code{org-goto-auto-isearch}} n / p @r{Next/previous visible headline.} f / b @r{Next/previous headline same level.} u @r{One level up.} 0-9 @r{Digit argument.} q @r{Quit} @end example @vindex org-goto-interface @noindent See also the option @code{org-goto-interface}. @end table @node Structure editing @section Structure editing @cindex structure editing @cindex headline, promotion and demotion @cindex promotion, of subtrees @cindex demotion, of subtrees @cindex subtree, cut and paste @cindex pasting, of subtrees @cindex cutting, of subtrees @cindex copying, of subtrees @cindex sorting, of subtrees @cindex subtrees, cut and paste @table @asis @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading} @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line Insert a new heading/item with the same level as the one at point. If the cursor is in a plain list item, a new item is created (@pxref{Plain lists}). To prevent this behavior in lists, call the command with one prefix argument. When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline. If you do not want the line to be split, customize @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}. If the command is used at the @emph{beginning} of a line, and if there is a heading or an item at point, the new heading/item is created @emph{before} the current line. If the command is used at the @emph{end} of a folded subtree (i.e., behind the ellipses at the end of a headline), then a headline will be inserted after the end of the subtree. Calling this command with @kbd{C-u C-u} will unconditionally respect the headline's content and create a new item at the end of the parent subtree. If point is at the beginning of a normal line, turn this line into a heading. @orgcmd{C-@key{RET},org-insert-heading-respect-content} Just like @kbd{M-@key{RET}}, except when adding a new heading below the current heading, the new heading is placed after the body instead of before it. This command works from anywhere in the entry. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} @vindex org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. See also the variable @code{org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change}. @orgcmd{C-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content} Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. Like @kbd{C-@key{RET}}, the new headline will be inserted after the current subtree. @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} In a new entry with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the entry to become a child of the previous one. The next @key{TAB} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top level. Yet another @key{TAB}, and you are back to the initial level. @orgcmd{M-@key{left},org-do-promote} Promote current heading by one level. @orgcmd{M-@key{right},org-do-demote} Demote current heading by one level. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{left},org-promote-subtree} Promote the current subtree by one level. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{right},org-demote-subtree} Demote the current subtree by one level. @orgcmd{M-S-@key{up},org-move-subtree-up} Move subtree up (swap with previous subtree of same level). @orgcmd{M-S-@key{down},org-move-subtree-down} Move subtree down (swap with next subtree of same level). @orgcmd{M-h,org-mark-element} Mark the element at point. Hitting repeatedly will mark subsequent elements of the one just marked. E.g., hitting @key{M-h} on a paragraph will mark it, hitting @key{M-h} immediately again will mark the next one. @orgcmd{C-c @@,org-mark-subtree} Mark the subtree at point. Hitting repeatedly will mark subsequent subtrees of the same level than the marked subtree. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-w,org-cut-subtree} Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees. @orgcmd{C-c C-x M-w,org-copy-subtree} Copy subtree to kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, copy the N sequential subtrees. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-y,org-paste-subtree} Yank subtree from kill ring. This does modify the level of the subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position. The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument, or by yanking after a headline marker like @samp{****}. @orgcmd{C-y,org-yank} @vindex org-yank-adjusted-subtrees @vindex org-yank-folded-subtrees Depending on the options @code{org-yank-adjusted-subtrees} and @code{org-yank-folded-subtrees}, Org's internal @code{yank} command will paste subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as @kbd{C-c C-x C-y}. With the default settings, no level adjustment will take place, but the yanked tree will be folded unless doing so would swallow text previously visible. Any prefix argument to this command will force a normal @code{yank} to be executed, with the prefix passed along. A good way to force a normal yank is @kbd{C-u C-y}. If you use @code{yank-pop} after a yank, it will yank previous kill items plainly, without adjustment and folding. @orgcmd{C-c C-x c,org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift} Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it. You will be prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted. This can be useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series of lectures to prepare. For more details, see the docstring of the command @code{org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift}. @orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-refile} Refile entry or region to a different location. @xref{Refile and copy}. @orgcmd{C-c ^,org-sort} Sort same-level entries. When there is an active region, all entries in the region will be sorted. Otherwise the children of the current headline are sorted. The command prompts for the sorting method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time (first timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time, deadline time), by priority, by TODO keyword (in the sequence the keywords have been defined in the setup) or by the value of a property. Reverse sorting is possible as well. You can also supply your own function to extract the sorting key. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, sorting will be case-sensitive. @orgcmd{C-x n s,org-narrow-to-subtree} Narrow buffer to current subtree. @orgcmd{C-x n b,org-narrow-to-block} Narrow buffer to current block. @orgcmd{C-x n w,widen} Widen buffer to remove narrowing. @orgcmd{C-c *,org-toggle-heading} Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). Also turn a headline into a normal line by removing the stars. If there is an active region, turn all lines in the region into headlines. If the first line in the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines. Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all headlines in the region. @end table @cindex region, active @cindex active region @cindex transient mark mode When there is an active region (Transient Mark mode), promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region. To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to change. Note that when the cursor is inside a table (@pxref{Tables}), the Meta-Cursor keys have different functionality. @node Sparse trees @section Sparse trees @cindex sparse trees @cindex trees, sparse @cindex folding, sparse trees @cindex occur, command @vindex org-show-context-detail An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct @emph{sparse trees} for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information is made visible along with the headline structure above it@footnote{See also the variable @code{org-show-context-detail} to decide how much context is shown around each match.}. Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works. Org mode contains several commands for creating such trees, all these commands can be accessed through a dispatcher: @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c /,org-sparse-tree} This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating command. @orgcmd{C-c / r,org-occur} @vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change Prompts for a regexp and shows a sparse tree with all matches. If the match is in a headline, the headline is made visible. If the match is in the body of an entry, headline and body are made visible. In order to provide minimal context, also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as well as the headline following the match. Each match is also highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by an editing command@footnote{This depends on the option @code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}}, or by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, previous highlights are kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked. @orgcmdkkc{M-g n,M-g M-n,next-error} Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer. @orgcmdkkc{M-g p,M-g M-p,previous-error} Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer. @end table @noindent @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can use the option @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} to define fast keyboard access to specific sparse trees. These commands will then be accessible through the agenda dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}). For example: @lisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME"))) @end lisp @noindent will define the key @kbd{C-c a f} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree matching the string @samp{FIXME}. The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords, tags, or properties and will be discussed later in this manual. @kindex C-c C-e C-v @cindex printing sparse trees @cindex visible text, printing To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} which does not print invisible parts of the document. Or you can use @kbd{C-c C-e C-v} to export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting file. @node Plain lists @section Plain lists @cindex plain lists @cindex lists, plain @cindex lists, ordered @cindex ordered lists Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide additional structure. They also provide a way to create lists of checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}). Org supports editing such lists, and every exporter (@pxref{Exporting}) can parse and format them. Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists. @itemize @bullet @item @emph{Unordered} list items start with @samp{-}, @samp{+}, or @samp{*}@footnote{When using @samp{*} as a bullet, lines must be indented or they will be seen as top-level headlines. Also, when you are hiding leading stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines. In short: even though @samp{*} is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list items.} as bullets. @item @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator @vindex org-list-allow-alphabetical @emph{Ordered} list items start with a numeral followed by either a period or a right parenthesis@footnote{You can filter out any of them by configuring @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}.}, such as @samp{1.} or @samp{1)}@footnote{You can also get @samp{a.}, @samp{A.}, @samp{a)} and @samp{A)} by configuring @code{org-list-allow-alphabetical}. To minimize confusion with normal text, those are limited to one character only. Beyond that limit, bullets will automatically fallback to numbers.}. If you want a list to start with a different value (e.g., 20), start the text of the item with @code{[@@20]}@footnote{If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put @emph{before} the checkbox. If you have activated alphabetical lists, you can also use counters like @code{[@@b]}.}. Those constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce a particular numbering. @item @emph{Description} list items are unordered list items, and contain the separator @samp{ :: } to distinguish the description @emph{term} from the description. @end itemize Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the first line. In particular, if an ordered list reaches number @samp{10.}, then the 2--digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other numbers in the list. An item ends before the next line that is less or equally indented than its bullet/number. @vindex org-list-empty-line-terminates-plain-lists A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line less or equally indented than items at top level. It also ends before two blank lines@footnote{See also @code{org-list-empty-line-terminates-plain-lists}.}. In that case, all items are closed. Here is an example: @example @group ** Lord of the Rings My favorite scenes are (in this order) 1. The attack of the Rohirrim 2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king + this was already my favorite scene in the book + I really like Miranda Otto. 3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas - on DVD only He makes a really funny face when it happens. But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole. Important actors in this film are: - @b{Elijah Wood} :: He plays Frodo - @b{Sean Astin} :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend. I still remember him very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in @i{The Goonies}. @end group @end example Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (@pxref{Exporting}). Since indentation is what governs the structure of these lists, many structural constructs like @code{#+BEGIN_...} blocks can be indented to signal that they belong to a particular item. @vindex org-list-demote-modify-bullet @vindex org-list-indent-offset If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list (than that used for the current list-level) improves readability, customize the variable @code{org-list-demote-modify-bullet}. To get a greater difference of indentation between items and their sub-items, customize @code{org-list-indent-offset}. @vindex org-list-automatic-rules The following commands act on items when the cursor is in the first line of an item (the line with the bullet or number). Some of them imply the application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact. If some of these actions get in your way, configure @code{org-list-automatic-rules} to disable them individually. @table @asis @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-cycle} @cindex cycling, in plain lists @vindex org-cycle-include-plain-lists Items can be folded just like headline levels. Normally this works only if the cursor is on a plain list item. For more details, see the variable @code{org-cycle-include-plain-lists}. If this variable is set to @code{integrate}, plain list items will be treated like low-level headlines. The level of an item is then given by the indentation of the bullet/number. Items are always subordinate to real headlines, however; the hierarchies remain completely separated. In a new item with no text yet, the first @key{TAB} demotes the item to become a child of the previous one. Subsequent @key{TAB}s move the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back to its initial position. @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading} @vindex org-M-RET-may-split-line @vindex org-list-automatic-rules Insert new item at current level. With a prefix argument, force a new heading (@pxref{Structure editing}). If this command is used in the middle of an item, that item is @emph{split} in two, and the second part becomes the new item@footnote{If you do not want the item to be split, customize the variable @code{org-M-RET-may-split-line}.}. If this command is executed @emph{before item's body}, the new item is created @emph{before} the current one. @end table @table @kbd @kindex M-S-@key{RET} @item M-S-@key{RET} Insert a new item with a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}). @kindex S-@key{down} @item S-up @itemx S-down @cindex shift-selection-mode @vindex org-support-shift-select @vindex org-list-use-circular-motion Jump to the previous/next item in the current list@footnote{If you want to cycle around items that way, you may customize @code{org-list-use-circular-motion}.}, but only if @code{org-support-shift-select} is off. If not, you can still use paragraph jumping commands like @kbd{C-@key{up}} and @kbd{C-@key{down}} to quite similar effect. @kindex M-@key{up} @kindex M-@key{down} @item M-up @itemx M-down Move the item including subitems up/down@footnote{See @code{org-list-use-circular-motion} for a cyclic behavior.} (swap with previous/next item of same indentation). If the list is ordered, renumbering is automatic. @kindex M-@key{left} @kindex M-@key{right} @item M-left @itemx M-right Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children alone. @kindex M-S-@key{left} @kindex M-S-@key{right} @item M-S-@key{left} @itemx M-S-@key{right} Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems. Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation. When these commands are executed several times in direct succession, the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation would imply a different hierarchy. To use the new hierarchy, break the command chain with a cursor motion or so. As a special case, using this command on the very first item of a list will move the whole list. This behavior can be disabled by configuring @code{org-list-automatic-rules}. The global indentation of a list has no influence on the text @emph{after} the list. @kindex C-c C-c @item C-c C-c If there is a checkbox (@pxref{Checkboxes}) in the item line, toggle the state of the checkbox. In any case, verify bullets and indentation consistency in the whole list. @kindex C-c - @vindex org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator @item C-c - Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate bullets (@samp{-}, @samp{+}, @samp{*}, @samp{1.}, @samp{1)}) or a subset of them, depending on @code{org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator}, the type of list, and its indentation. With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth bullet from this list. If there is an active region when calling this, selected text will be changed into an item. With a prefix argument, all lines will be converted to list items. If the first line already was a list item, any item marker will be removed from the list. Finally, even without an active region, a normal line will be converted into a list item. @kindex C-c * @item C-c * Turn a plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). @xref{Structure editing}, for a detailed explanation. @kindex C-c C-* @item C-c C-* Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading. Checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}) will become TODO (resp. DONE) keywords when unchecked (resp. checked). @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{right} @item S-left/right @vindex org-support-shift-select This command also cycles bullet styles when the cursor in on the bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on @code{org-support-shift-select}. @kindex C-c ^ @cindex sorting, of plain list @item C-c ^ Sort the plain list. You will be prompted for the sorting method: numerically, alphabetically, by time, by checked status for check lists, or by a custom function. @end table @node Drawers @section Drawers @cindex drawers @cindex visibility cycling, drawers @cindex org-insert-drawer @kindex C-c C-x d Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but you normally don't want to see it. For this, Org mode has @emph{drawers}. They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer. Drawers look like this: @example ** This is a headline Still outside the drawer :DRAWERNAME: This is inside the drawer. :END: After the drawer. @end example You can interactively insert drawers at point by calling @code{org-insert-drawer}, which is bound to @key{C-c C-x d}. With an active region, this command will put the region inside the drawer. With a prefix argument, this command calls @code{org-insert-property-drawer} and add a property drawer right below the current headline. Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using @key{M-TAB}. Visibility cycling (@pxref{Visibility cycling}) on the headline will hide and show the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line. In order to look inside the drawer, you need to move the cursor to the drawer line and press @key{TAB} there. Org mode uses the @code{PROPERTIES} drawer for storing properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}), and you can also arrange for state change notes (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}) and clock times (@pxref{Clocking work time}) to be stored in a drawer @code{LOGBOOK}. If you want to store a quick note in the LOGBOOK drawer, in a similar way to state changes, use @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-z @item C-c C-z Add a time-stamped note to the LOGBOOK drawer. @end table @vindex org-export-with-drawers @vindex org-export-with-properties You can select the name of the drawers which should be exported with @code{org-export-with-drawers}. In that case, drawer contents will appear in export output. Property drawers are not affected by this variable: configure @code{org-export-with-properties} instead. @node Blocks @section Blocks @vindex org-hide-block-startup @cindex blocks, folding Org mode uses begin...end blocks for various purposes from including source code examples (@pxref{Literal examples}) to capturing time logging information (@pxref{Clocking work time}). These blocks can be folded and unfolded by pressing TAB in the begin line. You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring the option @code{org-hide-block-startup} or on a per-file basis by using @cindex @code{hideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nohideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @example #+STARTUP: hideblocks #+STARTUP: nohideblocks @end example @node Footnotes @section Footnotes @cindex footnotes Org mode supports the creation of footnotes. A footnote is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in column 0, no indentation allowed. It ends at the next footnote definition, headline, or after two consecutive empty lines. The footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside text. Markers always start with @code{fn:}. For example: @example The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to. ... [fn:1] The link is: http://orgmode.org @end example Org mode extends the number-based syntax to @emph{named} footnotes and optional inline definition. Here are the valid references: @table @code @item [fn:name] A named footnote reference, where @code{name} is a unique label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number. @item [fn::This is the inline definition of this footnote] A @LaTeX{}-like anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the reference point. @item [fn:name:a definition] An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for the note. Since Org allows multiple references to the same note, you can then use @code{[fn:name]} to create additional references. @end table @vindex org-footnote-auto-label Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names yourself. This is handled by the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-label} and its corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords. See the docstring of that variable for details. @noindent The following command handles footnotes: @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-x f @item C-c C-x f The footnote action command. When the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. When it is at a definition, jump to the (first) reference. @vindex org-footnote-define-inline @vindex org-footnote-section @vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust Otherwise, create a new footnote. Depending on the option @code{org-footnote-define-inline}@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: fninline} or @code{#+STARTUP: nofninline}}, the definition will be placed right into the text as part of the reference, or separately into the location determined by the option @code{org-footnote-section}. When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of additional options is offered: @example s @r{Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence. During editing,} @r{Org makes no effort to sort footnote definitions into a particular} @r{sequence. If you want them sorted, use this command, which will} @r{also move entries according to @code{org-footnote-section}. Automatic} @r{sorting after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the} @r{option @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.} r @r{Renumber the simple @code{fn:N} footnotes. Automatic renumbering} @r{after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the option} @r{@code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}.} S @r{Short for first @code{r}, then @code{s} action.} n @r{Normalize the footnotes by collecting all definitions (including} @r{inline definitions) into a special section, and then numbering them} @r{in sequence. The references will then also be numbers.} d @r{Delete the footnote at point, and all definitions of and references} @r{to it.} @end example Depending on the variable @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}@footnote{the corresponding in-buffer options are @code{fnadjust} and @code{nofnadjust}.}, renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each insertion or deletion. @kindex C-c C-c @item C-c C-c If the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. If it is a the definition, jump back to the reference. When called at a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as @kbd{C-c C-x f}. @kindex C-c C-o @kindex mouse-1 @kindex mouse-2 @item C-c C-o @r{or} mouse-1/2 Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition/reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these links. @vindex org-edit-footnote-reference @kindex C-c ' @item C-c ' @item C-c ' Edit the footnote definition corresponding to the reference at point in a seperate window. The window can be closed by pressing @kbd{C-c '}. @end table @node Orgstruct mode @section The Orgstruct minor mode @cindex Orgstruct mode @cindex minor mode for structure editing If you like the intuitive way the Org mode structure editing and list formatting works, you might want to use these commands in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode as well. The minor mode @code{orgstruct-mode} makes this possible. Toggle the mode with @kbd{M-x orgstruct-mode RET}, or turn it on by default, for example in Message mode, with one of: @lisp (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct) (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct++) @end lisp When this mode is active and the cursor is on a line that looks to Org like a headline or the first line of a list item, most structure editing commands will work, even if the same keys normally have different functionality in the major mode you are using. If the cursor is not in one of those special lines, Orgstruct mode lurks silently in the shadows. When you use @code{orgstruct++-mode}, Org will also export indentation and autofill settings into that mode, and detect item context after the first line of an item. @vindex orgstruct-heading-prefix-regexp You can also use Org structure editing to fold and unfold headlines in @emph{any} file, provided you defined @code{orgstruct-heading-prefix-regexp}: the regular expression must match the local prefix to use before Org's headlines. For example, if you set this variable to @code{";; "} in Emacs Lisp files, you will be able to fold and unfold headlines in Emacs Lisp commented lines. Some commands like @code{org-demote} are disabled when the prefix is set, but folding/unfolding will work correctly. @node Org syntax @section Org syntax @cindex Org syntax A reference document providing a formal description of Org's syntax is available as @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-syntax.html, a draft on Worg}, written and maintained by Nicolas Goaziou. It defines Org's core internal concepts such as @code{headlines}, @code{sections}, @code{affiliated keywords}, @code{(greater) elements} and @code{objects}. Each part of an Org file falls into one of the categories above. To explore the abstract structure of an Org buffer, run this in a buffer: @lisp M-: (org-element-parse-buffer) RET @end lisp It will output a list containing the buffer's content represented as an abstract structure. The export engine relies on the information stored in this list. Most interactive commands (e.g., for structure editing) also rely on the syntactic meaning of the surrounding context. @cindex syntax checker @cindex linter You can check syntax in your documents using @code{org-lint} command. @node Tables @chapter Tables @cindex tables @cindex editing tables Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor. Spreadsheet-like calculations are supported using the Emacs @file{calc} package (@pxref{Top, Calc, , calc, Gnu Emacs Calculator Manual}). @menu * Built-in table editor:: Simple tables * Column width and alignment:: Overrule the automatic settings * Column groups:: Grouping to trigger vertical lines * Orgtbl mode:: The table editor as minor mode * The spreadsheet:: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities * Org-Plot:: Plotting from org tables @end menu @node Built-in table editor @section The built-in table editor @cindex table editor, built-in Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII@. Any line with @samp{|} as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table. @samp{|} is also the column separator@footnote{To insert a vertical bar into a table field, use @code{\vert} or, inside a word @code{abc\vert@{@}def}.}. A table might look like this: @example | Name | Phone | Age | |-------+-------+-----| | Peter | 1234 | 17 | | Anna | 4321 | 25 | @end example A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} inside the table. @key{TAB} also moves to the next field (@key{RET} to the next row) and creates new table rows at the end of the table or before horizontal lines. The indentation of the table is set by the first line. Any line starting with @samp{|-} is considered as a horizontal separator line and will be expanded on the next re-align to span the whole table width. So, to create the above table, you would only type @example |Name|Phone|Age| |- @end example @noindent and then press @key{TAB} to align the table and start filling in fields. Even faster would be to type @code{|Name|Phone|Age} followed by @kbd{C-c @key{RET}}. @vindex org-enable-table-editor @vindex org-table-auto-blank-field When typing text into a field, Org treats @key{DEL}, @key{Backspace}, and all character keys in a special way, so that inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields. Also, when typing @emph{immediately after the cursor was moved into a new field with @kbd{@key{TAB}}, @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} or @kbd{@key{RET}}}, the field is automatically made blank. If this behavior is too unpredictable for you, configure the options @code{org-enable-table-editor} and @code{org-table-auto-blank-field}. @table @kbd @tsubheading{Creation and conversion} @orgcmd{C-c |,org-table-create-or-convert-from-region} Convert the active region to a table. If every line contains at least one TAB character, the function assumes that the material is tab separated. If every line contains a comma, comma-separated values (CSV) are assumed. If not, lines are split at whitespace into fields. You can use a prefix argument to force a specific separator: @kbd{C-u} forces CSV, @kbd{C-u C-u} forces TAB, @kbd{C-u C-u C-u} will prompt for a regular expression to match the separator, and a numeric argument N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively a TAB will be the separator. @* If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org table. But it is easier just to start typing, like @kbd{|Name|Phone|Age @key{RET} |- @key{TAB}}. @tsubheading{Re-aligning and field motion} @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-table-align} Re-align the table and don't move to another field. @c @orgcmd{C-c SPC,org-table-blank-field} Blank the field at point. @c @orgcmd{,org-table-next-field} Re-align the table, move to the next field. Creates a new row if necessary. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{TAB},org-table-previous-field} Re-align, move to previous field. @c @orgcmd{@key{RET},org-table-next-row} Re-align the table and move down to next row. Creates a new row if necessary. At the beginning or end of a line, @key{RET} still does NEWLINE, so it can be used to split a table. @c @orgcmd{M-a,org-table-beginning-of-field} Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous field. @orgcmd{M-e,org-table-end-of-field} Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field. @tsubheading{Column and row editing} @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{left},M-@key{right},org-table-move-column-left,org-table-move-column-right} Move the current column left/right. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{left},org-table-delete-column} Kill the current column. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{right},org-table-insert-column} Insert a new column to the left of the cursor position. @c @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{up},M-@key{down},org-table-move-row-up,org-table-move-row-down} Move the current row up/down. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{up},org-table-kill-row} Kill the current row or horizontal line. @c @orgcmd{M-S-@key{down},org-table-insert-row} Insert a new row above the current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created below the current one. @c @orgcmd{C-c -,org-table-insert-hline} Insert a horizontal line below current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created above the current line. @c @orgcmd{C-c @key{RET},org-table-hline-and-move} Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move the cursor into the row below that line. @c @orgcmd{C-c ^,org-table-sort-lines} Sort the table lines in the region. The position of point indicates the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire table. If point is before the first column, you will be prompted for the sorting column. If there is an active region, the mark specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should be in the last line to be included into the sorting. The command prompts for the sorting type (alphabetically, numerically, or by time). You can sort in normal or reverse order. You can also supply your own key extraction and comparison functions. When called with a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting will be case-sensitive. @tsubheading{Regions} @orgcmd{C-c C-x M-w,org-table-copy-region} Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard. Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle. If there is no active region, copy just the current field. The process ignores horizontal separator lines. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-w,org-table-cut-region} Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and blank all fields in the rectangle. So this is the ``cut'' operation. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-y,org-table-paste-rectangle} Paste a rectangular region into a table. The upper left corner ends up in the current field. All involved fields will be overwritten. If the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is enlarged as needed. The process ignores horizontal separator lines. @c @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-table-wrap-region} Split the current field at the cursor position and move the rest to the line below. If there is an active region, and both point and mark are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum width for the given number of lines. A numeric prefix argument may be used to change the number of desired lines. If there is no region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made blank, and the content is appended to the field above. @tsubheading{Calculations} @cindex formula, in tables @cindex calculations, in tables @cindex region, active @cindex active region @cindex transient mark mode @orgcmd{C-c +,org-table-sum} Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined by the active region. The result is shown in the echo area and can be inserted with @kbd{C-y}. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{RET},org-table-copy-down} @vindex org-table-copy-increment When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above. When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move cursor along with it. Depending on the option @code{org-table-copy-increment}, integer field values will be incremented during copy. Integers that are too large will not be incremented. Also, a @code{0} prefix argument temporarily disables the increment. This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}). @tsubheading{Miscellaneous} @orgcmd{C-c `,org-table-edit-field} Edit the current field in a separate window. This is useful for fields that are not fully visible (@pxref{Column width and alignment}). When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, just make the full field visible, so that it can be edited in place. When called with two @kbd{C-u} prefixes, make the editor window follow the cursor through the table and always show the current field. The follow mode exits automatically when the cursor leaves the table, or when you repeat this command with @kbd{C-u C-u C-c `}. @c @item M-x org-table-import RET Import a file as a table. The table should be TAB or whitespace separated. Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data from a database, because these programs generally can write TAB-separated text files. This command works by inserting the file into the buffer and then converting the region to a table. Any prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to determine the separator. @orgcmd{C-c |,org-table-create-or-convert-from-region} Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org buffer, selecting the pasted text with @kbd{C-x C-x} and then using the @kbd{C-c |} command (see above under @i{Creation and conversion}). @c @item M-x org-table-export RET @findex org-table-export @vindex org-table-export-default-format Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file. Use for data exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs. The format used to export the file can be configured in the option @code{org-table-export-default-format}. You may also use properties @code{TABLE_EXPORT_FILE} and @code{TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT} to specify the file name and the format for table export in a subtree. Org supports quite general formats for exported tables. The exporter format is the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see @ref{Translator functions}, for a detailed description. @end table If you don't like the automatic table editor because it gets in your way on lines which you would like to start with @samp{|}, you can turn it off with @lisp (setq org-enable-table-editor nil) @end lisp @noindent Then the only table command that still works is @kbd{C-c C-c} to do a manual re-align. @node Column width and alignment @section Column width and alignment @cindex narrow columns in tables @cindex alignment in tables The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor. And also the alignment of a column is determined automatically from the fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column. Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text, leading to inconveniently wide columns. Or maybe you want to make a table with several columns having a fixed width, regardless of content. To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may contain just the string @samp{} where @samp{N} is an integer specifying the width of the column in characters. The next re-align will then set the width of this column to this value. @example @group |---+------------------------------| |---+--------| | | | | | <6> | | 1 | one | | 1 | one | | 2 | two | ----\ | 2 | two | | 3 | This is a long chunk of text | ----/ | 3 | This=> | | 4 | four | | 4 | four | |---+------------------------------| |---+--------| @end group @end example @noindent Fields that are wider become clipped and end in the string @samp{=>}. Note that the full text is still in the buffer but is hidden. To see the full text, hold the mouse over the field---a tool-tip window will show the full content. To edit such a field, use the command @kbd{C-c `} (that is @kbd{C-c} followed by the grave accent). This will open a new window with the full field. Edit it and finish with @kbd{C-c C-c}. @vindex org-startup-align-all-tables When visiting a file containing a table with narrowed columns, the necessary character hiding has not yet happened, and the table needs to be aligned before it looks nice. Setting the option @code{org-startup-align-all-tables} will realign all tables in a file upon visiting, but also slow down startup. You can also set this option on a per-file basis with: @example #+STARTUP: align #+STARTUP: noalign @end example If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich columns to the right and of string-rich column to the left, you can use @samp{}, @samp{}@footnote{Centering does not work inside Emacs, but it does have an effect when exporting to HTML.} or @samp{} in a similar fashion. You may also combine alignment and field width like this: @samp{}. Lines which only contain these formatting cookies will be removed automatically when exporting the document. @node Column groups @section Column groups @cindex grouping columns in tables When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines because that is visually more satisfying in general. Occasionally however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows. In order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the first field contains only @samp{/}. The further fields can either contain @samp{<} to indicate that this column should start a group, @samp{>} to indicate the end of a column, or @samp{<>} (no space between @samp{<} and @samp{>}) to make a column a group of its own. Boundaries between column groups will upon export be marked with vertical lines. Here is an example: @example | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | ~sqrt(n)~ | ~sqrt[4](N)~ | |---+-----+-----+-----+-----------+--------------| | / | < | | > | < | > | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 1.4142 | 1.1892 | | 3 | 9 | 27 | 81 | 1.7321 | 1.3161 | |---+-----+-----+-----+-----------+--------------| #+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1))) @end example It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after every vertical line you would like to have: @example | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) | |----+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------| | / | < | | | < | | @end example @node Orgtbl mode @section The Orgtbl minor mode @cindex Orgtbl mode @cindex minor mode for tables If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode. The minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible. You can always toggle the mode with @kbd{M-x orgtbl-mode RET}. To turn it on by default, for example in Message mode, use @lisp (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgtbl) @end lisp Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode. For example, it is possible to construct @LaTeX{} tables with the underlying ease and power of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities. For details, see @ref{Tables in arbitrary syntax}. @node The spreadsheet @section The spreadsheet @cindex calculations, in tables @cindex spreadsheet capabilities @cindex @file{calc} package The table editor makes use of the Emacs @file{calc} package to implement spreadsheet-like capabilities. It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms to derive fields from other fields. While fully featured, Org's implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets. For example, Org knows the concept of a @emph{column formula} that will be applied to all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula to each relevant field. There is also a formula debugger, and a formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table corresponding to the references at the point in the formula, moving these references by arrow keys @menu * References:: How to refer to another field or range * Formula syntax for Calc:: Using Calc to compute stuff * Formula syntax for Lisp:: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp * Durations and time values:: How to compute durations and time values * Field and range formulas:: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields * Column formulas:: Formulas valid for an entire column * Lookup functions:: Lookup functions for searching tables * Editing and debugging formulas:: Fixing formulas * Updating the table:: Recomputing all dependent fields * Advanced features:: Field and column names, parameters and automatic recalc @end menu @node References @subsection References @cindex references To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must reference other fields or ranges. In Org, fields can be referenced by name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates. To find out what the coordinates of a field are, press @kbd{C-c ?} in that field, or press @kbd{C-c @}} to toggle the display of a grid. @subsubheading Field references @cindex field references @cindex references, to fields Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways. Like in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with a letter/number combination like @code{B3}, meaning the 2nd field in the 3rd row. @vindex org-table-use-standard-references However, Org prefers@footnote{Org will understand references typed by the user as @samp{B4}, but it will not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing. You can customize this behavior using the option @code{org-table-use-standard-references}.} to use another, more general representation that looks like this: @example @@@var{row}$@var{column} @end example Column specifications can be absolute like @code{$1}, @code{$2},...@code{$@var{N}}, or relative to the current column (i.e., the column of the field which is being computed) like @code{$+1} or @code{$-2}. @code{$<} and @code{$>} are immutable references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use @code{$>>>} to indicate the third column from the right. The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal separator lines (hlines). Like with columns, you can use absolute row numbers @code{@@1}, @code{@@2},...@code{@@@var{N}}, and row numbers relative to the current row like @code{@@+3} or @code{@@-1}. @code{@@<} and @code{@@>} are immutable references the first and last@footnote{For backward compatibility you can also use special names like @code{$LR5} and @code{$LR12} to refer in a stable way to the 5th and 12th field in the last row of the table. However, this syntax is deprecated, it should not be used for new documents. Use @code{@@>$} instead.} row in the table, respectively. You may also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: @code{@@I} refers to the first hline, @code{@@II} to the second, etc. @code{@@-I} refers to the first such line above the current line, @code{@@+I} to the first such line below the current line. You can also write @code{@@III+2} which is the second data line after the third hline in the table. @code{@@0} and @code{$0} refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e., to the row/column for the field being computed. Also, if you omit either the column or the row part of the reference, the current row/column is implied. Org's references with @emph{unsigned} numbers are fixed references in the sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two different fields, the same field will be referenced each time. Org's references with @emph{signed} numbers are floating references because the same reference operator can reference different fields depending on the field being calculated by the formula. Here are a few examples: @example @@2$3 @r{2nd row, 3rd column (same as @code{C2})} $5 @r{column 5 in the current row (same as @code{E&})} @@2 @r{current column, row 2} @@-1$-3 @r{the field one row up, three columns to the left} @@-I$2 @r{field just under hline above current row, column 2} @@>$5 @r{field in the last row, in column 5} @end example @subsubheading Range references @cindex range references @cindex references, to ranges You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two field references connected by two dots @samp{..}. If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use @samp{$2..$7}, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to use the general @code{@@row$column} format at least for the first field (i.e the reference must start with @samp{@@} in order to be interpreted correctly). Examples: @example $1..$3 @r{first three fields in the current row} $P..$Q @r{range, using column names (see under Advanced)} $<<<..$>> @r{start in third column, continue to the last but one} @@2$1..@@4$3 @r{6 fields between these two fields (same as @code{A2..C4})} @@-1$-2..@@-1 @r{3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left} @@I..II @r{between first and second hline, short for @code{@@I..@@II}} @end example @noindent Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc vector functions. Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so that the vector contains only the non-empty fields. For other options with the mode switches @samp{E}, @samp{N} and examples @pxref{Formula syntax for Calc}. @subsubheading Field coordinates in formulas @cindex field coordinates @cindex coordinates, of field @cindex row, of field coordinates @cindex column, of field coordinates One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and Lisp formulas is to substitute @code{@@#} and @code{$#} in the formula with the row or column number of the field where the current result will go to. The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are @code{org-table-current-dline} and @code{org-table-current-column}. Examples: @table @code @item if(@@# % 2, $#, string("")) Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even rows. @item $2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@@@#$1)) Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named @code{FOO} into column 2 of the current table. @item @@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @@1$$#) Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table named @code{FOO} into row 3 of the current table. @end table @noindent For the second/third example, the table named @code{FOO} must have at least as many rows/columns as the current table. Note that this is inefficient@footnote{The computation time scales as O(N^2) because the table named @code{FOO} is parsed for each field to be read.} for large number of rows/columns. @subsubheading Named references @cindex named references @cindex references, named @cindex name, of column or field @cindex constants, in calculations @cindex #+CONSTANTS @vindex org-table-formula-constants @samp{$name} is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant. Constants are defined globally through the option @code{org-table-formula-constants}, and locally (for the file) through a line like @example #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6 @end example @noindent @vindex constants-unit-system @pindex constants.el Also properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}) can be used as constants in table formulas: for a property @samp{:Xyz:} use the name @samp{$PROP_Xyz}, and the property will be searched in the current outline entry and in the hierarchy above it. If you have the @file{constants.el} package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural constants like @samp{$h} for Planck's constant, and units like @samp{$km} for kilometers@footnote{@file{constants.el} can supply the values of constants in two different unit systems, @code{SI} and @code{cgs}. Which one is used depends on the value of the variable @code{constants-unit-system}. You can use the @code{#+STARTUP} options @code{constSI} and @code{constcgs} to set this value for the current buffer.}. Column names and parameters can be specified in special table lines. These are described below, see @ref{Advanced features}. All names must start with a letter, and further consist of letters and numbers. @subsubheading Remote references @cindex remote references @cindex references, remote @cindex references, to a different table @cindex name, of column or field @cindex constants, in calculations @cindex #+NAME, for table You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different table, either in the current file or even in a different file. The syntax is @example remote(NAME-OR-ID,REF) @end example @noindent where NAME can be the name of a table in the current file as set by a @code{#+NAME: Name} line before the table. It can also be the ID of an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to the first table in that entry. REF is an absolute field or range reference as described above for example @code{@@3$3} or @code{$somename}, valid in the referenced table. Indirection of NAME-OR-ID: When NAME-OR-ID has the format @code{@@ROW$COLUMN} it will be substituted with the name or ID found in this field of the current table. For example @code{remote($1, @@>$2)} => @code{remote(year_2013, @@>$1)}. The format @code{B3} is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain table name or ID. @node Formula syntax for Calc @subsection Formula syntax for Calc @cindex formula syntax, Calc @cindex syntax, of formulas A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs @file{Calc} package. Note that @file{calc} has the non-standard convention that @samp{/} has lower precedence than @samp{*}, so that @samp{a/b*c} is interpreted as @samp{a/(b*c)}. Before evaluation by @code{calc-eval} (@pxref{Calling Calc from Your Programs, calc-eval, Calling Calc from Your Lisp Programs, calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}), variable substitution takes place according to the rules described above. @cindex vectors, in table calculations The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions like @samp{vmean} and @samp{vsum}. @cindex format specifier @cindex mode, for @file{calc} @vindex org-calc-default-modes A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon. This string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during execution. By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision 12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off). The display format, however, has been changed to @code{(float 8)} to keep tables compact. The default settings can be configured using the option @code{org-calc-default-modes}. @noindent List of modes: @table @asis @item @code{p20} Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits. @item @code{n3}, @code{s3}, @code{e2}, @code{f4} Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of Calc passed back to Org. Calc formatting is unlimited in precision as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater. @item @code{D}, @code{R} Degree and radian angle modes of Calc. @item @code{F}, @code{S} Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc. @item @code{T}, @code{t} Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, @pxref{Durations and time values}. @item @code{E} If and how to consider empty fields. Without @samp{E} empty fields in range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp list contains only the non-empty fields. With @samp{E} the empty fields are kept. For empty fields in ranges or empty field references the value @samp{nan} (not a number) is used in Calc formulas and the empty string is used for Lisp formulas. Add @samp{N} to use 0 instead for both formula types. For the value of a field the mode @samp{N} has higher precedence than @samp{E}. @item @code{N} Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers. See the next section to see how this is essential for computations with Lisp formulas. In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally because there number strings are already interpreted as numbers without @samp{N}. @item @code{L} Literal, for Lisp formulas only. See the next section. @end table @noindent Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision-calculation and -display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide a @samp{printf} format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the formatting@footnote{The @samp{printf} reformatting is limited in precision because the value passed to it is converted into an @samp{integer} or @samp{double}. The @samp{integer} is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32 bits. The @samp{double} is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.}. A few examples: @example $1+$2 @r{Sum of first and second field} $1+$2;%.2f @r{Same, format result to two decimals} exp($2)+exp($1) @r{Math functions can be used} $0;%.1f @r{Reformat current cell to 1 decimal} ($3-32)*5/9 @r{Degrees F -> C conversion} $c/$1/$cm @r{Hz -> cm conversion, using @file{constants.el}} tan($1);Dp3s1 @r{Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1} sin($1);Dp3%.1e @r{Same, but use printf specifier for display} taylor($3,x=7,2) @r{Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree} @end example Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations, (@pxref{Logical Operations, , Logical Operations, calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}). For example @table @code @item if($1 < 20, teen, string("")) "teen" if age $1 is less than 20, else the Org table result field is set to empty with the empty string. @item if("$1" == "nan" || "$2" == "nan", string(""), $1 + $2); E f-1 Sum of the first two columns. When at least one of the input fields is empty the Org table result field is set to empty. @samp{E} is required to not convert empty fields to 0. @samp{f-1} is an optional Calc format string similar to @samp{%.1f} but leaves empty results empty. @item if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) == 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7); E Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field. Every field in the range that is empty is replaced by @samp{nan} which lets @samp{vmean} result in @samp{nan}. Then @samp{typeof == 12} detects the @samp{nan} from @samp{vmean} and the Org table result field is set to empty. Use this when the sample set is expected to never have missing values. @item if("$1..$7" == "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7)) Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped. Every field in the range that is empty is skipped. When all fields in the range are empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result field is set to empty. Use this when the sample set can have a variable size. @item vmean($1..$7); EN To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty fields counting as samples with value 0. Use this only when incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size. @end table You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with @code{defmath} and use them in formula syntax for Calc. @node Formula syntax for Lisp @subsection Emacs Lisp forms as formulas @cindex Lisp forms, as table formulas It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp. This can be useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's functionality is not enough. If a formula starts with an apostrophe followed by an opening parenthesis, then it is evaluated as a Lisp form. The evaluation should return either a string or a number. Just as with @file{calc} formulas, you can specify modes and a printf format after a semicolon. With Emacs Lisp forms, you need to be conscious about the way field references are interpolated into the form. By default, a reference will be interpolated as a Lisp string (in double-quotes) containing the field. If you provide the @samp{N} mode switch, all referenced elements will be numbers (non-number fields will be zero) and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes. If you provide the @samp{L} flag, all fields will be interpolated literally, without quotes. I.e., if you want a reference to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, enclose the reference operator itself in double-quotes, like @code{"$3"}. Ranges are inserted as space-separated fields, so you can embed them in list or vector syntax. Here are a few examples---note how the @samp{N} mode is used when we do computations in Lisp: @table @code @item '(concat (substring $1 1 2) (substring $1 0 1) (substring $1 2)) Swap the first two characters of the content of column 1. @item '(+ $1 $2);N Add columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's @code{$1+$2}. @item '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N Compute the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's @code{vsum($1..$4)}. @end table @node Durations and time values @subsection Durations and time values @cindex Duration, computing @cindex Time, computing @vindex org-table-duration-custom-format If you want to compute time values use the @code{T} flag, either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas: @example @group | Task 1 | Task 2 | Total | |---------+----------+----------| | 2:12 | 1:47 | 03:59:00 | | 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 | 0.92 | #+TBLFM: @@2$3=$1+$2;T::@@3$3=$1+$2;t @end group @end example Input duration values must be of the form @code{HH:MM[:SS]}, where seconds are optional. With the @code{T} flag, computed durations will be displayed as @code{HH:MM:SS} (see the first formula above). With the @code{t} flag, computed durations will be displayed according to the value of the option @code{org-table-duration-custom-format}, which defaults to @code{'hours} and will display the result as a fraction of hours (see the second formula in the example above). Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers will be considered as seconds in addition and subtraction. @node Field and range formulas @subsection Field and range formulas @cindex field formula @cindex range formula @cindex formula, for individual table field @cindex formula, for range of fields To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the field, preceded by @samp{:=}, for example @samp{:=vsum(@@II..III)}. When you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for this field, evaluated, and the current field will be replaced with the result. @cindex #+TBLFM Formulas are stored in a special line starting with @samp{#+TBLFM:} directly below the table. If you type the equation in the 4th field of the 3rd data line in the table, the formula will look like @samp{@@3$4=$1+$2}. When inserting/deleting/swapping columns and rows with the appropriate commands, @i{absolute references} (but not relative ones) in stored formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field. To avoid this, in particular in range references, anchor ranges at the table borders (using @code{@@<}, @code{@@>}, @code{$<}, @code{$>}), or at hlines using the @code{@@I} notation. Automatic adaptation of field references does of course not happen if you edit the table structure with normal editing commands---then you must fix the equations yourself. Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Install a new formula for the current field. The command prompts for a formula with default taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM:} line, applies it to the current field, and stores it. @end table The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in order to assign the formula to a number of different fields. There is no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas. To add them, use the formula editor (@pxref{Editing and debugging formulas}) or edit the @code{#+TBLFM:} line directly. @table @code @item $2= Column formula, valid for the entire column. This is so common that Org treats these formulas in a special way, see @ref{Column formulas}. @item @@3= Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row. @code{@@>=} means the last row. @item @@1$2..@@4$3= Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range. This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields in a row. @item $name= Named field, see @ref{Advanced features}. @end table @node Column formulas @subsection Column formulas @cindex column formula @cindex formula, for table column When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like @code{$3=}, the same formula will be used in all fields of that column, with the following very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the first such hline is considered part of the table @emph{header} and will not be modified by column formulas. Therefore a header is mandatory when you use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows above. (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range formula will be left alone by column formulas. These conditions make column formulas very easy to use. To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in the column, preceded by an equal sign, like @samp{=$1+$2}. When you press @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for the current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the result. If the field contains only @samp{=}, the previously stored formula for this column is used. For each column, Org will only remember the most recently used formula. In the @samp{#+TBLFM:} line, column formulas will look like @samp{$4=$1+$2}. The left-hand side of a column formula cannot be the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or @code{$>}. Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Install a new formula for the current column and replace current field with the result of the formula. The command prompts for a formula, with default taken from the @samp{#+TBLFM} line, applies it to the current field and stores it. With a numeric prefix argument(e.g., @kbd{C-5 C-c =}) the command will apply it to that many consecutive fields in the current column. @end table @node Lookup functions @subsection Lookup functions @cindex lookup functions in tables @cindex table lookup functions Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables. @table @code @item (org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-first Searches for the first element @code{S} in list @code{S-LIST} for which @lisp (PREDICATE VAL S) @end lisp is @code{t}; returns the value from the corresponding position in list @code{R-LIST}. The default @code{PREDICATE} is @code{equal}. Note that the parameters @code{VAL} and @code{S} are passed to @code{PREDICATE} in the same order as the corresponding parameters are in the call to @code{org-lookup-first}, where @code{VAL} precedes @code{S-LIST}. If @code{R-LIST} is @code{nil}, the matching element @code{S} of @code{S-LIST} is returned. @item (org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-last Similar to @code{org-lookup-first} above, but searches for the @i{last} element for which @code{PREDICATE} is @code{t}. @item (org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE) @findex org-lookup-all Similar to @code{org-lookup-first}, but searches for @i{all} elements for which @code{PREDICATE} is @code{t}, and returns @i{all} corresponding values. This function can not be used by itself in a formula, because it returns a list of values. However, powerful lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs Lisp functions. @end table If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the @code{E} mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty fields will not be included in @code{S-LIST} and/or @code{R-LIST} which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element of @code{S-LIST} to the corresponding element of @code{R-LIST}. These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays, count matching cells, rank results, group data etc. For practical examples see @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html, this tutorial on Worg}. @node Editing and debugging formulas @subsection Editing and debugging formulas @cindex formula editing @cindex editing, of table formulas @vindex org-table-use-standard-references You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the field. Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas of a table. When offering a formula for editing, Org converts references to the standard format (like @code{B3} or @code{D&}) if possible. If you prefer to only work with the internal format (like @code{@@3$2} or @code{$4}), configure the option @code{org-table-use-standard-references}. @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c =,C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the minibuffer. See @ref{Column formulas}, and @ref{Field and range formulas}. @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-c =,org-table-eval-formula} Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in the field. The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you can use the command @kbd{C-c ?}. @orgcmd{C-c ?,org-table-field-info} While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s) referenced by the reference at the cursor position in the formula. @kindex C-c @} @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays @item C-c @} Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using overlays (@command{org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays}). These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can force it with @kbd{C-c C-c}. @kindex C-c @{ @findex org-table-toggle-formula-debugger @item C-c @{ Toggle the formula debugger on and off (@command{org-table-toggle-formula-debugger}). See below. @orgcmd{C-c ',org-table-edit-formulas} Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where the formulas will be displayed one per line. If the current field has an active formula, the cursor in the formula editor will mark it. While inside the special buffer, Org will automatically highlight any field or range reference at the cursor position. You may edit, remove and add formulas, and use the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-x C-s,org-table-fedit-finish} Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas. With @kbd{C-u} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the entire table. @orgcmd{C-c C-q,org-table-fedit-abort} Exit the formula editor without installing changes. @orgcmd{C-c C-r,org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type} Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like @code{B3}) and internal (like @code{@@3$2}). @orgcmd{@key{TAB},org-table-fedit-lisp-indent} Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point. When in a line containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs Lisp rules. Another @key{TAB} collapses the formula back again. In the open formula, @key{TAB} re-indents just like in Emacs Lisp mode. @orgcmd{M-@key{TAB},lisp-complete-symbol} Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode. @kindex S-@key{up} @kindex S-@key{down} @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{right} @findex org-table-fedit-ref-up @findex org-table-fedit-ref-down @findex org-table-fedit-ref-left @findex org-table-fedit-ref-right @item S-@key{up}/@key{down}/@key{left}/@key{right} Shift the reference at point. For example, if the reference is @code{B3} and you press @kbd{S-@key{right}}, it will become @code{C3}. This also works for relative references and for hline references. @orgcmdkkcc{M-S-@key{up},M-S-@key{down},org-table-fedit-line-up,org-table-fedit-line-down} Move the test line for column formulas in the Org buffer up and down. @orgcmdkkcc{M-@key{up},M-@key{down},org-table-fedit-scroll-down,org-table-fedit-scroll-up} Scroll the window displaying the table. @kindex C-c @} @findex org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays @item C-c @} Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off. @end table @end table Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with the field, because that is stored in a different line (the @samp{#+TBLFM} line)---during the next recalculation the field will be filled again. To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} line. @kindex C-c C-c You may edit the @samp{#+TBLFM} directly and re-apply the changed equations with @kbd{C-c C-c} in that line or with the normal recalculation commands in the table. @anchor{Using multiple #+TBLFM lines} @subsubheading Using multiple #+TBLFM lines @cindex #+TBLFM line, multiple @cindex #+TBLFM @cindex #+TBLFM, switching @kindex C-c C-c You may apply the formula temporarily. This is useful when you switch the formula. Place multiple @samp{#+TBLFM} lines right after the table, and then press @kbd{C-c C-c} on the formula to apply. Here is an example: @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | | | 2 | | #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2 @end example @noindent Pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} in the line of @samp{#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2} yields: @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | 2 | | 2 | 4 | #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2 @end example @noindent Note: If you recalculate this table (with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, for example), you will get the following result of applying only the first @samp{#+TBLFM} line. @example | x | y | |---+---| | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | #+TBLFM: $2=$1*1 #+TBLFM: $2=$1*2 @end example @subsubheading Debugging formulas @cindex formula debugging @cindex debugging, of table formulas When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content becomes the string @samp{#ERROR}. If you would like see what is going on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find a bug, turn on formula debugging in the @code{Tbl} menu and repeat the calculation, for example by pressing @kbd{C-u C-u C-c = @key{RET}} in a field. Detailed information will be displayed. @node Updating the table @subsection Updating the table @cindex recomputing table fields @cindex updating, table Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be triggered by a command. See @ref{Advanced features}, for a way to make recalculation at least semi-automatic. In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c *,org-table-recalculate} Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the current row. @c @kindex C-u C-c * @item C-u C-c * @kindex C-u C-c C-c @itemx C-u C-c C-c Recompute the entire table, line by line. Any lines before the first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the table header. @c @orgcmdkkc{C-u C-u C-c *,C-u C-u C-c C-c,org-table-iterate} Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur. This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other fields that are computed @i{later} in the calculation sequence. @item M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables RET @findex org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables Recompute all tables in the current buffer. @item M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables RET @findex org-table-iterate-buffer-tables Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge table-to-table dependencies. @end table @node Advanced features @subsection Advanced features If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if you want to be able to assign @i{names}@footnote{Such names must start by an alphabetic character and use only alphanumeric/underscore characters.} to fields and columns, you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking characters. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-#,org-table-rotate-recalc-marks} Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states @samp{ }, @samp{#}, @samp{*}, @samp{!}, @samp{$}. When there is an active region, change all marks in the region. @end table Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students and makes use of these features: @example @group |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | ! | | P1 | P2 | P3 | Tot | | | # | Maximum | 10 | 15 | 25 | 50 | 10.0 | | ^ | | m1 | m2 | m3 | mt | | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | # | Peter | 10 | 8 | 23 | 41 | 8.2 | | # | Sam | 2 | 4 | 3 | 9 | 1.8 | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| | | Average | | | | 25.0 | | | ^ | | | | | at | | | $ | max=50 | | | | | | |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------| #+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@@-II..@@-I);%.1f @end group @end example @noindent @b{Important}: please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table with @kbd{C-u C-c *} will only affect rows that are marked @samp{#} or @samp{*}, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself. The column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field. @cindex marking characters, tables The marking characters have the following meaning: @table @samp @item ! The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you may refer to a column as @samp{$Tot} instead of @samp{$6}. @item ^ This row defines names for the fields @emph{above} the row. With such a definition, any formula in the table may use @samp{$m1} to refer to the value @samp{10}. Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it will be stored as @samp{$name=...}. @item _ Similar to @samp{^}, but defines names for the fields in the row @emph{below}. @item $ Fields in this row can define @emph{parameters} for formulas. For example, if a field in a @samp{$} row contains @samp{max=50}, then formulas in this table can refer to the value 50 using @samp{$max}. Parameters work exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table basis. @item # Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing @key{TAB} or @key{RET} or @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} in this row. Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}. Unmarked lines will be left alone by this command. @item * Selects this line for global recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}, but not for automatic recalculation. Use this when automatic recalculation slows down editing too much. @item @w{ } Unmarked lines are exempt from recalculation with @kbd{C-u C-c *}. All lines that should be recalculated should be marked with @samp{#} or @samp{*}. @item / Do not export this line. Useful for lines that contain the narrowing @samp{} markers or column group markers. @end table Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the fantastic @file{calc.el} package, here is a table that computes the Taylor series of degree @code{n} at location @code{x} for a couple of functions. @example @group |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| | | Func | n | x | Result | |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| | # | exp(x) | 1 | x | 1 + x | | # | exp(x) | 2 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 | | # | exp(x) | 3 | x | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6 | | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 | | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2 | | * | tan(x) | 3 | x | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3 | |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------| #+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3 @end group @end example @node Org-Plot @section Org-Plot @cindex graph, in tables @cindex plot tables using Gnuplot @cindex #+PLOT Org-Plot can produce graphs of information stored in org tables, either graphically or in ASCII-art. @subheading Graphical plots using @file{Gnuplot} Org-Plot produces 2D and 3D graphs using @file{Gnuplot} @uref{http://www.gnuplot.info/} and @file{gnuplot-mode} @uref{http://xafs.org/BruceRavel/GnuplotMode}. To see this in action, ensure that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system, then call @kbd{C-c " g} or @kbd{M-x org-plot/gnuplot @key{RET}} on the following table. @example @group #+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]" | Sede | Max cites | H-index | |-----------+-----------+---------| | Chile | 257.72 | 21.39 | | Leeds | 165.77 | 19.68 | | Sao Paolo | 71.00 | 11.50 | | Stockholm | 134.19 | 14.33 | | Morelia | 257.56 | 17.67 | @end group @end example Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as labels. Further control over the labels, type, content, and appearance of plots can be exercised through the @code{#+PLOT:} lines preceding a table. See below for a complete list of Org-plot options. The @code{#+PLOT:} lines are optional. For more information and examples see the Org-plot tutorial at @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html}. @subsubheading Plot Options @table @code @item set Specify any @command{gnuplot} option to be set when graphing. @item title Specify the title of the plot. @item ind Specify which column of the table to use as the @code{x} axis. @item deps Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by parentheses and separated by spaces for example @code{dep:(3 4)} to graph the third and fourth columns (defaults to graphing all other columns aside from the @code{ind} column). @item type Specify whether the plot will be @code{2d}, @code{3d}, or @code{grid}. @item with Specify a @code{with} option to be inserted for every col being plotted (e.g., @code{lines}, @code{points}, @code{boxes}, @code{impulses}, etc...). Defaults to @code{lines}. @item file If you want to plot to a file, specify @code{"@var{path/to/desired/output-file}"}. @item labels List of labels to be used for the @code{deps} (defaults to the column headers if they exist). @item line Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script. @item map When plotting @code{3d} or @code{grid} types, set this to @code{t} to graph a flat mapping rather than a @code{3d} slope. @item timefmt Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by Gnuplot. Defaults to @samp{%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S}. @item script If you want total control, you can specify a script file (place the file name between double-quotes) which will be used to plot. Before plotting, every instance of @code{$datafile} in the specified script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file. Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file. @end table @subheading ASCII bar plots While the cursor is on a column, typing @kbd{C-c " a} or @kbd{M-x orgtbl-ascii-plot @key{RET}} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars plot. The plot is implemented through a regular column formula. When the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing the table, for example typing @kbd{C-u C-c *}. @example @group | Sede | Max cites | | |---------------+-----------+--------------| | Chile | 257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW | | Leeds | 165.77 | WWWWWWWh | | Sao Paolo | 71.00 | WWW; | | Stockholm | 134.19 | WWWWWW: | | Morelia | 257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH | | Rochefourchat | 0.00 | | #+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw $2 0.0 257.72 12) @end group @end example The formula is an elisp call: @lisp (orgtbl-ascii-draw COLUMN MIN MAX WIDTH) @end lisp @table @code @item COLUMN is a reference to the source column. @item MIN MAX are the minimal and maximal values displayed. Sources values outside this range are displayed as @samp{too small} or @samp{too large}. @item WIDTH is the width in characters of the bar-plot. It defaults to @samp{12}. @end table @node Hyperlinks @chapter Hyperlinks @cindex hyperlinks Like HTML, Org provides links inside a file, external links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more. @menu * Link format:: How links in Org are formatted * Internal links:: Links to other places in the current file * External links:: URL-like links to the world * Handling links:: Creating, inserting and following * Using links outside Org:: Linking from my C source code? * Link abbreviations:: Shortcuts for writing complex links * Search options:: Linking to a specific location * Custom searches:: When the default search is not enough @end menu @node Link format @section Link format @cindex link format @cindex format, of links Org will recognize plain URL-like links and activate them as clickable links. The general link format, however, looks like this: @example [[link][description]] @r{or alternatively} [[link]] @end example @noindent Once a link in the buffer is complete (all brackets present), Org will change the display so that @samp{description} is displayed instead of @samp{[[link][description]]} and @samp{link} is displayed instead of @samp{[[link]]}. Links will be highlighted in the face @code{org-link}, which by default is an underlined face. You can directly edit the visible part of a link. Note that this can be either the @samp{link} part (if there is no description) or the @samp{description} part. To edit also the invisible @samp{link} part, use @kbd{C-c C-l} with the cursor on the link. If you place the cursor at the beginning or just behind the end of the displayed text and press @key{BACKSPACE}, you will remove the (invisible) bracket at that location. This makes the link incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text. Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again. To show the internal structure of all links, use the menu entry @code{Org->Hyperlinks->Literal links}. @node Internal links @section Internal links @cindex internal links @cindex links, internal @cindex targets, for links @cindex property, CUSTOM_ID If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal in the current file. The most important case is a link like @samp{[[#my-custom-id]]} which will link to the entry with the @code{CUSTOM_ID} property @samp{my-custom-id}. You are responsible yourself to make sure these custom IDs are unique in a file. Links such as @samp{[[My Target]]} or @samp{[[My Target][Find my target]]} lead to a text search in the current file. The link can be followed with @kbd{C-c C-o} when the cursor is on the link, or with a mouse click (@pxref{Handling links}). Links to custom IDs will point to the corresponding headline. The preferred match for a text link is a @i{dedicated target}: the same string in double angular brackets, like @samp{<>}. @cindex #+NAME If no dedicated target exists, the link will then try to match the exact name of an element within the buffer. Naming is done with the @code{#+NAME} keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element it refers to, as in the following example @example #+NAME: My Target | a | table | |----+------------| | of | four cells | @end example If none of the above succeeds, Org will search for a headline that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and tags@footnote{To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion can be used. Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into the buffer and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}. All headlines in the current buffer will be offered as completions.}. During export, internal links will be used to mark objects and assign them a number. Marked objects will then be referenced by links pointing to them. In particular, links without a description will appear as the number assigned to the marked object@footnote{When targeting a @code{#+NAME} keyword, @code{#+CAPTION} keyword is mandatory in order to get proper numbering (@pxref{Images and tables}).}. In the following excerpt from an Org buffer @example - one item - <>another item Here we refer to item [[target]]. @end example @noindent The last sentence will appear as @samp{Here we refer to item 2} when exported. In non-Org files, the search will look for the words in the link text. In the above example the search would be for @samp{my target}. Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring. You can return to the previous position with @kbd{C-c &}. Using this command several times in direct succession goes back to positions recorded earlier. @menu * Radio targets:: Make targets trigger links in plain text @end menu @node Radio targets @subsection Radio targets @cindex radio targets @cindex targets, radio @cindex links, radio targets Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in normal text into a link. So without explicitly creating a link, the text connects to the target radioing its position. Radio targets are enclosed by triple angular brackets. For example, a target @samp{<<>>} causes each occurrence of @samp{my target} in normal text to become activated as a link. The Org file is scanned automatically for radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs. To update the target list during editing, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor on or at a target. @node External links @section External links @cindex links, external @cindex external links @cindex Gnus links @cindex BBDB links @cindex IRC links @cindex URL links @cindex file links @cindex RMAIL links @cindex MH-E links @cindex USENET links @cindex SHELL links @cindex Info links @cindex Elisp links Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs. External links are URL-like locators. They start with a short identifying string followed by a colon. There can be no space after the colon. The following list shows examples for each link type. @example http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik @r{on the web} doi:10.1000/182 @r{DOI for an electronic resource} file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{file, absolute path} /home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg @r{same as above} file:papers/last.pdf @r{file, relative path} ./papers/last.pdf @r{same as above} file:/myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{file, path on remote machine} /myself@@some.where:papers/last.pdf @r{same as above} file:sometextfile::NNN @r{file, jump to line number} file:projects.org @r{another Org file} file:projects.org::some words @r{text search in Org file}@footnote{ The actual behavior of the search will depend on the value of the option @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline}. If its value is @code{nil}, then a fuzzy text search will be done. If it is t, then only the exact headline will be matched, ignoring spaces and cookies. If the value is @code{query-to-create}, then an exact headline will be searched; if it is not found, then the user will be queried to create it.} file:projects.org::*task title @r{heading search in Org file}@footnote{ Headline searches always match the exact headline, ignoring spaces and cookies. If the headline is not found and the value of the option @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline} is @code{query-to-create}, then the user will be queried to create it.} file+sys:/path/to/file @r{open via OS, like double-click} file+emacs:/path/to/file @r{force opening by Emacs} docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN @r{open in doc-view mode at page} id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9 @r{Link to heading by ID} news:comp.emacs @r{Usenet link} mailto:adent@@galaxy.net @r{Mail link} mhe:folder @r{MH-E folder link} mhe:folder#id @r{MH-E message link} rmail:folder @r{RMAIL folder link} rmail:folder#id @r{RMAIL message link} gnus:group @r{Gnus group link} gnus:group#id @r{Gnus article link} bbdb:R.*Stallman @r{BBDB link (with regexp)} irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob @r{IRC link} info:org#External links @r{Info node or index link} shell:ls *.org @r{A shell command} elisp:org-agenda @r{Interactive Elisp command} elisp:(find-file-other-frame "Elisp.org") @r{Elisp form to evaluate} @end example @cindex VM links @cindex WANDERLUST links On top of these built-in link types, some are available through the @code{contrib/} directory (@pxref{Installation}). For example, these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when you load the corresponding libraries from the @code{contrib/} directory: @example vm:folder @r{VM folder link} vm:folder#id @r{VM message link} vm://myself@@some.where.org/folder#id @r{VM on remote machine} vm-imap:account:folder @r{VM IMAP folder link} vm-imap:account:folder#id @r{VM IMAP message link} wl:folder @r{WANDERLUST folder link} wl:folder#id @r{WANDERLUST message link} @end example For customizing Org to add new link types @ref{Adding hyperlink types}. A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain a descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (@pxref{Link format}), for example: @example [[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]] @end example @noindent If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}) will inline the image as a clickable button. If there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that image will be inlined into the exported HTML file. @cindex square brackets, around links @cindex plain text external links Org also finds external links in the normal text and activates them as links. If spaces must be part of the link (for example in @samp{bbdb:Richard Stallman}), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the end of the link, enclose them in square brackets. @node Handling links @section Handling links @cindex links, handling Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert it into an Org file, and to follow the link. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c l,org-store-link} @cindex storing links Store a link to the current location. This is a @emph{global} command (you must create the key binding yourself) which can be used in any buffer to create a link. The link will be stored for later insertion into an Org buffer (see below). What kind of link will be created depends on the current buffer: @b{Org mode buffers}@* For Org files, if there is a @samp{<>} at the cursor, the link points to the target. Otherwise it points to the current headline, which will also be the description@footnote{If the headline contains a timestamp, it will be removed from the link and result in a wrong link---you should avoid putting timestamp in the headline.}. @vindex org-id-link-to-org-use-id @cindex property, CUSTOM_ID @cindex property, ID If the headline has a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property, a link to this custom ID will be stored. In addition or alternatively (depending on the value of @code{org-id-link-to-org-use-id}), a globally unique @code{ID} property will be created and/or used to construct a link@footnote{The library @file{org-id.el} must first be loaded, either through @code{org-customize} by enabling @code{org-id} in @code{org-modules}, or by adding @code{(require 'org-id)} in your @file{.emacs}.}. So using this command in Org buffers will potentially create two links: a human-readable from the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the entry is moved from file to file. Later, when inserting the link, you need to decide which one to use. @b{Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus}@* Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported. The link will point to the current article, or, in some GNUS buffers, to the group. The description is constructed from the author and the subject. @b{Web browsers: W3 and W3M}@* Here the link will be the current URL, with the page title as description. @b{Contacts: BBDB}@* Links created in a BBDB buffer will point to the current entry. @b{Chat: IRC}@* @vindex org-irc-link-to-logs For IRC links, if you set the option @code{org-irc-link-to-logs} to @code{t}, a @samp{file:/} style link to the relevant point in the logs for the current conversation is created. Otherwise an @samp{irc:/} style link to the user/channel/server under the point will be stored. @b{Other files}@* For any other files, the link will point to the file, with a search string (@pxref{Search options}) pointing to the contents of the current line. If there is an active region, the selected words will form the basis of the search string. If the automatically created link is not working correctly or accurately enough, you can write custom functions to select the search string and to do the search for particular file types---see @ref{Custom searches}. The key binding @kbd{C-c l} is only a suggestion---see @ref{Installation}. @b{Agenda view}@* When the cursor is in an agenda view, the created link points to the entry referenced by the current line. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-l,org-insert-link} @cindex link completion @cindex completion, of links @cindex inserting links @vindex org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion Insert a link@footnote{Note that you don't have to use this command to insert a link. Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them straight into the buffer. By using this command, the links are automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for the optional descriptive text.}. This prompts for a link to be inserted into the buffer. You can just type a link, using text for an internal link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples above. The link will be inserted into the buffer@footnote{After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed from the list of stored links. To keep it in the list later use, use a triple @kbd{C-u} prefix argument to @kbd{C-c C-l}, or configure the option @code{org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion}.}, along with a descriptive text. If some text was selected when this command is called, the selected text becomes the default description. @b{Inserting stored links}@* All links stored during the current session are part of the history for this prompt, so you can access them with @key{up} and @key{down} (or @kbd{M-p/n}). @b{Completion support}@* Completion with @key{TAB} will help you to insert valid link prefixes like @samp{http:} or @samp{ftp:}, including the prefixes defined through link abbreviations (@pxref{Link abbreviations}). If you press @key{RET} after inserting only the @var{prefix}, Org will offer specific completion support for some link types@footnote{This works by calling a special function @code{org-PREFIX-complete-link}.} For example, if you type @kbd{file @key{RET}}, file name completion (alternative access: @kbd{C-u C-c C-l}, see below) will be offered, and after @kbd{bbdb @key{RET}} you can complete contact names. @orgkey C-u C-c C-l @cindex file name completion @cindex completion, of file names When @kbd{C-c C-l} is called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, a link to a file will be inserted and you may use file name completion to select the name of the file. The path to the file is inserted relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if the path is written relative to the current directory using @samp{../}. Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with @samp{~/} for your home directory. You can force an absolute path with two @kbd{C-u} prefixes. @c @item C-c C-l @ @r{(with cursor on existing link)} When the cursor is on an existing link, @kbd{C-c C-l} allows you to edit the link and description parts of the link. @c @cindex following links @orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-open-at-point} @vindex org-file-apps @vindex org-link-frame-setup Open link at point. This will launch a web browser for URLs (using @command{browse-url-at-point}), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link. When the cursor is on an internal link, this command runs the corresponding search. When the cursor is on a TAG list in a headline, it creates the corresponding TAGS view. If the cursor is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for that date. Furthermore, it will visit text and remote files in @samp{file:} links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local non-text files. Classification of files is based on file extension only. See option @code{org-file-apps}. If you want to override the default application and visit the file with Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u} prefix. If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use a @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix.@* If the cursor is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the headline and entry text. If you want to setup the frame configuration for following links, customize @code{org-link-frame-setup}. @orgkey @key{RET} @vindex org-return-follows-link When @code{org-return-follows-link} is set, @kbd{@key{RET}} will also follow the link at point. @c @kindex mouse-2 @kindex mouse-1 @item mouse-2 @itemx mouse-1 On links, @kbd{mouse-1} and @kbd{mouse-2} will open the link just as @kbd{C-c C-o} would. @c @kindex mouse-3 @item mouse-3 @vindex org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer Like @kbd{mouse-2}, but force file links to be opened with Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window@footnote{See the option @code{org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer}}. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-v,org-toggle-inline-images} @cindex inlining images @cindex images, inlining @vindex org-startup-with-inline-images @cindex @code{inlineimages}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{noinlineimages}, STARTUP keyword Toggle the inline display of linked images. Normally this will only inline images that have no description part in the link, i.e., images that will also be inlined during export. When called with a prefix argument, also display images that do have a link description. You can ask for inline images to be displayed at startup by configuring the variable @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{inlineimages} and @code{noinlineimages}}. @orgcmd{C-c %,org-mark-ring-push} @cindex mark ring Push the current position onto the mark ring, to be able to return easily. Commands following an internal link do this automatically. @c @orgcmd{C-c &,org-mark-ring-goto} @cindex links, returning to Jump back to a recorded position. A position is recorded by the commands following internal links, and by @kbd{C-c %}. Using this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring of previously recorded positions. @c @orgcmdkkcc{C-c C-x C-n,C-c C-x C-p,org-next-link,org-previous-link} @cindex links, finding next/previous Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer. At the limit of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around. The key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind this also to @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} @lisp (add-hook 'org-load-hook (lambda () (define-key org-mode-map "\C-n" 'org-next-link) (define-key org-mode-map "\C-p" 'org-previous-link))) @end lisp @end table @node Using links outside Org @section Using links outside Org You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org, but in any Emacs buffer. For this, you should create two global commands, like this (please select suitable global keys yourself): @lisp (global-set-key "\C-c L" 'org-insert-link-global) (global-set-key "\C-c o" 'org-open-at-point-global) @end lisp @node Link abbreviations @section Link abbreviations @cindex link abbreviations @cindex abbreviation, links Long URLs can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are needed in a document. For this you can use link abbreviations. An abbreviated link looks like this @example [[linkword:tag][description]] @end example @noindent @vindex org-link-abbrev-alist where the tag is optional. The @i{linkword} must be a word, starting with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, @samp{-}, and @samp{_}. Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the variable @code{org-link-abbrev-alist} that relates the linkwords to replacement text. Here is an example: @smalllisp @group (setq org-link-abbrev-alist '(("bugzilla" . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=") ("url-to-ja" . "http://translate.google.fr/translate?sl=en&tl=ja&u=%h") ("google" . "http://www.google.com/search?q=") ("gmap" . "http://maps.google.com/maps?q=%s") ("omap" . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1") ("ads" . "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?author=%s&db_key=AST"))) @end group @end smalllisp If the replacement text contains the string @samp{%s}, it will be replaced with the tag. Using @samp{%h} instead of @samp{%s} will url-encode the tag (see the example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter.) Using @samp{%(my-function)} will pass the tag to a custom function, and replace it by the resulting string. If the replacement text doesn't contain any specifier, it will simply be appended to the string in order to create the link. Instead of a string, you may also specify a function that will be called with the tag as the only argument to create the link. With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with @code{[[bugzilla:129]]}, search the web for @samp{OrgMode} with @code{[[google:OrgMode]]}, show the map location of the Free Software Foundation @code{[[gmap:51 Franklin Street, Boston]]} or of Carsten office @code{[[omap:Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]} and find out what the Org author is doing besides Emacs hacking with @code{[[ads:Dominik,C]]}. If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you can define them in the file with @cindex #+LINK @example #+LINK: bugzilla http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id= #+LINK: google http://www.google.com/search?q=%s @end example @noindent In-buffer completion (@pxref{Completion}) can be used after @samp{[} to complete link abbreviations. You may also define a function @code{org-PREFIX-complete-link} that implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a link with @kbd{C-c C-l}. Such a function should not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix. @node Search options @section Search options in file links @cindex search option in file links @cindex file links, searching File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a particular location in the file when following a link. This can be a line number or a search option after a double@footnote{For backward compatibility, line numbers can also follow a single colon.} colon. For example, when the command @kbd{C-c l} creates a link (@pxref{Handling links}) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line as a search string that can be used to find this line back later when following the link with @kbd{C-c C-o}. Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file link, together with an explanation: @example [[file:~/code/main.c::255]] [[file:~/xx.org::My Target]] [[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]] [[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]] [[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]] @end example @table @code @item 255 Jump to line 255. @item My Target Search for a link target @samp{<>}, or do a text search for @samp{my target}, similar to the search in internal links, see @ref{Internal links}. In HTML export (@pxref{HTML export}), such a file link will become an HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked file. @item *My Target In an Org file, restrict search to headlines. @item #my-custom-id Link to a heading with a @code{CUSTOM_ID} property @item /regexp/ Do a regular expression search for @code{regexp}. This uses the Emacs command @code{occur} to list all matches in a separate window. If the target file is in Org mode, @code{org-occur} is used to create a sparse tree with the matches. @c If the target file is a directory, @c @code{grep} will be used to search all files in the directory. @end table As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used to search the current file. For example, @code{[[file:::find me]]} does a search for @samp{find me} in the current file, just as @samp{[[find me]]} would. @node Custom searches @section Custom Searches @cindex custom search strings @cindex search strings, custom The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all cases. For example, Bib@TeX{} database files have many entries like @samp{year="1993"} which would not result in good search strings, because the only unique identification for a Bib@TeX{} entry is the citation key. @vindex org-create-file-search-functions @vindex org-execute-file-search-functions If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the search for the string in the file. Using @code{add-hook}, these functions need to be added to the hook variables @code{org-create-file-search-functions} and @code{org-execute-file-search-functions}. See the docstring for these variables for more information. Org actually uses this mechanism for Bib@TeX{} database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an implementation example. See the file @file{org-bibtex.el}. @node TODO items @chapter TODO items @cindex TODO items Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents@footnote{Of course, you can make a document that contains only long lists of TODO items, but this is not required.}. Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because TODO items usually come up while taking notes! With Org mode, simply mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item. In this way, information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the TODO item emerged is always present. Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them throughout your notes file. Org mode compensates for this by providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you have to do. @menu * TODO basics:: Marking and displaying TODO entries * TODO extensions:: Workflow and assignments * Progress logging:: Dates and notes for progress * Priorities:: Some things are more important than others * Breaking down tasks:: Splitting a task into manageable pieces * Checkboxes:: Tick-off lists @end menu @node TODO basics @section Basic TODO functionality Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word @samp{TODO}, for example: @example *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune @end example @noindent The most important commands to work with TODO entries are: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-t,org-todo} @cindex cycling, of TODO states @vindex org-use-fast-todo-selection Rotate the TODO state of the current item among @example ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --. '--------------------------------' @end example If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see @ref{Fast access to TODO states}), you will be prompted for a TODO keyword through the fast selection interface; this is the default behavior when @code{org-use-fast-todo-selection} is non-@code{nil}. The same rotation can also be done ``remotely'' from the timeline and agenda buffers with the @kbd{t} command key (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @orgkey{C-u C-c C-t} When TODO keywords have no selection keys, select a specific keyword using completion; otherwise force cycling through TODO states with no prompt. When @code{org-use-fast-todo-selection} is set to @code{prefix}, use the fast selection interface. @kindex S-@key{right} @kindex S-@key{left} @item S-@key{right} @ @r{/} @ S-@key{left} @vindex org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling. Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (@pxref{TODO extensions}). See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. See also the variable @code{org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change}. @orgcmd{C-c / t,org-show-todo-tree} @cindex sparse tree, for TODO @vindex org-todo-keywords View TODO items in a @emph{sparse tree} (@pxref{Sparse trees}). Folds the entire buffer, but shows all TODO items (with not-DONE state) and the headings hierarchy above them. With a prefix argument (or by using @kbd{C-c / T}), search for a specific TODO@. You will be prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords like @code{KWD1|KWD2|...} to list entries that match any one of these keywords. With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the Nth keyword in the option @code{org-todo-keywords}. With two prefix arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done. @orgcmd{C-c a t,org-todo-list} Show the global TODO list. Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE states) from all agenda files (@pxref{Agenda views}) into a single buffer. The new buffer will be in @code{agenda-mode}, which provides commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new buffer (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @xref{Global TODO list}, for more information. @orgcmd{S-M-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} Insert a new TODO entry below the current one. @end table @noindent @vindex org-todo-state-tags-triggers Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes. See the docstring of the option @code{org-todo-state-tags-triggers} for details. @node TODO extensions @section Extended use of TODO keywords @cindex extended TODO keywords @vindex org-todo-keywords By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and DONE@. Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways with @emph{TODO keywords} (stored in @code{org-todo-keywords}). With special setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different files. Note that @i{tags} are another way to classify headlines in general and TODO items in particular (@pxref{Tags}). @menu * Workflow states:: From TODO to DONE in steps * TODO types:: I do this, Fred does the rest * Multiple sets in one file:: Mixing it all, and still finding your way * Fast access to TODO states:: Single letter selection of a state * Per-file keywords:: Different files, different requirements * Faces for TODO keywords:: Highlighting states * TODO dependencies:: When one task needs to wait for others @end menu @node Workflow states @subsection TODO keywords as workflow states @cindex TODO workflow @cindex workflow states as TODO keywords You can use TODO keywords to indicate different @emph{sequential} states in the process of working on an item, for example@footnote{Changing this variable only becomes effective after restarting Org mode in a buffer.}: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED"))) @end lisp The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that @emph{need action}) from the DONE states (which need @emph{no further action}). If you don't provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the DONE state. @cindex completion, of TODO keywords With this setup, the command @kbd{C-c C-t} will cycle an entry from TODO to FEEDBACK, then to VERIFY, and finally to DONE and DELEGATED@. You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly select a specific state. For example @kbd{C-3 C-c C-t} will change the state immediately to VERIFY@. Or you can use @kbd{S-@key{left}} to go backward through the sequence. If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (@pxref{Completion}) or even a special one-key selection scheme (@pxref{Fast access to TODO states}) to insert these words into the buffer. Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see @ref{Tracking TODO state changes}, for more information. @node TODO types @subsection TODO keywords as types @cindex TODO types @cindex names as TODO keywords @cindex types as TODO keywords The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different @emph{types} of action items. For example, you might want to indicate that items are for ``work'' or ``home''. Or, when you work with several people on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to persons, by using their names as TODO keywords. This would be set up like this: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE"))) @end lisp In this case, different keywords do not indicate a sequence, but rather different types. So the normal work flow would be to assign a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE@. Org mode supports this style by adapting the workings of the command @kbd{C-c C-t}@footnote{This is also true for the @kbd{t} command in the timeline and agenda buffers.}. When used several times in succession, it will still cycle through all names, in order to first select the right type for a task. But when you return to the item after some time and execute @kbd{C-c C-t} again, it will switch from any name directly to DONE@. Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select a specific name. You can also review the items of a specific TODO type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to @kbd{C-c / t}. For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use @kbd{C-3 C-c / t}. To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as well when creating the global TODO list: @kbd{C-3 C-c a t}. @node Multiple sets in one file @subsection Multiple keyword sets in one file @cindex TODO keyword sets Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in parallel. For example, you may want to have the basic @code{TODO}/@code{DONE}, but also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that an item has been canceled (so it is not DONE, but also does not require action). Your setup would then look like this: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE") (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED") (sequence "|" "CANCELED"))) @end lisp The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode to keep track of which subsequence should be used for a given entry. In this setup, @kbd{C-c C-t} only operates within a subsequence, so it switches from @code{DONE} to (nothing) to @code{TODO}, and from @code{FIXED} to (nothing) to @code{REPORT}. Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the correct sequence. Besides the obvious ways like typing a keyword or using completion, you may also apply the following commands: @table @kbd @kindex C-S-@key{right} @kindex C-S-@key{left} @kindex C-u C-u C-c C-t @item C-u C-u C-c C-t @itemx C-S-@key{right} @itemx C-S-@key{left} These keys jump from one TODO subset to the next. In the above example, @kbd{C-u C-u C-c C-t} or @kbd{C-S-@key{right}} would jump from @code{TODO} or @code{DONE} to @code{REPORT}, and any of the words in the second row to @code{CANCELED}. Note that the @kbd{C-S-} key binding conflict with @code{shift-selection-mode} (@pxref{Conflicts}). @kindex S-@key{right} @kindex S-@key{left} @item S-@key{right} @itemx S-@key{left} @kbd{S-@key{left}} and @kbd{S-@key{right}} and walk through @emph{all} keywords from all sets, so for example @kbd{S-@key{right}} would switch from @code{DONE} to @code{REPORT} in the example above. See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. @end table @node Fast access to TODO states @subsection Fast access to TODO states If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for single-letter access to the states. This is done by adding the selection character after each keyword, in parentheses@footnote{All characters are allowed except @code{@@^!}, which have a special meaning here.}. For example: @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)") (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)") (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)"))) @end lisp @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo If you then press @kbd{C-c C-t} followed by the selection key, the entry will be switched to this state. @kbd{SPC} can be used to remove any TODO keyword from an entry.@footnote{Check also the option @code{org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo}, it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (@pxref{Setting tags}), in case you like to mingle the two concepts. Note that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets of keywords.} @node Per-file keywords @subsection Setting up keywords for individual files @cindex keyword options @cindex per-file keywords @cindex #+TODO @cindex #+TYP_TODO @cindex #+SEQ_TODO It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism in different files. For file-local settings, you need to add special lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that file only. For example, to set one of the two examples discussed above, you need one of the following lines anywhere in the file: @example #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED @end example @noindent (you may also write @code{#+SEQ_TODO} to be explicit about the interpretation, but it means the same as @code{#+TODO}), or @example #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE @end example A setup for using several sets in parallel would be: @example #+TODO: TODO | DONE #+TODO: REPORT BUG KNOWNCAUSE | FIXED #+TODO: | CANCELED @end example @cindex completion, of option keywords @kindex M-@key{TAB} @noindent To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type @samp{#+} into the buffer and then use @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} completion. @cindex DONE, final TODO keyword Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar (or the last keyword if no bar is there) must always mean that the item is DONE (although you may use a different word). After changing one of these lines, use @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the line to make the changes known to Org mode@footnote{Org mode parses these lines only when Org mode is activated after visiting a file. @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor in a line starting with @samp{#+} is simply restarting Org mode for the current buffer.}. @node Faces for TODO keywords @subsection Faces for TODO keywords @cindex faces, for TODO keywords @vindex org-todo @r{(face)} @vindex org-done @r{(face)} @vindex org-todo-keyword-faces Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: @code{org-todo} for keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and @code{org-done} for keywords indicating that an item is finished. If you are using more than 2 different states, you might want to use special faces for some of them. This can be done using the option @code{org-todo-keyword-faces}. For example: @lisp @group (setq org-todo-keyword-faces '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow") ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold)))) @end group @end lisp While using a list with face properties as shown for CANCELED @emph{should} work, this does not always seem to be the case. If necessary, define a special face and use that. A string is interpreted as a color. The option @code{org-faces-easy-properties} determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or a background color. @node TODO dependencies @subsection TODO dependencies @cindex TODO dependencies @cindex dependencies, of TODO states @cindex TODO dependencies, NOBLOCKING @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies @cindex property, ORDERED The structure of Org files (hierarchy and lists) makes it easy to define TODO dependencies. Usually, a parent TODO task should not be marked DONE until all subtasks (defined as children tasks) are marked as DONE@. And sometimes there is a logical sequence to a number of (sub)tasks, so that one task cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it are done. If you customize the option @code{org-enforce-todo-dependencies}, Org will block entries from changing state to DONE while they have children that are not DONE@. Furthermore, if an entry has a property @code{ORDERED}, each of its children will be blocked until all earlier siblings are marked DONE@. Here is an example: @example * TODO Blocked until (two) is done ** DONE one ** TODO two * Parent :PROPERTIES: :ORDERED: t :END: ** TODO a ** TODO b, needs to wait for (a) ** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b) @end example You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the @code{NOBLOCKING} property: @example * This entry is never blocked :PROPERTIES: :NOBLOCKING: t :END: @end example @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x o,org-toggle-ordered-property} @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag @cindex property, ORDERED Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the current entry. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize the option @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}. @orgkey{C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t} Change TODO state, circumventing any state blocking. @end table @vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks If you set the option @code{org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks}, TODO entries that cannot be closed because of such dependencies will be shown in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (@pxref{Agenda views}). @cindex checkboxes and TODO dependencies @vindex org-enforce-todo-dependencies You can also block changes of TODO states by looking at checkboxes (@pxref{Checkboxes}). If you set the option @code{org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies}, an entry that has unchecked checkboxes will be blocked from switching to DONE. If you need more complex dependency structures, for example dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out the contributed module @file{org-depend.el}. @page @node Progress logging @section Progress logging @cindex progress logging @cindex logging, of progress Org mode can automatically record a timestamp and possibly a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or even each time you change the state of a TODO item. This system is highly configurable; settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be localized to a file or even a subtree. For information on how to clock working time for a task, see @ref{Clocking work time}. @menu * Closing items:: When was this entry marked DONE? * Tracking TODO state changes:: When did the status change? * Tracking your habits:: How consistent have you been? @end menu @node Closing items @subsection Closing items The most basic logging is to keep track of @emph{when} a certain TODO item was finished. This is achieved with@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: logdone}} @lisp (setq org-log-done 'time) @end lisp @vindex org-closed-keep-when-no-todo @noindent Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any of the DONE states, a line @samp{CLOSED: [timestamp]} will be inserted just after the headline. If you turn the entry back into a TODO item through further state cycling, that line will be removed again. If you turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing @key{C-c C-t SPC} for example), that line will also be removed, unless you set @code{org-closed-keep-when-no-todo} to non-@code{nil}. If you want to record a note along with the timestamp, use@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: lognotedone}.} @lisp (setq org-log-done 'note) @end lisp @noindent You will then be prompted for a note, and that note will be stored below the entry with a @samp{Closing Note} heading. In the timeline (@pxref{Timeline}) and in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}), you can then use the @kbd{l} key to display the TODO items with a @samp{CLOSED} timestamp on each day, giving you an overview of what has been done. @node Tracking TODO state changes @subsection Tracking TODO state changes @cindex drawer, for state change recording @vindex org-log-states-order-reversed @vindex org-log-into-drawer @cindex property, LOG_INTO_DRAWER When TODO keywords are used as workflow states (@pxref{Workflow states}), you might want to keep track of when a state change occurred and maybe take a note about this change. You can either record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note for a change. These records will be inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first@footnote{See the option @code{org-log-states-order-reversed}}. When taking a lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the way into a drawer (@pxref{Drawers}). Customize @code{org-log-into-drawer} to get this behavior---the recommended drawer for this is called @code{LOGBOOK}@footnote{Note that the @code{LOGBOOK} drawer is unfolded when pressing @key{SPC} in the agenda to show an entry---use @key{C-u SPC} to keep it folded here}. You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a @code{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property. Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this. This is achieved by adding special markers @samp{!} (for a timestamp) or @samp{@@} (for a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword. For example, with the setting @lisp (setq org-todo-keywords '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@@)"))) @end lisp To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with @samp{@@}, just type @kbd{C-c C-c} to enter a blank note when prompted. @noindent @vindex org-log-done You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to DONE@footnote{It is possible that Org mode will record two timestamps when you are using both @code{org-log-done} and state change logging. However, it will never prompt for two notes---if you have configured both, the state change recording note will take precedence and cancel the @samp{Closing Note}.}, and that a note is recorded when switching to WAIT or CANCELED@. The setting for WAIT is even more special: the @samp{!} after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when @i{leaving} the WAIT state, if and only if the @i{target} state does not configure logging for entering it. So it has no effect when switching from WAIT to DONE, because DONE is configured to record a timestamp only. But when switching from WAIT back to TODO, the @samp{/!} in the WAIT setting now triggers a timestamp even though TODO has no logging configured. You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local to a buffer: @example #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@@) @end example @cindex property, LOGGING In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or a single item, define a LOGGING property in this entry. Any non-empty LOGGING property resets all logging settings to @code{nil}. You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using STARTUP keywords like @code{lognotedone} or @code{logrepeat}, as well as adding state specific settings like @code{TODO(!)}. For example @example * TODO Log each state with only a time :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!) :END: * TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: WAIT(@@) logrepeat :END: * TODO No logging at all :PROPERTIES: :LOGGING: nil :END: @end example @node Tracking your habits @subsection Tracking your habits @cindex habits Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of TODOs, called ``habits''. A habit has the following properties: @enumerate @item You have enabled the @code{habits} module by customizing @code{org-modules}. @item The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open state. @item The property @code{STYLE} is set to the value @code{habit}. @item The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a @code{.+} style repeat interval. A @code{++} style may be appropriate for habits with time constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a @code{+} style for an unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports. @item The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by using the syntax @samp{.+2d/3d}, which says that you want to do the task at least every three days, but at most every two days. @item You must also have state logging for the @code{DONE} state enabled (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}), in order for historical data to be represented in the consistency graph. If it is not enabled it is not an error, but the consistency graphs will be largely meaningless. @end enumerate To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an actual habit with some history: @example ** TODO Shave SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d> :PROPERTIES: :STYLE: habit :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36] :END: - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-15 Thu] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-12 Mon] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-10 Sat] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-04 Sun] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-10-02 Fri] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-29 Tue] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-25 Fri] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-19 Sat] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-16 Wed] - State "DONE" from "TODO" [2009-09-12 Sat] @end example What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days (given by the @code{SCHEDULED} date and repeat interval) and at least every 4 days. If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the agenda on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have elapsed. What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at getting that task done in the past. This graph shows every day that the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day. The colors used are: @table @code @item Blue If the task wasn't to be done yet on that day. @item Green If the task could have been done on that day. @item Yellow If the task was going to be overdue the next day. @item Red If the task was overdue on that day. @end table In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation mark to show where the current day falls in the graph. There are several configuration variables that can be used to change the way habits are displayed in the agenda. @table @code @item org-habit-graph-column The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn. This will overwrite any text in that column, so it is a good idea to keep your habits' titles brief and to the point. @item org-habit-preceding-days The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in consistency graphs. @item org-habit-following-days The number of days after today that will appear in consistency graphs. @item org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today If non-@code{nil}, only show habits in today's agenda view. This is set to true by default. @end table Lastly, pressing @kbd{K} in the agenda buffer will cause habits to temporarily be disabled and they won't appear at all. Press @kbd{K} again to bring them back. They are also subject to tag filtering, if you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for example. @node Priorities @section Priorities @cindex priorities If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items that it starts to make sense to prioritize them. Prioritizing can be done by placing a @emph{priority cookie} into the headline of a TODO item, like this @example *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune @end example @noindent @vindex org-priority-faces By default, Org mode supports three priorities: @samp{A}, @samp{B}, and @samp{C}. @samp{A} is the highest priority. An entry without a cookie is treated just like priority @samp{B}. Priorities make a difference only for sorting in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}); outside the agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode. The cookies can be highlighted with special faces by customizing @code{org-priority-faces}. Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be TODO items. @table @kbd @item @kbd{C-c ,} @kindex @kbd{C-c ,} @findex org-priority Set the priority of the current headline (@command{org-priority}). The command prompts for a priority character @samp{A}, @samp{B} or @samp{C}. When you press @key{SPC} instead, the priority cookie is removed from the headline. The priorities can also be changed ``remotely'' from the timeline and agenda buffer with the @kbd{,} command (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @c @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{up},S-@key{down},org-priority-up,org-priority-down} @vindex org-priority-start-cycle-with-default Increase/decrease priority of current headline@footnote{See also the option @code{org-priority-start-cycle-with-default}.}. Note that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (@pxref{Creating timestamps}). See also @ref{Conflicts}, for a discussion of the interaction with @code{shift-selection-mode}. @end table @vindex org-highest-priority @vindex org-lowest-priority @vindex org-default-priority You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the options @code{org-highest-priority}, @code{org-lowest-priority}, and @code{org-default-priority}. For an individual buffer, you may set these values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority): @cindex #+PRIORITIES @example #+PRIORITIES: A C B @end example @node Breaking down tasks @section Breaking tasks down into subtasks @cindex tasks, breaking down @cindex statistics, for TODO items @vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller, manageable subtasks. You can do this by creating an outline tree below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree@footnote{To keep subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels}.}. To keep the overview over the fraction of subtasks that are already completed, insert either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]} anywhere in the headline. These cookies will be updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or when pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} on the cookie. For example: @example * Organize Party [33%] ** TODO Call people [1/2] *** TODO Peter *** DONE Sarah ** TODO Buy food ** DONE Talk to neighbor @end example @cindex property, COOKIE_DATA If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous. Set the property @code{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue. @vindex org-hierarchical-todo-statistics If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries in the subtree (not just direct children), configure @code{org-hierarchical-todo-statistics}. To do this for a single subtree, include the word @samp{recursive} into the value of the @code{COOKIE_DATA} property. @example * Parent capturing statistics [2/20] :PROPERTIES: :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive :END: @end example If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when all children are done, you can use the following setup: @example (defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done) "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise." (let (org-log-done org-log-states) ; turn off logging (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO")))) (add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook 'org-summary-todo) @end example Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy of) a large number of subtasks (@pxref{Checkboxes}). @node Checkboxes @section Checkboxes @cindex checkboxes @vindex org-list-automatic-rules Every item in a plain list@footnote{With the exception of description lists. But you can allow it by modifying @code{org-list-automatic-rules} accordingly.} (@pxref{Plain lists}) can be made into a checkbox by starting it with the string @samp{[ ]}. This feature is similar to TODO items (@pxref{TODO items}), but is more lightweight. Checkboxes are not included in the global TODO list, so they are often great to split a task into a number of simple steps. Or you can use them in a shopping list. To toggle a checkbox, use @kbd{C-c C-c}, or use the mouse (thanks to Piotr Zielinski's @file{org-mouse.el}). Here is an example of a checkbox list. @example * TODO Organize party [2/4] - [-] call people [1/3] - [ ] Peter - [X] Sarah - [ ] Sam - [X] order food - [ ] think about what music to play - [X] talk to the neighbors @end example Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes will make the parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are checked. @cindex statistics, for checkboxes @cindex checkbox statistics @cindex property, COOKIE_DATA @vindex org-checkbox-hierarchical-statistics The @samp{[2/4]} and @samp{[1/3]} in the first and second line are cookies indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked off, and the total number of checkboxes present. This can give you an idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded entry. The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first line of) a plain list item. Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie appears@footnote{Set the option @code{org-checkbox-hierarchical-statistics} if you want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not just those belonging to direct children.}. You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing either @samp{[/]} or @samp{[%]}. With @samp{[/]} you get an @samp{n out of m} result, as in the examples above. With @samp{[%]} you get information about the percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be @samp{[50%]} and @samp{[33%]}, respectively). In a headline, a cookie can count either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it will display whatever was changed last. Set the property @code{COOKIE_DATA} to either @samp{checkbox} or @samp{todo} to resolve this issue. @cindex blocking, of checkboxes @cindex checkbox blocking @cindex property, ORDERED If the current outline node has an @code{ORDERED} property, checkboxes must be checked off in sequence, and an error will be thrown if you try to check off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it. @noindent The following commands work with checkboxes: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-toggle-checkbox} Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or remove the current one@footnote{@kbd{C-u C-c C-c} on the @emph{first} item of a list with no checkbox will add checkboxes to the rest of the list.}. With a double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an intermediate state. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-b,org-toggle-checkbox} Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With double prefix argument, set it to @samp{[-]}, which is considered to be an intermediate state. @itemize @minus @item If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the first. With a prefix arg, add or remove the checkbox for all items in the region. @item If the cursor is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between this headline and the next (so @emph{not} the entire subtree). @item If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point. @end itemize @orgcmd{M-S-@key{RET},org-insert-todo-heading} Insert a new item with a checkbox. This works only if the cursor is already in a plain list item (@pxref{Plain lists}). @orgcmd{C-c C-x o,org-toggle-ordered-property} @vindex org-track-ordered-property-with-tag @cindex property, ORDERED Toggle the @code{ORDERED} property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes must be checked off in sequence. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to @i{track} the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize @code{org-track-ordered-property-with-tag}. @orgcmd{C-c #,org-update-statistics-cookies} Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, update the entire file. Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle checkboxes with @kbd{C-c C-c} and make new ones with @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}}. TODO statistics cookies update when changing TODO states. If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by hand, use this command to get things back into sync. @end table @node Tags @chapter Tags @cindex tags @cindex headline tagging @cindex matching, tags @cindex sparse tree, tag based An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for cross-correlating information is to assign @i{tags} to headlines. Org mode has extensive support for tags. @vindex org-tag-faces Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of the headline. Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, @samp{_}, and @samp{@@}. Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g., @samp{:work:}. Several tags can be specified, as in @samp{:work:urgent:}. Tags will by default be in bold face with the same color as the headline. You may specify special faces for specific tags using the option @code{org-tag-faces}, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords (@pxref{Faces for TODO keywords}). @menu * Tag inheritance:: Tags use the tree structure of the outline * Setting tags:: How to assign tags to a headline * Tag hierarchy:: Create a hierarchy of tags * Tag searches:: Searching for combinations of tags @end menu @node Tag inheritance @section Tag inheritance @cindex tag inheritance @cindex inheritance, of tags @cindex sublevels, inclusion into tags match @i{Tags} make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees. If a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings will inherit the tag as well. For example, in the list @example * Meeting with the French group :work: ** Summary by Frank :boss:notes: *** TODO Prepare slides for him :action: @end example @noindent the final heading will have the tags @samp{:work:}, @samp{:boss:}, @samp{:notes:}, and @samp{:action:} even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those tags. You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that surrounds the entire file. Use a line like this@footnote{As with all these in-buffer settings, pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} activates any changes in the line.}: @cindex #+FILETAGS @example #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret: @end example @noindent @vindex org-use-tag-inheritance @vindex org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, use @code{org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance}. To turn it off entirely, use @code{org-use-tag-inheritance}. @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree will (for a simple match form) match as well@footnote{This is only true if the search does not involve more complex tests including properties (@pxref{Property searches}).}. The list of matches may then become very long. If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree, configure @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels} (not recommended). @vindex org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match a tag, either in the @code{tags} or @code{tags-todo} agenda types. In other agenda types, @code{org-use-tag-inheritance} has no effect. Still, you may want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag filtering works fine, with inherited tags. Set @code{org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance} to control this: the default value includes all agenda types, but setting this to @code{nil} can really speed up agenda generation. @node Setting tags @section Setting tags @cindex setting tags @cindex tags, setting @kindex M-@key{TAB} Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline. After a colon, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} offers completion on tags. There is also a special command for inserting tags: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-q,org-set-tags-command} @cindex completion, of tags @vindex org-tags-column Enter new tags for the current headline. Org mode will either offer completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see below. After pressing @key{RET}, the tags will be inserted and aligned to @code{org-tags-column}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, all tags in the current buffer will be aligned to that column, just to make things look nice. TAGS are automatically realigned after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (@pxref{TODO basics}). @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-set-tags-command} When the cursor is in a headline, this does the same as @kbd{C-c C-q}. @end table @vindex org-tag-alist Org supports tag insertion based on a @emph{list of tags}. By default this list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in the buffer. You may also globally specify a hard list of tags with the variable @code{org-tag-alist}. Finally you can set the default tags for a given file with lines like @cindex #+TAGS @example #+TAGS: @@work @@home @@tennisclub #+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat @end example If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the variable @code{org-tag-alist}, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in a specific file, add an empty TAGS option line to that file: @example #+TAGS: @end example @vindex org-tag-persistent-alist If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by TAGS option lines, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable @code{org-tag-persistent-alist}. You may turn this off on a per-file basis by adding a STARTUP option line to that file: @example #+STARTUP: noptag @end example By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities for entering tags. However, it also implements another, quicker, tag selection method called @emph{fast tag selection}. This allows you to select and deselect tags with just a single key press. For this to work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly used tags. You can do this globally by configuring the variable @code{org-tag-alist} in your @file{.emacs} file. For example, you may find the need to tag many items in different files with @samp{:@@home:}. In this case you can set something like: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '(("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l))) @end lisp @noindent If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you can instead set the TAGS option line as: @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent The tags interface will show the available tags in a splash window. If you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert @samp{\n} into the tag list @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent or write them in two lines: @example #+TAGS: @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) #+TAGS: laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using braces, as in: @example #+TAGS: @{ @@work(w) @@home(h) @@tennisclub(t) @} laptop(l) pc(p) @end example @noindent you indicate that at most one of @samp{@@work}, @samp{@@home}, and @samp{@@tennisclub} should be selected. Multiple such groups are allowed. @noindent Don't forget to press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor in one of these lines to activate any changes. @noindent To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable @code{org-tag-alist}, you must use the dummy tags @code{:startgroup} and @code{:endgroup} instead of the braces. Similarly, you can use @code{:newline} to indicate a line break. The previous example would be set globally by the following configuration: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil) ("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("@@tennisclub" . ?t) (:endgroup . nil) ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p))) @end lisp If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} will automatically present you with a special interface, listing inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all valid tags with corresponding keys@footnote{Keys will automatically be assigned to tags which have no configured keys.}. In this interface, you can use the following keys: @table @kbd @item a-z... Pressing keys assigned to tags will add or remove them from the list of tags in the current line. Selecting a tag in a group of mutually exclusive tags will turn off any other tags from that group. @kindex @key{TAB} @item @key{TAB} Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the predefined list. You will be able to complete on all tags present in the buffer. You can also add several tags: just separate them with a comma. @kindex @key{SPC} @item @key{SPC} Clear all tags for this line. @kindex @key{RET} @item @key{RET} Accept the modified set. @item C-g Abort without installing changes. @item q If @kbd{q} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like @kbd{C-g}. @item ! Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags. Use this to (as an exception) assign several tags from such a group. @item C-c Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below). If you are using expert mode, the first @kbd{C-c} will display the selection window. @end table @noindent This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys. With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set @samp{@@home}, @samp{laptop} and @samp{pc} tags with just the following keys: @kbd{C-c C-c @key{SPC} h l p @key{RET}}. Switching from @samp{@@home} to @samp{@@work} would be done with @kbd{C-c C-c w @key{RET}} or alternatively with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c w}. Adding the non-predefined tag @samp{Sarah} could be done with @kbd{C-c C-c @key{TAB} S a r a h @key{RET} @key{RET}}. @vindex org-fast-tag-selection-single-key If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to modify your list of tags, set @code{org-fast-tag-selection-single-key}. Then you no longer have to press @key{RET} to exit fast tag selection---it will immediately exit after the first change. If you then occasionally need more keys, press @kbd{C-c} to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in effect: start selection with @kbd{C-c C-c C-c} instead of @kbd{C-c C-c}). If you set the variable to the value @code{expert}, the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it comes up only when you press an extra @kbd{C-c}. @node Tag hierarchy @section Tag hierarchy @cindex group tags @cindex tags, groups @cindex tag hierarchy Tags can be defined in hierarchies. A tag can be defined as a @emph{group tag} for a set of other tags. The group tag can be seen as the ``broader term'' for its set of tags. Defining multiple @emph{group tags} and nesting them creates a tag hierarchy. One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used to classify nodes in a document or set of documents. When you search for a group tag, it will return matches for all members in the group and its subgroup. In an agenda view, filtering by a group tag will display or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members of the group or any of its subgroups. This makes tag searches and filters even more flexible. You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly: @example #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ] @end example In this example, @samp{GTD} is the @emph{group tag} and it is related to two other tags: @samp{Control}, @samp{Persp}. Defining @samp{Control} and @samp{Persp} as group tags creates an hierarchy of tags: @example #+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ] #+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ] @end example That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags: @example - GTD - Persp - Vision - Goal - AOF - Project - Control - Context - Task @end example You can use the @code{:startgrouptag}, @code{:grouptags} and @code{:endgrouptag} keyword directly when setting @code{org-tag-alist} directly: @lisp (setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag) ("GTD") (:grouptags) ("Control") ("Persp") (:endgrouptag) (:startgrouptag) ("Control") (:grouptags) ("Context") ("Task") (:endgrouptag))) @end lisp The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using curly brackets. @example #+TAGS: @{ Context : @@Home @@Work @@Call @} @end example When setting @code{org-tag-alist} you can use @code{:startgroup} & @code{:endgroup} instead of @code{:startgrouptag} & @code{:endgrouptag} to make the tags mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the members of a @emph{group tag} can also be regular expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based tag structure. The regular expressions in the group must be specified within @{ @}. Here is an expanded example: @example #+TAGS: [ Vision : @{V@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ Goal : @{G@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ AOF : @{AOF@@@.+@} ] #+TAGS: [ Project : @{P@@@.+@} ] @end example Searching for the tag @samp{Project} will now list all tags also including regular expression matches for @samp{P@@@.+}, and similarly for tag searches on @samp{Vision}, @samp{Goal} and @samp{AOF}. For example, this would work well for a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g. @samp{P@@2014_OrgTags}. @kindex C-c C-x q @vindex org-group-tags If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags support with @command{org-toggle-tags-groups}, bound to @kbd{C-c C-x q}. If you want to disable tag groups completely, set @code{org-group-tags} to @code{nil}. @node Tag searches @section Tag searches @cindex tag searches @cindex searching for tags Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect related information into special lists. @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c / m,C-c \\,org-match-sparse-tree} Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags/property/TODO search. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view} Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view} @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). @end table These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic Boolean logic like @samp{+boss+urgent-project1}, to find entries with tags @samp{boss} and @samp{urgent}, but not @samp{project1}, or @samp{Kathy|Sally} to find entries which are tagged, like @samp{Kathy} or @samp{Sally}. The full syntax of the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO keywords, entry levels and properties. For a complete description with many examples, see @ref{Matching tags and properties}. @node Properties and columns @chapter Properties and columns @cindex properties A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry. Properties can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every entry in a tree, or with every entry in an Org mode file. There are two main applications for properties in Org mode. First, properties are like tags, but with a value. Imagine maintaining a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of software. Instead of using tags like @code{:release_1:}, @code{:release_2:}, you can use a property, say @code{:Release:}, that in different subtrees has different values, such as @code{1.0} or @code{2.0}. Second, you can use properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org buffer. Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of tracks, and so on. Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (@pxref{Column view}). @menu * Property syntax:: How properties are spelled out * Special properties:: Access to other Org mode features * Property searches:: Matching property values * Property inheritance:: Passing values down the tree * Column view:: Tabular viewing and editing * Property API:: Properties for Lisp programmers @end menu @node Property syntax @section Property syntax @cindex property syntax @cindex drawer, for properties Properties are key-value pairs. When they are associated with a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special drawer (@pxref{Drawers}) with the name @code{PROPERTIES}, which has to be located right below a headline, and its planning line (@pxref{Deadlines and scheduling}) when applicable. Each property is specified on a single line, with the key (surrounded by colons) first, and the value after it. Keys are case-insensitives. Here is an example: @example * CD collection ** Classic *** Goldberg Variations :PROPERTIES: :Title: Goldberg Variations :Composer: J.S. Bach :Artist: Glen Gould :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon :NDisks: 1 :END: @end example Depending on the value of @code{org-use-property-inheritance}, a property set this way will either be associated with a single entry, or the subtree defined by the entry, see @ref{Property inheritance}. You may define the allowed values for a particular property @samp{:Xyz:} by setting a property @samp{:Xyz_ALL:}. This special property is @emph{inherited}, so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it will apply to the entire tree. When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors. For the example with the CD collection, we can predefine publishers and the number of disks in a box like this: @example * CD collection :PROPERTIES: :NDisks_ALL: 1 2 3 4 :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI :END: @end example If you want to set properties that can be inherited by any entry in a file, use a line like @cindex property, _ALL @cindex #+PROPERTY @example #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4 @end example Contrary to properties set from a special drawer, you have to refresh the buffer with @kbd{C-c C-c} to activate this change. If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a @code{+} to the property name. The following results in the property @code{var} having the value ``foo=1 bar=2''. @cindex property, + @example #+PROPERTY: var foo=1 #+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2 @end example It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties. The following results in the @code{genres} property having the value ``Classic Baroque'' under the @code{Goldberg Variations} subtree. @cindex property, + @example * CD collection ** Classic :PROPERTIES: :GENRES: Classic :END: *** Goldberg Variations :PROPERTIES: :Title: Goldberg Variations :Composer: J.S. Bach :Artist: Glen Gould :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon :NDisks: 1 :GENRES+: Baroque :END: @end example Note that a property can only have one entry per Drawer. @vindex org-global-properties Property values set with the global variable @code{org-global-properties} can be inherited by all entries in all Org files. @noindent The following commands help to work with properties: @table @kbd @orgcmd{M-@key{TAB},pcomplete} After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys. All keys used in the current file will be offered as possible completions. @orgcmd{C-c C-x p,org-set-property} Set a property. This prompts for a property name and a value. If necessary, the property drawer is created as well. @item C-u M-x org-insert-drawer RET @cindex org-insert-drawer Insert a property drawer into the current entry. The drawer will be inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning information like deadlines. @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-property-action} With the cursor in a property drawer, this executes property commands. @orgcmd{C-c C-c s,org-set-property} Set a property in the current entry. Both the property and the value can be inserted using completion. @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{right},S-@key{left},org-property-next-allowed-value,org-property-previous-allowed-value} Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value. @orgcmd{C-c C-c d,org-delete-property} Remove a property from the current entry. @orgcmd{C-c C-c D,org-delete-property-globally} Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file. @orgcmd{C-c C-c c,org-compute-property-at-point} Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the nearest column format definition. @end table @node Special properties @section Special properties @cindex properties, special Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed in the previous chapters. This interface exists so that you can include these states in a column view (@pxref{Column view}), or to use them in queries. The following property names are special and should not be used as keys in the properties drawer: @cindex property, special, ALLTAGS @cindex property, special, BLOCKED @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM_T @cindex property, special, CLOSED @cindex property, special, DEADLINE @cindex property, special, FILE @cindex property, special, ITEM @cindex property, special, PRIORITY @cindex property, special, SCHEDULED @cindex property, special, TAGS @cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP @cindex property, special, TIMESTAMP_IA @cindex property, special, TODO @example ALLTAGS @r{All tags, including inherited ones.} BLOCKED @r{"t" if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.} CLOCKSUM @r{The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree. @code{org-clock-sum}} @r{must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer.} CLOCKSUM_T @r{The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.} @r{@code{org-clock-sum-today} must be run first to compute the} @r{values in the current buffer.} CLOSED @r{When was this entry closed?} DEADLINE @r{The deadline time string, without the angular brackets.} FILE @r{The filename the entry is located in.} ITEM @r{The headline of the entry.} PRIORITY @r{The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.} SCHEDULED @r{The scheduling timestamp, without the angular brackets.} TAGS @r{The tags defined directly in the headline.} TIMESTAMP @r{The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.} TIMESTAMP_IA @r{The first inactive timestamp in the entry.} TODO @r{The TODO keyword of the entry.} @end example @node Property searches @section Property searches @cindex properties, searching @cindex searching, of properties To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (@pxref{Tag searches}). @table @kbd @orgcmdkkc{C-c / m,C-c \\,org-match-sparse-tree} Create a sparse tree with all matching entries. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line. @orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view} Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files. @xref{Matching tags and properties}. @orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view} @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the option @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). @end table The syntax for the search string is described in @ref{Matching tags and properties}. There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a single property: @table @kbd @orgkey{C-c / p} Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property. This first prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value. A sparse tree is created with all entries that define this property with the given value. If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property values. @end table @node Property inheritance @section Property Inheritance @cindex properties, inheritance @cindex inheritance, of properties @vindex org-use-property-inheritance The outline structure of Org mode documents lends itself to an inheritance model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property, the children can inherit this property. Org mode does not turn this on by default, because it can slow down property searches significantly and is often not needed. However, if you find inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable @code{org-use-property-inheritance}. It may be set to @code{t} to make all properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited properties. If a property has the value @code{nil}, this is interpreted as an explicit undefine of the property, so that inheritance search will stop at this value and return @code{nil}. Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at least for the special applications for which they are used: @cindex property, COLUMNS @table @code @item COLUMNS The @code{:COLUMNS:} property defines the format of column view (@pxref{Column view}). It is inherited in the sense that the level where a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is defined is used as the starting point for a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree from where columns view is turned on. @item CATEGORY @cindex property, CATEGORY For agenda view, a category set through a @code{:CATEGORY:} property applies to the entire subtree. @item ARCHIVE @cindex property, ARCHIVE For archiving, the @code{:ARCHIVE:} property may define the archive location for the entire subtree (@pxref{Moving subtrees}). @item LOGGING @cindex property, LOGGING The LOGGING property may define logging settings for an entry or a subtree (@pxref{Tracking TODO state changes}). @end table @node Column view @section Column view A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is @emph{column view}. In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries. Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS view (@kbd{S-@key{TAB} S-@key{TAB}}, or simply @kbd{c} while column view is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items. Column view also works in agenda buffers (@pxref{Agenda views}) where queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files. @menu * Defining columns:: The COLUMNS format property * Using column view:: How to create and use column view * Capturing column view:: A dynamic block for column view @end menu @node Defining columns @subsection Defining columns @cindex column view, for properties @cindex properties, column view Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns. This is done by defining a column format line. @menu * Scope of column definitions:: Where defined, where valid? * Column attributes:: Appearance and content of a column @end menu @node Scope of column definitions @subsubsection Scope of column definitions To define a column format for an entire file, use a line like @cindex #+COLUMNS @example #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO @end example To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add a @code{:COLUMNS:} property to the top node of that tree, for example: @example ** Top node for columns view :PROPERTIES: :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO :END: @end example If a @code{:COLUMNS:} property is present in an entry, it defines columns for the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it. Since the column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you edit a deeper part of the tree. @node Column attributes @subsubsection Column attributes A column definition sets the attributes of a column. The general definition looks like this: @example %[@var{width}]@var{property}[(@var{title})][@{@var{summary-type}@}] @end example @noindent Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are optional. The individual parts have the following meaning: @example @var{width} @r{An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.} @r{If omitted, the width will be determined automatically.} @var{property} @r{The property that should be edited in this column.} @r{Special properties representing meta data are allowed here} @r{as well (@pxref{Special properties})} @var{title} @r{The header text for the column. If omitted, the property} @r{name is used.} @{@var{summary-type}@} @r{The summary type. If specified, the column values for} @r{parent nodes are computed from the children@footnote{If more than one summary type apply to the property, the parent values are computed according to the first of them.}.} @r{Supported summary types are:} @{+@} @r{Sum numbers in this column.} @{+;%.1f@} @r{Like @samp{+}, but format result with @samp{%.1f}.} @{$@} @r{Currency, short for @samp{+;%.2f}.} @{min@} @r{Smallest number in column.} @{max@} @r{Largest number.} @{mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of numbers.} @{X@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[X]} if all children are @samp{[X]}.} @{X/@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n/m]}.} @{X%@} @r{Checkbox status, @samp{[n%]}.} @{:@} @r{Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are hours@footnote{A time can also be a duration, using effort modifiers defined in @code{org-effort-durations}, e.g., @samp{3d 1h}. If any value in the column is as such, the summary will also be an effort duration.}.} @{:min@} @r{Smallest time value in column.} @{:max@} @r{Largest time value.} @{:mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of time values.} @{@@min@} @r{Minimum age@footnote{An age is defined as a duration since a given time-stamp (@pxref{Timestamps}). It can also be expressed as days, hours, minutes and seconds, identified by @samp{d}, @samp{h}, @samp{m} and @samp{s} suffixes, all mandatory, e.g., @samp{0d 13h 0m 10s}.} (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{@@max@} @r{Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{@@mean@} @r{Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds).} @{est+@} @r{Add @samp{low-high} estimates.} @end example The @code{est+} summary type requires further explanation. It is used for combining estimates, expressed as @samp{low-high} ranges or plain numbers. For example, instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much work is required, or 1--10 days if you don't really know what needs to be done. Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents a more predictable delivery. When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and highs produces an unrealistically wide result. Instead, @code{est+} adds the statistical mean and variance of the sub-tasks, generating a final estimate from the sum. For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work. Straight addition produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly. In contrast, @code{est+} estimates the full job more realistically, at 10--15 days. Numbers are right-aligned when a format specifier with an explicit width like @code{%5d} or @code{%5.1f} is used. @vindex org-columns-summary-types You can also define custom summary types by setting @code{org-columns-summary-types}, which see. Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with allowed values. @example :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?)@{X@} %Owner %11Status \@footnote{Please note that the COLUMNS definition must be on a single line---it is wrapped here only because of formatting constraints.} %10Time_Estimate@{:@} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T :Owner_ALL: Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don :Status_ALL: "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" "" :Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]" @end example @noindent The first column, @samp{%25ITEM}, means the first 25 characters of the item itself, i.e., of the headline. You probably always should start the column definition with the @samp{ITEM} specifier. The other specifiers create columns @samp{Owner} with a list of names as allowed values, for @samp{Status} with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field @samp{Approved}. When no width is given after the @samp{%} character, the column will be exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display all values. The @samp{Approved} column does have a modified title (@samp{Approved?}, with a question mark). Summaries will be created for the @samp{Time_Estimate} column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM, and for the @samp{Approved} column, by providing an @samp{[X]} status if all children have been checked. The @samp{CLOCKSUM} and @samp{CLOCKSUM_T} columns are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree, either for all clocks or just for today. @node Using column view @subsection Using column view @table @kbd @tsubheading{Turning column view on and off} @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-c,org-columns} @vindex org-columns-default-format Turn on column view. If the cursor is before the first headline in the file, or the function called with the universal prefix argument, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the @code{#+COLUMNS} definition. If the cursor is somewhere inside the outline, this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a @code{:COLUMNS:} property that defines a format. When one is found, the column view table is established for the tree starting at the entry that contains the @code{:COLUMNS:} property. If no such property is found, the format is taken from the @code{#+COLUMNS} line or from the variable @code{org-columns-default-format}, and column view is established for the current entry and its subtree. @orgcmd{r,org-columns-redo} Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the buffer. @orgcmd{g,org-columns-redo} Same as @kbd{r}. @orgcmd{q,org-columns-quit} Exit column view. @tsubheading{Editing values} @item @key{left} @key{right} @key{up} @key{down} Move through the column view from field to field. @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{right} @item S-@key{left}/@key{right} Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field. For this, you have to have specified allowed values for a property. @item 1..9,0 Directly select the Nth allowed value, @kbd{0} selects the 10th value. @orgcmdkkcc{n,p,org-columns-next-allowed-value,org-columns-previous-allowed-value} Same as @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}} @orgcmd{e,org-columns-edit-value} Edit the property at point. For the special properties, this will invoke the same interface that you normally use to change that property. For example, when editing a TAGS property, the tag completion or fast selection interface will pop up. @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-columns-set-tags-or-toggle} When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it. @orgcmd{v,org-columns-show-value} View the full value of this property. This is useful if the width of the column is smaller than that of the value. @orgcmd{a,org-columns-edit-allowed} Edit the list of allowed values for this property. If the list is found in the hierarchy, the modified value is stored there. If no list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is part of the current column view. @tsubheading{Modifying the table structure} @orgcmdkkcc{<,>,org-columns-narrow,org-columns-widen} Make the column narrower/wider by one character. @orgcmd{S-M-@key{right},org-columns-new} Insert a new column, to the left of the current column. @orgcmd{S-M-@key{left},org-columns-delete} Delete the current column. @end table @node Capturing column view @subsection Capturing column view Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be exported or printed directly. If you want to capture a column view, use a @code{columnview} dynamic block (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). The frame of this block looks like this: @cindex #+BEGIN, columnview @example * The column view #+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label" #+END: @end example @noindent This dynamic block has the following parameters: @table @code @item :id This is the most important parameter. Column view is a feature that is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block might be at a different location in the file. To identify the tree whose view to capture, you can use 4 values: @cindex property, ID @example local @r{use the tree in which the capture block is located} global @r{make a global view, including all headings in the file} "file:@var{path-to-file}" @r{run column view at the top of this file} "@var{ID}" @r{call column view in the tree that has an @code{:ID:}} @r{property with the value @i{label}. You can use} @r{@kbd{M-x org-id-copy RET} to create a globally unique ID for} @r{the current entry and copy it to the kill-ring.} @end example @item :hlines When @code{t}, insert an hline after every line. When a number @var{N}, insert an hline before each headline with level @code{<= @var{N}}. @item :vlines When set to @code{t}, force column groups to get vertical lines. @item :maxlevel When set to a number, don't capture entries below this level. @item :skip-empty-rows When set to @code{t}, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of the column view is @code{ITEM}. @item :indent When non-@code{nil}, indent each @code{ITEM} field according to its level. @end table @noindent The following commands insert or update the dynamic block: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x i,org-insert-columns-dblock} Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view. You will be prompted for the scope or ID of the view. @orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-c C-x C-u,org-dblock-update} Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the @code{#+BEGIN} line of the dynamic block. @orgcmd{C-u C-c C-x C-u,org-update-all-dblocks} Update all dynamic blocks (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). This is useful if you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks or other dynamic blocks in a buffer. @end table You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting instructions in front of the table---these will survive an update of the block. If there is a @code{#+TBLFM:} after the table, the table will actually be recalculated automatically after an update. An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table is provided by Eric Schulte's @file{org-collector.el} which is a contributed package@footnote{Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but are distributed with the main distribution of Org (visit @uref{http://orgmode.org}).}. It provides a general API to collect properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table or a dynamic block. @node Property API @section The Property API @cindex properties, API @cindex API, for properties There is a full API for accessing and changing properties. This API can be used by Emacs Lisp programs to work with properties and to implement features based on them. For more information see @ref{Using the property API}. @node Dates and times @chapter Dates and times @cindex dates @cindex times @cindex timestamp @cindex date stamp To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date and/or a time. The specially formatted string carrying the date and time information is called a @emph{timestamp} in Org mode. This may be a little confusing because timestamp is often used to indicate when something was created or last changed. However, in Org mode this term is used in a much wider sense. @menu * Timestamps:: Assigning a time to a tree entry * Creating timestamps:: Commands which insert timestamps * Deadlines and scheduling:: Planning your work * Clocking work time:: Tracking how long you spend on a task * Effort estimates:: Planning work effort in advance * Timers:: Notes with a running timer @end menu @node Timestamps @section Timestamps, deadlines, and scheduling @cindex timestamps @cindex ranges, time @cindex date stamps @cindex deadlines @cindex scheduling A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or a range of times) in a special format, either @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue>}@footnote{In this simplest form, the day name is optional when you type the date yourself. However, any dates inserted or modified by Org will add that day name, for reading convenience.} or @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>} or @samp{<2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>}@footnote{This is inspired by the standard ISO 8601 date/time format. To use an alternative format, see @ref{Custom time format}.}. A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree entry. Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}). We distinguish: @table @var @item Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment @cindex timestamp @cindex appointment A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item. This is just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda. In the timeline and agenda displays, the headline of an entry associated with a plain timestamp will be shown exactly on that date. @example * Meet Peter at the movies <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15> * Discussion on climate change <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00> @end example @item Timestamp with repeater interval @cindex timestamp, with repeater interval A timestamp may contain a @emph{repeater interval}, indicating that it applies not only on the given date, but again and again after a certain interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years (y). The following will show up in the agenda every Wednesday: @example * Pick up Sam at school <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w> @end example @item Diary-style sexp entries For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the special sexp diary entries implemented in the Emacs calendar/diary package@footnote{When working with the standard diary sexp functions, you need to be very careful with the order of the arguments. That order depends evilly on the variable @code{calendar-date-style} (or, for older Emacs versions, @code{european-calendar-style}). For example, to specify a date December 1, 2005, the call might look like @code{(diary-date 12 1 2005)} or @code{(diary-date 1 12 2005)} or @code{(diary-date 2005 12 1)}, depending on the settings. This has been the source of much confusion. Org mode users can resort to special versions of these functions like @code{org-date} or @code{org-anniversary}. These work just like the corresponding @code{diary-} functions, but with stable ISO order of arguments (year, month, day) wherever applicable, independent of the value of @code{calendar-date-style}.}. For example with optional time @example * 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month <%%(diary-float t 4 2)> @end example @item Time/Date range @cindex timerange @cindex date range Two timestamps connected by @samp{--} denote a range. The headline will be shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates that are displayed and fall in the range. Here is an example: @example ** Meeting in Amsterdam <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu> @end example @item Inactive timestamp @cindex timestamp, inactive @cindex inactive timestamp Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of angular ones. These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they do @emph{not} trigger an entry to show up in the agenda. @example * Gillian comes late for the fifth time [2006-11-01 Wed] @end example @end table @node Creating timestamps @section Creating timestamps @cindex creating timestamps @cindex timestamps, creating For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific format. All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct format. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c .,org-time-stamp} Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp. When the cursor is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one. When this command is used twice in succession, a time range is inserted. @c @orgcmd{C-c !,org-time-stamp-inactive} Like @kbd{C-c .}, but insert an inactive timestamp that will not cause an agenda entry. @c @kindex C-u C-c . @kindex C-u C-c ! @item C-u C-c . @itemx C-u C-c ! @vindex org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes Like @kbd{C-c .} and @kbd{C-c !}, but use the alternative format which contains date and time. The default time can be rounded to multiples of 5 minutes, see the option @code{org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes}. @c @orgkey{C-c C-c} Normalize timestamp, insert/fix day name if missing or wrong. @c @orgcmd{C-c <,org-date-from-calendar} Insert a timestamp corresponding to the cursor date in the Calendar. @c @orgcmd{C-c >,org-goto-calendar} Access the Emacs calendar for the current date. If there is a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date instead. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-open-at-point} Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at point (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}). @c @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{left},S-@key{right},org-timestamp-down-day,org-timestamp-up-day} Change date at cursor by one day. These key bindings conflict with shift-selection and related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}). @c @orgcmdkkcc{S-@key{up},S-@key{down},org-timestamp-up,org-timestamp-down-down} Change the item under the cursor in a timestamp. The cursor can be on a year, month, day, hour or minute. When the timestamp contains a time range like @samp{15:30-16:30}, modifying the first time will also shift the second, shifting the time block with constant length. To change the length, modify the second time. Note that if the cursor is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these same keys modify the priority of an item. (@pxref{Priorities}). The key bindings also conflict with shift-selection and related modes (@pxref{Conflicts}). @c @orgcmd{C-c C-y,org-evaluate-time-range} @cindex evaluate time range Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and end. With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in a table: into the following column). @end table @menu * The date/time prompt:: How Org mode helps you entering date and time * Custom time format:: Making dates look different @end menu @node The date/time prompt @subsection The date/time prompt @cindex date, reading in minibuffer @cindex time, reading in minibuffer @vindex org-read-date-prefer-future When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific format. But it will in fact accept date/time information in a variety of formats. Generally, the information should start at the beginning of the string. Org mode will find whatever information is in there and derive anything you have not specified from the @emph{default date and time}. The default is usually the current date and time, but when modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer. When filling in information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you will want to enter a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given day/month is @i{before} today, it will assume that you mean a future date@footnote{See the variable @code{org-read-date-prefer-future}. You may set that variable to the symbol @code{time} to even make a time before now shift the date to tomorrow.}. If the date has been automatically shifted into the future, the time prompt will show this with @samp{(=>F).} For example, let's assume that today is @b{June 13, 2006}. Here is how various inputs will be interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in @b{bold}. @example 3-2-5 @result{} 2003-02-05 2/5/3 @result{} 2003-02-05 14 @result{} @b{2006}-@b{06}-14 12 @result{} @b{2006}-@b{07}-12 2/5 @result{} @b{2007}-02-05 Fri @result{} nearest Friday after the default date sep 15 @result{} @b{2006}-09-15 feb 15 @result{} @b{2007}-02-15 sep 12 9 @result{} 2009-09-12 12:45 @result{} @b{2006}-@b{06}-@b{13} 12:45 22 sept 0:34 @result{} @b{2006}-09-22 00:34 w4 @result{} ISO week for of the current year @b{2006} 2012 w4 fri @result{} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012 2012-w04-5 @result{} Same as above @end example Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the @emph{first} thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter ([hdwmy]) to indicate change in hours, days, weeks, months, or years. With a single plus or minus, the date is always relative to today. With a double plus or minus, it is relative to the default date. If instead of a single letter, you use the abbreviation of day name, the date will be the Nth such day, e.g.: @example +0 @result{} today . @result{} today +4d @result{} four days from today +4 @result{} same as above +2w @result{} two weeks from today ++5 @result{} five days from default date +2tue @result{} second Tuesday from now -wed @result{} last Wednesday @end example @vindex parse-time-months @vindex parse-time-weekdays The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations. If you want to use unabbreviated names and/or other languages, configure the variables @code{parse-time-months} and @code{parse-time-weekdays}. @vindex org-read-date-force-compatible-dates Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation. By default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970--2037 which works on all Emacs implementations. If you want to use dates outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable @code{org-read-date-force-compatible-dates}. You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format). Use one or two dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use '+' as the separator in the latter case, e.g.: @example 11am-1:15pm @result{} 11:00-13:15 11am--1:15pm @result{} same as above 11am+2:15 @result{} same as above @end example @cindex calendar, for selecting date @vindex org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up@footnote{If you don't need/want the calendar, configure the variable @code{org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt}.}. When you exit the date prompt, either by clicking on a date in the calendar, or by pressing @key{RET}, the date selected in the calendar will be combined with the information entered at the prompt. You can control the calendar fully from the minibuffer: @kindex < @kindex > @kindex M-v @kindex C-v @kindex mouse-1 @kindex S-@key{right} @kindex S-@key{left} @kindex S-@key{down} @kindex S-@key{up} @kindex M-S-@key{right} @kindex M-S-@key{left} @kindex @key{RET} @kindex M-S-@key{down} @kindex M-S-@key{up} @example @key{RET} @r{Choose date at cursor in calendar.} mouse-1 @r{Select date by clicking on it.} S-@key{right}/@key{left} @r{One day forward/backward.} S-@key{down}/@key{up} @r{One week forward/backward.} M-S-@key{right}/@key{left} @r{One month forward/backward.} > / < @r{Scroll calendar forward/backward by one month.} M-v / C-v @r{Scroll calendar forward/backward by 3 months.} M-S-@key{down}/@key{up} @r{Scroll calendar forward/backward by one year.} @end example @vindex org-read-date-display-live The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty much any other way of entering a date/time out there. To help you understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input will be displayed live in the minibuffer@footnote{If you find this distracting, turn the display off with @code{org-read-date-display-live}.}. @node Custom time format @subsection Custom time format @cindex custom date/time format @cindex time format, custom @cindex date format, custom @vindex org-display-custom-times @vindex org-time-stamp-custom-formats Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is defined in ISO 8601. If you cannot get used to this and require another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get it by customizing the options @code{org-display-custom-times} and @code{org-time-stamp-custom-formats}. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-t,org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays} Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times. @end table @noindent Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom date/time format does not @emph{replace} the default format---instead it is put @emph{over} the default format using text properties. This has the following consequences: @itemize @bullet @item You cannot place the cursor onto a timestamp anymore, only before or after. @item The @kbd{S-@key{up}/@key{down}} keys can no longer be used to adjust each component of a timestamp. If the cursor is at the beginning of the stamp, @kbd{S-@key{up}/@key{down}} will change the stamp by one day, just like @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}}. At the end of the stamp, the time will be changed by one minute. @item If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater, these will not be overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were. @item When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it will only disappear from the buffer after @emph{all} (invisible) characters belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed. @item If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up. If the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected. @end itemize @node Deadlines and scheduling @section Deadlines and scheduling A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate planning: @table @var @item DEADLINE @cindex DEADLINE keyword Meaning: the task (most likely a TODO item, though not necessarily) is supposed to be finished on that date. @vindex org-deadline-warning-days @vindex org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled On the deadline date, the task will be listed in the agenda. In addition, the agenda for @emph{today} will carry a warning about the approaching or missed deadline, starting @code{org-deadline-warning-days} before the due date, and continuing until the entry is marked DONE@. An example: @example *** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun> The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]] @end example You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific deadline using the following syntax. Here is an example with a warning period of 5 days @code{DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>}. This warning is deactivated if the task gets scheduled and you set @code{org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled} to @code{t}. @item SCHEDULED @cindex SCHEDULED keyword Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given date. @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done The headline will be listed under the given date@footnote{It will still be listed on that date after it has been marked DONE@. If you don't like this, set the variable @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done}.}. In addition, a reminder that the scheduled date has passed will be present in the compilation for @emph{today}, until the entry is marked DONE, i.e., the task will automatically be forwarded until completed. @example *** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve. SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat> @end example @vindex org-scheduled-delay-days @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline If you want to @emph{delay} the display of this task in the agenda, use @code{SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat -2d>}: the task is still scheduled on the 25th but will appear two days later. In case the task contains a repeater, the delay is considered to affect all occurrences; if you want the delay to only affect the first scheduled occurrence of the task, use @code{--2d} instead. See @code{org-scheduled-delay-days} and @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline} for details on how to control this globally or per agenda. @noindent @b{Important:} Scheduling an item in Org mode should @i{not} be understood in the same way that we understand @i{scheduling a meeting}. Setting a date for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should mark this entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown on the date where it applies. This is a frequent misunderstanding by Org users. In Org mode, @i{scheduling} means setting a date when you want to start working on an action item. @end table You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline entries. Org mode will issue early and late warnings based on the assumption that the timestamp represents the @i{nearest instance} of the repeater. However, the use of diary sexp entries like @c @code{<%%(diary-float t 42)>} @c in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited. Org mode does not know enough about the internals of each sexp function to issue early and late warnings. However, it will show the item on each day where the sexp entry matches. @menu * Inserting deadline/schedule:: Planning items * Repeated tasks:: Items that show up again and again @end menu @node Inserting deadline/schedule @subsection Inserting deadlines or schedules The following commands allow you to quickly insert@footnote{The @samp{SCHEDULED} and @samp{DEADLINE} dates are inserted on the line right below the headline. Don't put any text between this line and the headline.} a deadline or to schedule an item: @table @kbd @c @orgcmd{C-c C-d,org-deadline} Insert @samp{DEADLINE} keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will happen in the line directly following the headline. Any CLOSED timestamp will be removed. When called with a prefix arg, an existing deadline will be removed from the entry. Depending on the variable @code{org-log-redeadline}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{logredeadline}, @code{lognoteredeadline}, and @code{nologredeadline}}, a note will be taken when changing an existing deadline. @orgcmd{C-c C-s,org-schedule} Insert @samp{SCHEDULED} keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will happen in the line directly following the headline. Any CLOSED timestamp will be removed. When called with a prefix argument, remove the scheduling date from the entry. Depending on the variable @code{org-log-reschedule}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{logreschedule}, @code{lognotereschedule}, and @code{nologreschedule}}, a note will be taken when changing an existing scheduling time. @c @orgcmd{C-c / d,org-check-deadlines} @cindex sparse tree, for deadlines @vindex org-deadline-warning-days Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or which will become due within @code{org-deadline-warning-days}. With @kbd{C-u} prefix, show all deadlines in the file. With a numeric prefix, check that many days. For example, @kbd{C-1 C-c / d} shows all deadlines due tomorrow. @c @orgcmd{C-c / b,org-check-before-date} Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date. @c @orgcmd{C-c / a,org-check-after-date} Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date. @end table Note that @code{org-schedule} and @code{org-deadline} supports setting the date by indicating a relative time: e.g., +1d will set the date to the next day after today, and --1w will set the date to the previous week before any current timestamp. @node Repeated tasks @subsection Repeated tasks @cindex tasks, repeated @cindex repeated tasks Some tasks need to be repeated again and again. Org mode helps to organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a DEADLINE, SCHEDULED, or plain timestamp. In the following example @example ** TODO Pay the rent DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m> @end example @noindent the @code{+1m} is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task has a deadline on <2005-10-01> and repeats itself every (one) month starting from that time. You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily and hourly repeat cookies by using the @code{y/w/m/d/h} letters. If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning period last: @code{DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>}. @vindex org-todo-repeat-to-state Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as completed once you have done so. When you mark a DEADLINE or a SCHEDULE with the TODO keyword DONE, it will no longer produce entries in the agenda. The problem with this is, however, that then also the @emph{next} instance of the repeated entry will not be active. Org mode deals with this in the following way: When you try to mark such an entry DONE (using @kbd{C-c C-t}), it will shift the base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and immediately set the entry state back to TODO@footnote{In fact, the target state is taken from, in this sequence, the @code{REPEAT_TO_STATE} property or the variable @code{org-todo-repeat-to-state}. If neither of these is specified, the target state defaults to the first state of the TODO state sequence.}. In the example above, setting the state to DONE would actually switch the date like this: @example ** TODO Pay the rent DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m> @end example To mark a task with a repeater as @code{DONE}, use @kbd{C-- 1 C-c C-t} (i.e., @code{org-todo} with a numeric prefix argument of -1.) @vindex org-log-repeat A timestamp@footnote{You can change this using the option @code{org-log-repeat}, or the @code{#+STARTUP} options @code{logrepeat}, @code{lognoterepeat}, and @code{nologrepeat}. With @code{lognoterepeat}, you will also be prompted for a note.} will be added under the deadline, to keep a record that you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline. As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry will no longer be visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future instances will be visible. With the @samp{+1m} cookie, the date shift will always be exactly one month. So if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry DONE will still keep it as an overdue deadline. Depending on the task, this may not be the best way to handle it. For example, if you forgot to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him 3 times in a single day to make up for it. Finally, there are tasks like changing batteries which should always repeat a certain time @i{after} the last time you did it. For these tasks, Org mode has special repeaters @samp{++} and @samp{.+}. For example: @example ** TODO Call Father DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w> Marking this DONE will shift the date by at least one week, but also by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into the future. However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called and marked it done on Saturday. ** TODO Empty kitchen trash DEADLINE: <2008-02-08 Fri 20:00 ++1d> Marking this DONE will shift the date by at least one day, and also by as many days as it takes to get the timestamp into the future. Since there is a time in the timestamp, the next deadline in the future will be on today's date if you complete the task before 20:00. ** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m> Marking this DONE will shift the date to one month after today. @end example @vindex org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific task. If the repeater is set for the scheduling information only, you probably want the repeater to be ignored after the deadline. If so, set the variable @code{org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown} to @code{repeated-after-deadline}. However, any scheduling information without a repeater is no longer relevant once the task is done, and thus, removed upon repeating the task. If you want both scheduling and deadline information to repeat after the same interval, set the same repeater for both timestamps. An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy. The command @kbd{C-c C-x c} was created for this purpose, it is described in @ref{Structure editing}. @node Clocking work time @section Clocking work time @cindex clocking time @cindex time clocking Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in a project. When you start working on an item, you can start the clock. When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is recorded. It also computes the total time spent on each subtree@footnote{Clocking only works if all headings are indented with less than 30 stars. This is a hardcoded limitation of @code{lmax} in @code{org-clock-sum}.} of a project. And it remembers a history or tasks recently clocked, so that you can jump quickly between a number of tasks absorbing your time. To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use @lisp (setq org-clock-persist 'history) (org-clock-persistence-insinuate) @end lisp When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete clock@footnote{To resume the clock under the assumption that you have worked on this task while outside Emacs, use @code{(setq org-clock-persist t)}.} will be found (@pxref{Resolving idle time}) and you will be prompted about what to do with it. @menu * Clocking commands:: Starting and stopping a clock * The clock table:: Detailed reports * Resolving idle time:: Resolving time when you've been idle @end menu @node Clocking commands @subsection Clocking commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-i,org-clock-in} @vindex org-clock-into-drawer @vindex org-clock-continuously @cindex property, LOG_INTO_DRAWER Start the clock on the current item (clock-in). This inserts the CLOCK keyword together with a timestamp. If this is not the first clocking of this item, the multiple CLOCK lines will be wrapped into a @code{:LOGBOOK:} drawer (see also the variable @code{org-clock-into-drawer}). You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a @code{CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER} or @code{LOG_INTO_DRAWER} property. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, select the task from a list of recently clocked tasks. With two @kbd{C-u C-u} prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default task; the default task will then always be available with letter @kbd{d} when selecting a clocking task. With three @kbd{C-u C-u C-u} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the clock when the last clock stopped.@* @cindex property: CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL @cindex property: LAST_REPEAT @vindex org-clock-modeline-total While the clock is running, the current clocking time is shown in the mode line, along with the title of the task. The clock time shown will be all time ever clocked for this task and its children. If the task has an effort estimate (@pxref{Effort estimates}), the mode line displays the current clocking time against it@footnote{To add an effort estimate ``on the fly'', hook a function doing this to @code{org-clock-in-prepare-hook}.} If the task is a repeating one (@pxref{Repeated tasks}), only the time since the last reset of the task @footnote{as recorded by the @code{LAST_REPEAT} property} will be shown. More control over what time is shown can be exercised with the @code{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL} property. It may have the values @code{current} to show only the current clocking instance, @code{today} to show all time clocked on this task today (see also the variable @code{org-extend-today-until}), @code{all} to include all time, or @code{auto} which is the default@footnote{See also the variable @code{org-clock-modeline-total}.}.@* Clicking with @kbd{mouse-1} onto the mode line entry will pop up a menu with clocking options. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-o,org-clock-out} @vindex org-log-note-clock-out Stop the clock (clock-out). This inserts another timestamp at the same location where the clock was last started. It also directly computes the resulting time and inserts it after the time range as @samp{=> HH:MM}. See the variable @code{org-log-note-clock-out} for the possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out timestamp@footnote{The corresponding in-buffer setting is: @code{#+STARTUP: lognoteclock-out}}. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-x,org-clock-in-last} @vindex org-clock-continuously Reclock the last clocked task. With one @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, select the task from the clock history. With two @kbd{C-u} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the clock when the last clock stopped. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-e,org-clock-modify-effort-estimate} Update the effort estimate for the current clock task. @kindex C-c C-y @kindex C-c C-c @orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-c C-y,org-evaluate-time-range} Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps. This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly. If you change them with @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} keys, the update is automatic. @orgcmd{C-S-@key{up/down},org-clock-timestamps-up/down} On @code{CLOCK} log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the clock duration keeps the same. @orgcmd{S-M-@key{up/down},org-timestamp-up/down} On @code{CLOCK} log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point and the one of the previous (or the next clock) timestamp by the same duration. For example, if you hit @kbd{S-M-@key{up}} to increase a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the clocked-in timestamp of the next clock will be increased by five minutes. @orgcmd{C-c C-t,org-todo} Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the clock if it is running in this same item. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-q,org-clock-cancel} Cancel the current clock. This is useful if a clock was started by mistake, or if you ended up working on something else. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-j,org-clock-goto} Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix arg, select the target task from a list of recently clocked tasks. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-d,org-clock-display} @vindex org-remove-highlights-with-change Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer. This puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings. You can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays disappear when you change the buffer (see variable @code{org-remove-highlights-with-change}) or press @kbd{C-c C-c}. @end table The @kbd{l} key may be used in the timeline (@pxref{Timeline}) and in the agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during a day. @strong{Important:} note that both @code{org-clock-out} and @code{org-clock-in-last} can have a global key binding and will not modify the window disposition. @node The clock table @subsection The clock table @cindex clocktable, dynamic block @cindex report, of clocked time Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking information. Such a report is called a @emph{clock table}, because it is formatted as one or several Org tables. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-r,org-clock-report} Insert a dynamic block (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}) containing a clock report as an Org mode table into the current file. When the cursor is at an existing clock table, just update it. When called with a prefix argument, jump to the first clock report in the current document and update it. The clock table always includes also trees with @code{:ARCHIVE:} tag. @orgcmdkkc{C-c C-c,C-c C-x C-u,org-dblock-update} Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the @code{#+BEGIN} line of the dynamic block. @orgkey{C-u C-c C-x C-u} Update all dynamic blocks (@pxref{Dynamic blocks}). This is useful if you have several clock table blocks in a buffer. @orgcmdkxkc{S-@key{left},S-@key{right},org-clocktable-try-shift} Shift the current @code{:block} interval and update the table. The cursor needs to be in the @code{#+BEGIN: clocktable} line for this command. If @code{:block} is @code{today}, it will be shifted to @code{today-1} etc. @end table Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted into the buffer with the @kbd{C-c C-x C-r} command: @cindex #+BEGIN, clocktable @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file #+END: clocktable @end example @noindent @vindex org-clocktable-defaults The @samp{BEGIN} line specifies a number of options to define the scope, structure, and formatting of the report. Defaults for all these options can be configured in the variable @code{org-clocktable-defaults}. @noindent First there are options that determine which clock entries are to be selected: @example :maxlevel @r{Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.} @r{Clocks at deeper levels will be summed into the upper level.} :scope @r{The scope to consider. This can be any of the following:} nil @r{the current buffer or narrowed region} file @r{the full current buffer} subtree @r{the subtree where the clocktable is located} tree@var{N} @r{the surrounding level @var{N} tree, for example @code{tree3}} tree @r{the surrounding level 1 tree} agenda @r{all agenda files} ("file"..) @r{scan these files} file-with-archives @r{current file and its archives} agenda-with-archives @r{all agenda files, including archives} :block @r{The time block to consider. This block is specified either} @r{absolutely, or relative to the current time and may be any of} @r{these formats:} 2007-12-31 @r{New year eve 2007} 2007-12 @r{December 2007} 2007-W50 @r{ISO-week 50 in 2007} 2007-Q2 @r{2nd quarter in 2007} 2007 @r{the year 2007} today, yesterday, today-@var{N} @r{a relative day} thisweek, lastweek, thisweek-@var{N} @r{a relative week} thismonth, lastmonth, thismonth-@var{N} @r{a relative month} thisyear, lastyear, thisyear-@var{N} @r{a relative year} untilnow @r{Use @kbd{S-@key{left}/@key{right}} keys to shift the time interval.} :tstart @r{A time string specifying when to start considering times.} @r{Relative times like @code{"<-2w>"} can also be used. See} @r{@ref{Matching tags and properties} for relative time syntax.} :tend @r{A time string specifying when to stop considering times.} @r{Relative times like @code{""} can also be used. See} @r{@ref{Matching tags and properties} for relative time syntax.} :wstart @r{The starting day of the week. The default is 1 for monday.} :mstart @r{The starting day of the month. The default 1 is for the first} @r{day of the month.} :step @r{@code{week} or @code{day}, to split the table into chunks.} @r{To use this, @code{:block} or @code{:tstart}, @code{:tend} are needed.} :stepskip0 @r{Do not show steps that have zero time.} :fileskip0 @r{Do not show table sections from files which did not contribute.} :tags @r{A tags match to select entries that should contribute. See} @r{@ref{Matching tags and properties} for the match syntax.} @end example Then there are options which determine the formatting of the table. These options are interpreted by the function @code{org-clocktable-write-default}, but you can specify your own function using the @code{:formatter} parameter. @example :emphasize @r{When @code{t}, emphasize level one and level two items.} :lang @r{Language@footnote{Language terms can be set through the variable @code{org-clock-clocktable-language-setup}.} to use for descriptive cells like "Task".} :link @r{Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.} :narrow @r{An integer to limit the width of the headline column in} @r{the org table. If you write it like @samp{50!}, then the} @r{headline will also be shortened in export.} :indent @r{Indent each headline field according to its level.} :tcolumns @r{Number of columns to be used for times. If this is smaller} @r{than @code{:maxlevel}, lower levels will be lumped into one column.} :level @r{Should a level number column be included?} :sort @r{A cons cell like containing the column to sort and a sorting type.} @r{E.g., @code{:sort (1 . ?a)} sorts the first column alphabetically.} :compact @r{Abbreviation for @code{:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1}} @r{All are overwritten except if there is an explicit @code{:narrow}} :timestamp @r{A timestamp for the entry, when available. Look for SCHEDULED,} @r{DEADLINE, TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMP_IA, in this order.} :properties @r{List of properties that should be shown in the table. Each} @r{property will get its own column.} :inherit-props @r{When this flag is @code{t}, the values for @code{:properties} will be inherited.} :formula @r{Content of a @code{#+TBLFM} line to be added and evaluated.} @r{As a special case, @samp{:formula %} adds a column with % time.} @r{If you do not specify a formula here, any existing formula} @r{below the clock table will survive updates and be evaluated.} :formatter @r{A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.} @end example To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current day, you could write @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t #+END: clocktable @end example @noindent and to use a specific time range you could write@footnote{Note that all parameters must be specified in a single line---the line is broken here only to fit it into the manual.} @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>" :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>" #+END: clocktable @end example A range starting a week ago and ending right now could be written as @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<-1w>" :tend "" #+END: clocktable @end example A summary of the current subtree with % times would be @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula % #+END: clocktable @end example A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during last week would be @example #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t #+END: clocktable @end example @node Resolving idle time @subsection Resolving idle time and continuous clocking @subsubheading Resolving idle time @cindex resolve idle time @vindex org-clock-x11idle-program-name @cindex idle, resolve, dangling If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to ``resolve'' the time you were away by either subtracting it from the current clock, or applying it to another one. @vindex org-clock-idle-time By customizing the variable @code{org-clock-idle-time} to some integer, such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your computer after being idle for that many minutes@footnote{On computers using Mac OS X, idleness is based on actual user idleness, not just Emacs' idle time. For X11, you can install a utility program @file{x11idle.c}, available in the @code{contrib/scripts} directory of the Org git distribution, or install the @file{xprintidle} package and set it to the variable @code{org-clock-x11idle-program-name} if you are running Debian, to get the same general treatment of idleness. On other systems, idle time refers to Emacs idle time only.}, and ask what you want to do with the idle time. There will be a question waiting for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed (constantly updated with the current amount), as well as a set of choices to correct the discrepancy: @table @kbd @item k To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press @kbd{k}. Org will ask how many of the minutes to keep. Press @key{RET} to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or enter a number to keep that many minutes. @item K If you use the shift key and press @kbd{K}, it will keep however many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that task. If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just clocking out of the current task. @item s To keep none of the minutes, use @kbd{s} to subtract all the away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment you returned. @item S To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the away time, use the shift key and press @kbd{S}. Remember that using shift will always leave you clocked out, no matter which option you choose. @item C To cancel the clock altogether, use @kbd{C}. Note that if instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting clock amount is less than a minute, the clock will still be canceled rather than clutter up the log with an empty entry. @end table What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and now want to apply them to a new clock? Simply clock in to any task immediately after the subtraction. Org will notice that you have subtracted time ``on the books'', so to speak, and will ask if you want to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on. There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs. Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power button! You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock in. If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last session. Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that time. The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather than a set amount of idle time. You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for dangling clocks at any time using @kbd{M-x org-resolve-clocks RET} (or @kbd{C-c C-x C-z}). @subsubheading Continuous clocking @cindex continuous clocking @vindex org-clock-continuously You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the previous task. To enable this systematically, set @code{org-clock-continuously} to @code{t}. Each time you clock in, Org retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this session, and start the new clock from there. If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix arguments with @code{org-clock-in} and two @kbd{C-u C-u} with @code{org-clock-in-last}. @node Effort estimates @section Effort estimates @cindex effort estimates @cindex property, Effort If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you may want to assign effort estimates to entries. If you are also clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning estimates. Effort estimates are stored in a special property @code{EFFORT}. You can set the effort for an entry with the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x e,org-set-effort} Set the effort estimate for the current entry. With a numeric prefix argument, set it to the Nth allowed value (see below). This command is also accessible from the agenda with the @kbd{e} key. @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-e,org-clock-modify-effort-estimate} Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked. @end table Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column view (@pxref{Column view}). You should start by setting up discrete values for effort estimates, and a @code{COLUMNS} format that displays these values together with clock sums (if you want to clock your time). For a specific buffer you can use @example #+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 #+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort)@{:@} %CLOCKSUM @end example @noindent @vindex org-global-properties @vindex org-columns-default-format or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing the variables @code{org-global-properties} and @code{org-columns-default-format}. In particular if you want to use this setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised. The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to column mode, and to use @kbd{S-@key{right}} and @kbd{S-@key{left}} to change the value. The values you enter will immediately be summed up in the hierarchy. In the column next to it, any clocked time will be displayed. @vindex org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort column will summarize the estimated work effort for each day@footnote{Please note the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in a flat list (@pxref{Agenda column view}).}, and you can use this to find space in your schedule. To get an overview of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the option @code{org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum}. The appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval will then also be added to the load estimate of the day. Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is triggered with the @kbd{/} key in the agenda (@pxref{Agenda commands}). If you have these estimates defined consistently, two or three key presses will narrow down the list to stuff that fits into an available time slot. @node Timers @section Taking notes with a timer @cindex relative timer @cindex countdown timer @kindex ; Org provides two types of timers. There is a relative timer that counts up, which can be useful when taking notes during, for example, a meeting or a video viewing. There is also a countdown timer. The relative and countdown are started with separate commands. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x 0,org-timer-start} Start or reset the relative timer. By default, the timer is set to 0. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, prompt the user for a starting offset. If there is a timer string at point, this is taken as the default, providing a convenient way to restart taking notes after a break in the process. When called with a double prefix argument @kbd{C-u C-u}, change all timer strings in the active region by a certain amount. This can be used to fix timer strings if the timer was not started at exactly the right moment. @orgcmd{C-c C-x ;,org-timer-set-timer} Start a countdown timer. The user is prompted for a duration. @code{org-timer-default-timer} sets the default countdown value. Giving a prefix numeric argument overrides this default value. This command is available as @kbd{;} in agenda buffers. @end table Once started, relative and countdown timers are controlled with the same commands. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x .,org-timer} Insert the value of the current relative or countdown timer into the buffer. If no timer is running, the relative timer will be started. When called with a prefix argument, the relative timer is restarted. @orgcmd{C-c C-x -,org-timer-item} Insert a description list item with the value of the current relative or countdown timer. With a prefix argument, first reset the relative timer to 0. @orgcmd{M-@key{RET},org-insert-heading} Once the timer list is started, you can also use @kbd{M-@key{RET}} to insert new timer items. @orgcmd{C-c C-x @comma{},org-timer-pause-or-continue} Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused. @orgcmd{C-c C-x _,org-timer-stop} Stop the timer. After this, you can only start a new timer, not continue the old one. This command also removes the timer from the mode line. @end table @node Capture - Refile - Archive @chapter Capture - Refile - Archive @cindex capture An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with them. Org does this using a process called @i{capture}. It also can store files related to a task (@i{attachments}) in a special directory. Once in the system, tasks and projects need to be moved around. Moving completed project trees to an archive file keeps the system compact and fast. @menu * Capture:: Capturing new stuff * Attachments:: Add files to tasks * RSS feeds:: Getting input from RSS feeds * Protocols:: External (e.g., Browser) access to Emacs and Org * Refile and copy:: Moving/copying a tree from one place to another * Archiving:: What to do with finished projects @end menu @node Capture @section Capture @cindex capture Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your work flow. Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired by John Wiegley excellent @file{remember.el} package. Up to version 6.36, Org used a special setup for @file{remember.el}, then replaced it with @file{org-remember.el}. As of version 8.0, @file{org-remember.el} has been completely replaced by @file{org-capture.el}. If your configuration depends on @file{org-remember.el}, you need to update it and use the setup described below. To convert your @code{org-remember-templates}, run the command @example @kbd{M-x org-capture-import-remember-templates RET} @end example @noindent and then customize the new variable with @kbd{M-x customize-variable org-capture-templates}, check the result, and save the customization. @menu * Setting up capture:: Where notes will be stored * Using capture:: Commands to invoke and terminate capture * Capture templates:: Define the outline of different note types @end menu @node Setting up capture @subsection Setting up capture The following customization sets a default target file for notes, and defines a global key@footnote{Please select your own key, @kbd{C-c c} is only a suggestion.} for capturing new material. @vindex org-default-notes-file @smalllisp @group (setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org")) (define-key global-map "\C-cc" 'org-capture) @end group @end smalllisp @node Using capture @subsection Using capture @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c c,org-capture} Call the command @code{org-capture}. Note that this key binding is global and not active by default: you need to install it. If you have templates @cindex date tree defined @pxref{Capture templates}, it will offer these templates for selection or use a new Org outline node as the default template. It will insert the template into the target file and switch to an indirect buffer narrowed to this new node. You may then insert the information you want. @orgcmd{C-c C-c,org-capture-finalize} Once you have finished entering information into the capture buffer, @kbd{C-c C-c} will return you to the window configuration before the capture process, so that you can resume your work without further distraction. When called with a prefix arg, finalize and then jump to the captured item. @orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-capture-refile} Finalize the capture process by refiling (@pxref{Refile and copy}) the note to a different place. Please realize that this is a normal refiling command that will be executed---so the cursor position at the moment you run this command is important. If you have inserted a tree with a parent and children, first move the cursor back to the parent. Any prefix argument given to this command will be passed on to the @code{org-refile} command. @orgcmd{C-c C-k,org-capture-kill} Abort the capture process and return to the previous state. @end table You can also call @code{org-capture} in a special way from the agenda, using the @kbd{k c} key combination. With this access, any timestamps inserted by the selected capture template will default to the cursor date in the agenda, rather than to the current date. To find the locations of the last stored capture, use @code{org-capture} with prefix commands: @table @kbd @orgkey{C-u C-c c} Visit the target location of a capture template. You get to select the template in the usual way. @orgkey{C-u C-u C-c c} Visit the last stored capture item in its buffer. @end table @vindex org-capture-bookmark @cindex org-capture-last-stored You can also jump to the bookmark @code{org-capture-last-stored}, which will automatically be created unless you set @code{org-capture-bookmark} to @code{nil}. To insert the capture at point in an Org buffer, call @code{org-capture} with a @code{C-0} prefix argument. @node Capture templates @subsection Capture templates @cindex templates, for Capture You can use templates for different types of capture items, and for different target locations. The easiest way to create such templates is through the customize interface. @table @kbd @orgkey{C-c c C} Customize the variable @code{org-capture-templates}. @end table Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's look at an example. Say you would like to use one template to create general TODO entries, and you want to put these entries under the heading @samp{Tasks} in your file @file{~/org/gtd.org}. Also, a date tree in the file @file{journal.org} should capture journal entries. A possible configuration would look like: @smalllisp @group (setq org-capture-templates '(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks") "* TODO %?\n %i\n %a") ("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org") "* %?\nEntered on %U\n %i\n %a"))) @end group @end smalllisp @noindent If you then press @kbd{C-c c t}, Org will prepare the template for you like this: @example * TODO [[file:@var{link to where you initiated capture}]] @end example @noindent During expansion of the template, @code{%a} has been replaced by a link to the location from where you called the capture command. This can be extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example. You fill in the task definition, press @kbd{C-c C-c} and Org returns you to the same place where you started the capture process. To define special keys to capture to a particular template without going through the interactive template selection, you can create your key binding like this: @lisp (define-key global-map "\C-cx" (lambda () (interactive) (org-capture nil "x"))) @end lisp @menu * Template elements:: What is needed for a complete template entry * Template expansion:: Filling in information about time and context * Templates in contexts:: Only show a template in a specific context @end menu @node Template elements @subsubsection Template elements Now lets look at the elements of a template definition. Each entry in @code{org-capture-templates} is a list with the following items: @table @var @item keys The keys that will select the template, as a string, characters only, for example @code{"a"} for a template to be selected with a single key, or @code{"bt"} for selection with two keys. When using several keys, keys using the same prefix key must be sequential in the list and preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the prefix key, for example @smalllisp ("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy") @end smalllisp @noindent If you do not define a template for the @kbd{C} key, this key will be used to open the customize buffer for this complex variable. @item description A short string describing the template, which will be shown during selection. @item type The type of entry, a symbol. Valid values are: @table @code @item entry An Org mode node, with a headline. Will be filed as the child of the target entry or as a top-level entry. The target file should be an Org mode file. @item item A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the target location. Again the target file should be an Org file. @item checkitem A checkbox item. This only differs from the plain list item by the default template. @item table-line a new line in the first table at the target location. Where exactly the line will be inserted depends on the properties @code{:prepend} and @code{:table-line-pos} (see below). @item plain Text to be inserted as it is. @end table @item target @vindex org-default-notes-file Specification of where the captured item should be placed. In Org mode files, targets usually define a node. Entries will become children of this node. Other types will be added to the table or list in the body of this node. Most target specifications contain a file name. If that file name is the empty string, it defaults to @code{org-default-notes-file}. A file can also be given as a variable, function, or Emacs Lisp form. When an absolute path is not specified for a target, it is taken as relative to @code{org-directory}. Valid values are: @table @code @item (file "path/to/file") Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file. @item (id "id of existing org entry") Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry. @item (file+headline "path/to/file" "node headline") Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file. @item (file+olp "path/to/file" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...) For non-unique headings, the full path is safer. @item (file+regexp "path/to/file" "regexp to find location") Use a regular expression to position the cursor. @item (file+datetree "path/to/file") Will create a heading in a date tree for today's date@footnote{Datetree headlines for years accept tags, so if you use both @code{* 2013 :noexport:} and @code{* 2013} in your file, the capture will refile the note to the first one matched.}. @item (file+datetree+prompt "path/to/file") Will create a heading in a date tree, but will prompt for the date. @item (file+weektree "path/to/file") Will create a heading in a week tree for today's date. Week trees are sorted by week and not by month unlike datetrees. @item (file+weektree+prompt "path/to/file") Will create a heading in a week tree, but will prompt for the date. @item (file+function "path/to/file" function-finding-location) A function to find the right location in the file. @item (clock) File to the entry that is currently being clocked. @item (function function-finding-location) Most general way: write your own function which both visits the file and moves point to the right location. @end table @item template The template for creating the capture item. If you leave this empty, an appropriate default template will be used. Otherwise this is a string with escape codes, which will be replaced depending on time and context of the capture call. The string with escapes may be loaded from a template file, using the special syntax @code{(file "path/to/template")}. See below for more details. @item properties The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options. Recognized properties are: @table @code @item :prepend Normally new captured information will be appended at the target location (last child, last table line, last list item...). Setting this property will change that. @item :immediate-finish When set, do not offer to edit the information, just file it away immediately. This makes sense if the template only needs information that can be added automatically. @item :empty-lines Set this to the number of lines to insert before and after the new item. Default 0, only common other value is 1. @item :clock-in Start the clock in this item. @item :clock-keep Keep the clock running when filing the captured entry. @item :clock-resume If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock when finished with the capture. Note that @code{:clock-keep} has precedence over @code{:clock-resume}. When setting both to @code{t}, the current clock will run and the previous one will not be resumed. @item :unnarrowed Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer. Default is to narrow it so that you only see the new material. @item :table-line-pos Specification of the location in the table where the new line should be inserted. It can be a string, a variable holding a string or a function returning a string. The string should look like @code{"II-3"} meaning that the new line should become the third line before the second horizontal separator line. @item :kill-buffer If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked, kill the buffer again after capture is completed. @end table @end table @node Template expansion @subsubsection Template expansion In the template itself, special @kbd{%}-escapes@footnote{If you need one of these sequences literally, escape the @kbd{%} with a backslash.} allow dynamic insertion of content. The templates are expanded in the order given here: @smallexample %[@var{file}] @r{Insert the contents of the file given by @var{file}.} %(@var{sexp}) @r{Evaluate Elisp @var{sexp} and replace with the result.} @r{For convenience, %:keyword (see below) placeholders} @r{within the expression will be expanded prior to this.} @r{The sexp must return a string.} %<...> @r{The result of format-time-string on the ... format specification.} %t @r{Timestamp, date only.} %T @r{Timestamp, with date and time.} %u, %U @r{Like the above, but inactive timestamps.} %i @r{Initial content, the region when capture is called while the} @r{region is active.} @r{The entire text will be indented like @code{%i} itself.} %a @r{Annotation, normally the link created with @code{org-store-link}.} %A @r{Like @code{%a}, but prompt for the description part.} %l @r{Like %a, but only insert the literal link.} %c @r{Current kill ring head.} %x @r{Content of the X clipboard.} %k @r{Title of the currently clocked task.} %K @r{Link to the currently clocked task.} %n @r{User name (taken from @code{user-full-name}).} %f @r{File visited by current buffer when org-capture was called.} %F @r{Full path of the file or directory visited by current buffer.} %:keyword @r{Specific information for certain link types, see below.} %^g @r{Prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.} %^G @r{Prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.} %^t @r{Like @code{%t}, but prompt for date. Similarly @code{%^T}, @code{%^u}, @code{%^U}.} @r{You may define a prompt like @code{%^@{Birthday@}t}.} %^C @r{Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.} %^L @r{Like @code{%^C}, but insert as link.} %^@{@var{prop}@}p @r{Prompt the user for a value for property @var{prop}.} %^@{@var{prompt}@} @r{prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it.} @r{You may specify a default value and a completion table with} @r{%^@{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...@}.} @r{The arrow keys access a prompt-specific history.} %\\n @r{Insert the text entered at the nth %^@{@var{prompt}@}, where @code{n} is} @r{a number, starting from 1.} %? @r{After completing the template, position cursor here.} @end smallexample @noindent For specific link types, the following keywords will be defined@footnote{If you define your own link types (@pxref{Adding hyperlink types}), any property you store with @code{org-store-link-props} can be accessed in capture templates in a similar way.}: @vindex org-from-is-user-regexp @smallexample Link type | Available keywords ---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------- bbdb | %:name %:company irc | %:server %:port %:nick vm, vm-imap, wl, mh, mew, rmail, | %:type %:subject %:message-id gnus, notmuch | %:from %:fromname %:fromaddress | %:to %:toname %:toaddress | %:date @r{(message date header field)} | %:date-timestamp @r{(date as active timestamp)} | %:date-timestamp-inactive @r{(date as inactive timestamp)} | %:fromto @r{(either "to NAME" or "from NAME")@footnote{This will always be the other, not the user. See the variable @code{org-from-is-user-regexp}.}} gnus | %:group, @r{for messages also all email fields} w3, w3m | %:url info | %:file %:node calendar | %:date @end smallexample @noindent To place the cursor after template expansion use: @smallexample %? @r{After completing the template, position cursor here.} @end smallexample @node Templates in contexts @subsubsection Templates in contexts @vindex org-capture-templates-contexts To control whether a capture template should be accessible from a specific context, you can customize @code{org-capture-templates-contexts}. Let's say for example that you have a capture template @code{"p"} for storing Gnus emails containing patches. Then you would configure this option like this: @smalllisp (setq org-capture-templates-contexts '(("p" (in-mode . "message-mode")))) @end smalllisp You can also tell that the command key @code{"p"} should refer to another template. In that case, add this command key like this: @smalllisp (setq org-capture-templates-contexts '(("p" "q" (in-mode . "message-mode")))) @end smalllisp See the docstring of the variable for more information. @node Attachments @section Attachments @cindex attachments @vindex org-attach-directory It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline node/task. Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the subtree of a project. Hyperlinks (@pxref{Hyperlinks}) can establish associations with files that live elsewhere on your computer or in the cloud, like emails or source code files belonging to a project. Another method is @i{attachments}, which are files located in a directory belonging to an outline node. Org uses directories named by the unique ID of each entry. These directories are located in the @file{data} directory which lives in the same directory where your Org file lives@footnote{If you move entries or Org files from one directory to another, you may want to configure @code{org-attach-directory} to contain an absolute path.}. If you initialize this directory with @code{git init}, Org will automatically commit changes when it sees them. The attachment system has been contributed to Org by John Wiegley. In cases where it seems better to do so, you can also attach a directory of your choice to an entry. You can also make children inherit the attachment directory from a parent, so that an entire subtree uses the same attached directory. @noindent The following commands deal with attachments: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-a,org-attach} The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system. After these keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must press an additional key to select a command: @table @kbd @orgcmdtkc{a,C-c C-a a,org-attach-attach} @vindex org-attach-method Select a file and move it into the task's attachment directory. The file will be copied, moved, or linked, depending on @code{org-attach-method}. Note that hard links are not supported on all systems. @kindex C-c C-a c @kindex C-c C-a m @kindex C-c C-a l @item c/m/l Attach a file using the copy/move/link method. Note that hard links are not supported on all systems. @orgcmdtkc{n,C-c C-a n,org-attach-new} Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer. @orgcmdtkc{z,C-c C-a z,org-attach-sync} Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in case you added attachments yourself. @orgcmdtkc{o,C-c C-a o,org-attach-open} @vindex org-file-apps Open current task's attachment. If there is more than one, prompt for a file name first. Opening will follow the rules set by @code{org-file-apps}. For more details, see the information on following hyperlinks (@pxref{Handling links}). @orgcmdtkc{O,C-c C-a O,org-attach-open-in-emacs} Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in Emacs. @orgcmdtkc{f,C-c C-a f,org-attach-reveal} Open the current task's attachment directory. @orgcmdtkc{F,C-c C-a F,org-attach-reveal-in-emacs} Also open the directory, but force using @command{dired} in Emacs. @orgcmdtkc{d,C-c C-a d,org-attach-delete-one} Select and delete a single attachment. @orgcmdtkc{D,C-c C-a D,org-attach-delete-all} Delete all of a task's attachments. A safer way is to open the directory in @command{dired} and delete from there. @orgcmdtkc{s,C-c C-a s,org-attach-set-directory} @cindex property, ATTACH_DIR Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment directory. This works by putting the directory path into the @code{ATTACH_DIR} property. @orgcmdtkc{i,C-c C-a i,org-attach-set-inherit} @cindex property, ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT Set the @code{ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT} property, so that children will use the same directory for attachments as the parent does. @end table @end table @node RSS feeds @section RSS feeds @cindex RSS feeds @cindex Atom feeds Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds and Atom feeds. You could use this to make a task out of each new podcast in a podcast feed. Or you could use a phone-based note-creating service on the web to import tasks into Org. To access feeds, configure the variable @code{org-feed-alist}. The docstring of this variable has detailed information. Here is just an example: @smalllisp @group (setq org-feed-alist '(("Slashdot" "http://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot" "~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries"))) @end group @end smalllisp @noindent will configure that new items from the feed provided by @code{rss.slashdot.org} will result in new entries in the file @file{~/org/feeds.org} under the heading @samp{Slashdot Entries}, whenever the following command is used: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x g,org-feed-update-all} @item C-c C-x g Collect items from the feeds configured in @code{org-feed-alist} and act upon them. @orgcmd{C-c C-x G,org-feed-goto-inbox} Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed. @end table Under the same headline, Org will create a drawer @samp{FEEDSTATUS} in which it will store information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid adding the same item several times. For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see @file{org-feed.el} and the docstring of @code{org-feed-alist}. @node Protocols @section Protocols for external access @cindex protocols, for external access @cindex emacsserver You can set up Org for handling protocol calls from outside applications that are passed to Emacs through the @file{emacsserver}. For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using capture (@pxref{Capture}). Or you could create a bookmark that will tell Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are looking at with the browser. See @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.php} for detailed documentation and setup instructions. @node Refile and copy @section Refile and copy @cindex refiling notes @cindex copying notes When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile or to copy some of the entries into a different list, for example into a project. Cutting, finding the right location, and then pasting the note is cumbersome. To simplify this process, you can use the following special command: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c M-w,org-copy} @findex org-copy Copying works like refiling, except that the original note is not deleted. @orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-refile} @findex org-refile @vindex org-reverse-note-order @vindex org-refile-targets @vindex org-refile-use-outline-path @vindex org-outline-path-complete-in-steps @vindex org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes @vindex org-log-refile @vindex org-refile-use-cache @vindex org-refile-keep Refile the entry or region at point. This command offers possible locations for refiling the entry and lets you select one with completion. The item (or all items in the region) is filed below the target heading as a subitem. Depending on @code{org-reverse-note-order}, it will be either the first or last subitem.@* By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are considered to be targets, but you can have more complex definitions across a number of files. See the variable @code{org-refile-targets} for details. If you would like to select a location via a file-path-like completion along the outline path, see the variables @code{org-refile-use-outline-path} and @code{org-outline-path-complete-in-steps}. If you would like to be able to create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly, check the variable @code{org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes}. When the variable @code{org-log-refile}@footnote{with corresponding @code{#+STARTUP} keywords @code{logrefile}, @code{lognoterefile}, and @code{nologrefile}} is set, a timestamp or a note will be recorded when an entry has been refiled. @orgkey{C-u C-c C-w} Use the refile interface to jump to a heading. @orgcmd{C-u C-u C-c C-w,org-refile-goto-last-stored} Jump to the location where @code{org-refile} last moved a tree to. @item C-2 C-c C-w Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked. @item C-3 C-c C-w Refile and keep the entry in place. Also see @code{org-refile-keep} to make this the default behavior, and beware that this may result in duplicated @code{ID} properties. @orgcmdtkc{C-0 C-c C-w @ @r{or} @ C-u C-u C-u C-c C-w,C-0 C-c C-w,org-refile-cache-clear} Clear the target cache. Caching of refile targets can be turned on by setting @code{org-refile-use-cache}. To make the command see new possible targets, you have to clear the cache with this command. @end table @node Archiving @section Archiving @cindex archiving When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want to move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the agenda. Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and global searches like the construction of agenda views fast. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-a,org-archive-subtree-default} @vindex org-archive-default-command Archive the current entry using the command specified in the variable @code{org-archive-default-command}. @end table @menu * Moving subtrees:: Moving a tree to an archive file * Internal archiving:: Switch off a tree but keep it in the file @end menu @node Moving subtrees @subsection Moving a tree to the archive file @cindex external archiving The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another file, the archive file. @table @kbd @orgcmdkskc{C-c C-x C-s,C-c $,org-archive-subtree} @vindex org-archive-location Archive the subtree starting at the cursor position to the location given by @code{org-archive-location}. @orgkey{C-u C-c C-x C-s} Check if any direct children of the current headline could be moved to the archive. To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries. If none are found, the command offers to move it to the archive location. If the cursor is @emph{not} on a headline when this command is invoked, the level 1 trees will be checked. @orgkey{C-u C-u C-c C-x C-s} As above, but check subtree for timestamps instead of TODO entries. The command will offer to archive the subtree if it @emph{does} contain a timestamp, and that timestamp is in the past. @end table @cindex archive locations The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the current file, with the name derived by appending @file{_archive} to the current file name. You can also choose what heading to file archived items under, with the possibility to add them to a datetree in a file. For information and examples on how to specify the file and the heading, see the documentation string of the variable @code{org-archive-location}. There is also an in-buffer option for setting this variable, for example: @cindex #+ARCHIVE @example #+ARCHIVE: %s_done:: @end example @cindex property, ARCHIVE @noindent If you would like to have a special ARCHIVE location for a single entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry an @code{:ARCHIVE:} property with the location as the value (@pxref{Properties and columns}). @vindex org-archive-save-context-info When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties that record context information like the file from where the entry came, its outline path the archiving time etc. Configure the variable @code{org-archive-save-context-info} to adjust the amount of information added. @node Internal archiving @subsection Internal archiving If you want to just switch off (for agenda views) certain subtrees without moving them to a different file, you can use the @code{ARCHIVE tag}. A headline that is marked with the ARCHIVE tag (@pxref{Tags}) stays at its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way: @itemize @minus @item @vindex org-cycle-open-archived-trees It does not open when you attempt to do so with a visibility cycling command (@pxref{Visibility cycling}). You can force cycling archived subtrees with @kbd{C-@key{TAB}}, or by setting the option @code{org-cycle-open-archived-trees}. Also normal outline commands like @code{show-all} will open archived subtrees. @item @vindex org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees During sparse tree construction (@pxref{Sparse trees}), matches in archived subtrees are not exposed, unless you configure the option @code{org-sparse-tree-open-archived-trees}. @item @vindex org-agenda-skip-archived-trees During agenda view construction (@pxref{Agenda views}), the content of archived trees is ignored unless you configure the option @code{org-agenda-skip-archived-trees}, in which case these trees will always be included. In the agenda you can press @kbd{v a} to get archives temporarily included. @item @vindex org-export-with-archived-trees Archived trees are not exported (@pxref{Exporting}), only the headline is. Configure the details using the variable @code{org-export-with-archived-trees}. @item @vindex org-columns-skip-archived-trees Archived trees are excluded from column view unless the variable @code{org-columns-skip-archived-trees} is configured to @code{nil}. @end itemize The following commands help manage the ARCHIVE tag: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x a,org-toggle-archive-tag} Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline. When the tag is set, the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree below it is hidden. @orgkey{C-u C-c C-x a} Check if any direct children of the current headline should be archived. To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries. If none are found, the command offers to set the ARCHIVE tag for the child. If the cursor is @emph{not} on a headline when this command is invoked, the level 1 trees will be checked. @orgcmd{C-@kbd{TAB},org-force-cycle-archived} Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with ARCHIVE. @orgcmd{C-c C-x A,org-archive-to-archive-sibling} Move the current entry to the @emph{Archive Sibling}. This is a sibling of the entry with the heading @samp{Archive} and the tag @samp{ARCHIVE}. The entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way retains a lot of its original context, including inherited tags and approximate position in the outline. @end table @node Agenda views @chapter Agenda views @cindex agenda views Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and tagged headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of files. To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are important for a particular date, this information must be collected, sorted and displayed in an organized way. Org can select items based on various criteria and display them in a separate buffer. Seven different view types are provided: @itemize @bullet @item an @emph{agenda} that is like a calendar and shows information for specific dates, @item a @emph{TODO list} that covers all unfinished action items, @item a @emph{match view}, showings headlines based on the tags, properties, and TODO state associated with them, @item a @emph{timeline view} that shows all events in a single Org file, in time-sorted view, @item a @emph{text search view} that shows all entries from multiple files that contain specified keywords, @item a @emph{stuck projects view} showing projects that currently don't move along, and @item @emph{custom views} that are special searches and combinations of different views. @end itemize @noindent The extracted information is displayed in a special @emph{agenda buffer}. This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to edit these files remotely. @vindex org-agenda-window-setup @vindex org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether the window configuration is restored when the agenda exits: @code{org-agenda-window-setup} and @code{org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit}. @menu * Agenda files:: Files being searched for agenda information * Agenda dispatcher:: Keyboard access to agenda views * Built-in agenda views:: What is available out of the box? * Presentation and sorting:: How agenda items are prepared for display * Agenda commands:: Remote editing of Org trees * Custom agenda views:: Defining special searches and views * Exporting agenda views:: Writing a view to a file * Agenda column view:: Using column view for collected entries @end menu @node Agenda files @section Agenda files @cindex agenda files @cindex files for agenda @vindex org-agenda-files The information to be shown is normally collected from all @emph{agenda files}, the files listed in the variable @code{org-agenda-files}@footnote{If the value of that variable is not a list, but a single file name, then the list of agenda files will be maintained in that external file.}. If a directory is part of this list, all files with the extension @file{.org} in this directory will be part of the list. Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should be put into the list@footnote{When using the dispatcher, pressing @kbd{<} before selecting a command will actually limit the command to the current file, and ignore @code{org-agenda-files} until the next dispatcher command.}. You can customize @code{org-agenda-files}, but the easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands @cindex files, adding to agenda list @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c [,org-agenda-file-to-front} Add current file to the list of agenda files. The file is added to the front of the list. If it was already in the list, it is moved to the front. With a prefix argument, file is added/moved to the end. @orgcmd{C-c ],org-remove-file} Remove current file from the list of agenda files. @kindex C-, @cindex cycling, of agenda files @orgcmd{C-',org-cycle-agenda-files} @itemx C-, Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other. @kindex M-x org-iswitchb @item M-x org-iswitchb RET Command to use an @code{iswitchb}-like interface to switch to and between Org buffers. @end table @noindent The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used to visit any of them. If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree in a file, then this can be done in different ways. For a single agenda command, you may press @kbd{<} once or several times in the dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}). To restrict the agenda scope for an extended period, use the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x <,org-agenda-set-restriction-lock} Permanently restrict the agenda to the current subtree. When with a prefix argument, or with the cursor before the first headline in a file, the agenda scope is set to the entire file. This restriction remains in effect until removed with @kbd{C-c C-x >}, or by typing either @kbd{<} or @kbd{>} in the agenda dispatcher. If there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect immediately. @orgcmd{C-c C-x >,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock} Remove the permanent restriction created by @kbd{C-c C-x <}. @end table @noindent When working with @file{speedbar.el}, you can use the following commands in the Speedbar frame: @table @kbd @orgcmdtkc{< @r{in the speedbar frame},<,org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction} Permanently restrict the agenda to the item---either an Org file or a subtree in such a file---at the cursor in the Speedbar frame. If there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect immediately. @orgcmdtkc{> @r{in the speedbar frame},>,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock} Lift the restriction. @end table @node Agenda dispatcher @section The agenda dispatcher @cindex agenda dispatcher @cindex dispatching agenda commands The views are created through a dispatcher, which should be bound to a global key---for example @kbd{C-c a} (@pxref{Activation}). In the following we will assume that @kbd{C-c a} is indeed how the dispatcher is accessed and list keyboard access to commands accordingly. After pressing @kbd{C-c a}, an additional letter is required to execute a command. The dispatcher offers the following default commands: @table @kbd @item a Create the calendar-like agenda (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}). @item t @r{/} T Create a list of all TODO items (@pxref{Global TODO list}). @item m @r{/} M Create a list of headlines matching a TAGS expression (@pxref{Matching tags and properties}). @item L Create the timeline view for the current buffer (@pxref{Timeline}). @item s Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of keywords and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur in the entry. @item / @vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and additionally in the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}. This uses the Emacs command @code{multi-occur}. A prefix argument can be used to specify the number of context lines for each match, default is 1. @item # @r{/} ! Create a list of stuck projects (@pxref{Stuck projects}). @item < Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer@footnote{For backward compatibility, you can also press @kbd{1} to restrict to the current buffer.}. After pressing @kbd{<}, you still need to press the character selecting the command. @item < < If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda command to the region. Otherwise, restrict it to the current subtree@footnote{For backward compatibility, you can also press @kbd{0} to restrict to the current region/subtree.}. After pressing @kbd{< <}, you still need to press the character selecting the command. @item * @cindex agenda, sticky @vindex org-agenda-sticky Toggle sticky agenda views. By default, Org maintains only a single agenda buffer and rebuilds it each time you change the view, to make sure everything is always up to date. If you often switch between agenda views and the build time bothers you, you can turn on sticky agenda buffers or make this the default by customizing the variable @code{org-agenda-sticky}. With sticky agendas, the agenda dispatcher will not recreate agenda views from scratch, it will only switch to the selected one, and you need to update the agenda by hand with @kbd{r} or @kbd{g} when needed. You can toggle sticky agenda view any time with @code{org-toggle-sticky-agenda}. @end table You can also define custom commands that will be accessible through the dispatcher, just like the default commands. This includes the possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list and a number of special tags matches. @xref{Custom agenda views}. @node Built-in agenda views @section The built-in agenda views In this section we describe the built-in views. @menu * Weekly/daily agenda:: The calendar page with current tasks * Global TODO list:: All unfinished action items * Matching tags and properties:: Structured information with fine-tuned search * Timeline:: Time-sorted view for single file * Search view:: Find entries by searching for text * Stuck projects:: Find projects you need to review @end menu @node Weekly/daily agenda @subsection The weekly/daily agenda @cindex agenda @cindex weekly agenda @cindex daily agenda The purpose of the weekly/daily @emph{agenda} is to act like a page of a paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day. @table @kbd @cindex org-agenda, command @orgcmd{C-c a a,org-agenda-list} Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files. The agenda shows the entries for each day. With a numeric prefix@footnote{For backward compatibility, the universal prefix @kbd{C-u} causes all TODO entries to be listed before the agenda. This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO list, or a block agenda instead (@pxref{Block agenda}).} (like @kbd{C-u 2 1 C-c a a}) you may set the number of days to be displayed. @end table @vindex org-agenda-span @vindex org-agenda-ndays @vindex org-agenda-start-day @vindex org-agenda-start-on-weekday The default number of days displayed in the agenda is set by the variable @code{org-agenda-span} (or the obsolete @code{org-agenda-ndays}). This variable can be set to any number of days you want to see by default in the agenda, or to a span name, such as @code{day}, @code{week}, @code{month} or @code{year}. For weekly agendas, the default is to start on the previous monday (see @code{org-agenda-start-on-weekday}). You can also set the start date using a date shift: @code{(setq org-agenda-start-day "+10d")} will start the agenda ten days from today in the future. Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer. The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in @ref{Agenda commands}. @subsubheading Calendar/Diary integration @cindex calendar integration @cindex diary integration Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward M. Reingold. The calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different countries and cultures. The diary allows you to keep track of anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments (weekly, monthly) and more. In this way, it is quite complementary to Org. It can be very useful to combine output from Org with the diary. In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org mode's agenda, you only need to customize the variable @lisp (setq org-agenda-include-diary t) @end lisp @noindent After that, everything will happen automatically. All diary entries including holidays, anniversaries, etc., will be included in the agenda buffer created by Org mode. @key{SPC}, @key{TAB}, and @key{RET} can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary file in order to edit existing diary entries. The @kbd{i} command to insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda buffer, as well as the commands @kbd{S}, @kbd{M}, and @kbd{C} to display Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to convert to other calendars, respectively. @kbd{c} can be used to switch back and forth between calendar and agenda. If you are using the diary only for sexp entries and holidays, it is faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even move the entries into an Org file. Org mode evaluates diary-style sexp entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead for first creating the diary display. Note that the sexp entries must start at the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before them. For example, the following segment of an Org file will be processed and entries will be made in the agenda: @example * Holidays :PROPERTIES: :CATEGORY: Holiday :END: %%(org-calendar-holiday) ; special function for holiday names * Birthdays :PROPERTIES: :CATEGORY: Ann :END: %%(org-anniversary 1956 5 14)@footnote{@code{org-anniversary} is just like @code{diary-anniversary}, but the argument order is always according to ISO and therefore independent of the value of @code{calendar-date-style}.} Arthur Dent is %d years old %%(org-anniversary 1869 10 2) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old @end example @subsubheading Anniversaries from BBDB @cindex BBDB, anniversaries @cindex anniversaries, from BBDB If you are using the Big Brothers Database to store your contacts, you will very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather than in a separate Org or diary file. Org supports this and will show BBDB anniversaries as part of the agenda. All you need to do is to add the following to one of your agenda files: @example * Anniversaries :PROPERTIES: :CATEGORY: Anniv :END: %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries) @end example You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record. Basically, you need to press @kbd{C-o anniversary @key{RET}} with the cursor in a BBDB record and then add the date in the format @code{YYYY-MM-DD} or @code{MM-DD}, followed by a space and the class of the anniversary (@samp{birthday} or @samp{wedding}, or a format string). If you omit the class, it will default to @samp{birthday}. Here are a few examples, the header for the file @file{org-bbdb.el} contains more detailed information. @example 1973-06-22 06-22 1955-08-02 wedding 2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of org mode, %d years ago @end example After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an Emacs session, the agenda display will suffer a short delay as Org updates its hash with anniversaries. However, from then on things will be very fast---much faster in fact than a long list of @samp{%%(diary-anniversary)} entries in an Org or Diary file. If you would like to see upcoming anniversaries with a bit of forewarning, you can use the following instead: @example * Anniversaries :PROPERTIES: :CATEGORY: Anniv :END: %%(org-bbdb-anniversaries-future 3) @end example That will give you three days' warning: on the anniversary date itself and the two days prior. The argument is optional: if omitted, it defaults to 7. @subsubheading Appointment reminders @cindex @file{appt.el} @cindex appointment reminders @cindex appointment @cindex reminders Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility. To add the appointments of your agenda files, use the command @code{org-agenda-to-appt}. This command lets you filter through the list of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific category or matching a regular expression. It also reads a @code{APPT_WARNTIME} property which will then override the value of @code{appt-message-warning-time} for this appointment. See the docstring for details. @node Global TODO list @subsection The global TODO list @cindex global TODO list @cindex TODO list, global The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and collected into a single place. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a t,org-todo-list} Show the global TODO list. This collects the TODO items from all agenda files (@pxref{Agenda views}) into a single buffer. By default, this lists items with a state the is not a DONE state. The buffer is in @code{agenda-mode}, so there are commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries directly from that buffer (@pxref{Agenda commands}). @orgcmd{C-c a T,org-todo-list} @cindex TODO keyword matching @vindex org-todo-keywords Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword. You can also do this by specifying a prefix argument to @kbd{C-c a t}. You are prompted for a keyword, and you may also specify several keywords by separating them with @samp{|} as the boolean OR operator. With a numeric prefix, the Nth keyword in @code{org-todo-keywords} is selected. @kindex r The @kbd{r} key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you can give a prefix argument to this command to change the selected TODO keyword, for example @kbd{3 r}. If you often need a search for a specific keyword, define a custom command for it (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}).@* Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of a tags search (@pxref{Tag searches}). @end table Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of a TODO entry with a single key press. The commands available in the TODO list are described in @ref{Agenda commands}. @cindex sublevels, inclusion into TODO list Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO keywords. This list can become very long. There are two ways to keep it more compact: @itemize @minus @item @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp @vindex org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date Some people view a TODO item that has been @emph{scheduled} for execution or have a @emph{deadline} (@pxref{Timestamps}) as no longer @emph{open}. Configure the variables @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled}, @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines}, @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp} and/or @code{org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date} to exclude such items from the global TODO list. @item @vindex org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks. In such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO headline and omit the sublevels from the global list. Configure the variable @code{org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels} to get this behavior. @end itemize @node Matching tags and properties @subsection Matching tags and properties @cindex matching, of tags @cindex matching, of properties @cindex tags view @cindex match view If headlines in the agenda files are marked with @emph{tags} (@pxref{Tags}), or have properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}), you can select headlines based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda buffer. The match syntax described here also applies when creating sparse trees with @kbd{C-c / m}. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a m,org-tags-view} Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags. The command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean logic expression with tags, like @samp{+work+urgent-withboss} or @samp{work|home} (@pxref{Tags}). If you often need a specific search, define a custom command for it (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}). @orgcmd{C-c a M,org-tags-view} @vindex org-tags-match-list-sublevels @vindex org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options Like @kbd{C-c a m}, but only select headlines that are also TODO items in a not-DONE state and force checking subitems (see variable @code{org-tags-match-list-sublevels}). To exclude scheduled/deadline items, see the variable @code{org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options}. Matching specific TODO keywords together with a tags match is also possible, see @ref{Tag searches}. @end table The commands available in the tags list are described in @ref{Agenda commands}. @subsubheading Match syntax @cindex Boolean logic, for tag/property searches A search string can use Boolean operators @samp{&} for @code{AND} and @samp{|} for @code{OR}@. @samp{&} binds more strongly than @samp{|}. Parentheses are not implemented. Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular expression matching tags, or an expression like @code{PROPERTY OPERATOR VALUE} with a comparison operator, accessing a property value. Each element may be preceded by @samp{-}, to select against it, and @samp{+} is syntactic sugar for positive selection. The @code{AND} operator @samp{&} is optional when @samp{+} or @samp{-} is present. Here are some examples, using only tags. @table @samp @item work Select headlines tagged @samp{:work:}. @item work&boss Select headlines tagged @samp{:work:} and @samp{:boss:}. @item +work-boss Select headlines tagged @samp{:work:}, but discard those also tagged @samp{:boss:}. @item work|laptop Selects lines tagged @samp{:work:} or @samp{:laptop:}. @item work|laptop+night Like before, but require the @samp{:laptop:} lines to be tagged also @samp{:night:}. @end table @cindex regular expressions, with tags search Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed in curly braces. For example, @samp{work+@{^boss.*@}} matches headlines that contain the tag @samp{:work:} and any tag @i{starting} with @samp{boss}. @cindex group tags, as regular expressions Group tags (@pxref{Tag hierarchy}) are expanded as regular expressions. E.g., if @samp{:work:} is a group tag for the group @samp{:work:lab:conf:}, then searching for @samp{work} will search for @samp{@{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)@}} and searching for @samp{-work} will search for all headlines but those with one of the tags in the group (i.e., @samp{-@{\(?:work\|lab\|conf\)@}}). @cindex TODO keyword matching, with tags search @cindex level, require for tags/property match @cindex category, require for tags/property match @vindex org-odd-levels-only You may also test for properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}) at the same time as matching tags. The properties may be real properties, or special properties that represent other metadata (@pxref{Special properties}). For example, the ``property'' @code{TODO} represents the TODO keyword of the entry and the ``property'' @code{PRIORITY} represents the PRIORITY keyword of the entry. In addition to the @ref{Special properties}, one other ``property'' can also be used. @code{LEVEL} represents the level of an entry. So a search @samp{+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO="DONE"} lists all level three headlines that have the tag @samp{boss} and are @emph{not} marked with the TODO keyword DONE@. In buffers with @code{org-odd-levels-only} set, @samp{LEVEL} does not count the number of stars, but @samp{LEVEL=2} will correspond to 3 stars etc. Here are more examples: @table @samp @item work+TODO="WAITING" Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO keyword @samp{WAITING}. @item work+TODO="WAITING"|home+TODO="WAITING" Waiting tasks both at work and at home. @end table When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used to test the value of a property. Here is a complex example: @example +work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2 \ +With=@{Sarah\|Denny@}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>" @end example @noindent The type of comparison will depend on how the comparison value is written: @itemize @minus @item If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is done, and the allowed operators are @samp{<}, @samp{=}, @samp{>}, @samp{<=}, @samp{>=}, and @samp{<>}. @item If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes, a string comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed. @item If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes @emph{and} angular brackets (like @samp{DEADLINE<="<2008-12-24 18:30>"}), both values are assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and the comparison will be done accordingly. Special values that will be recognized are @code{""} for now (including time), and @code{""}, and @code{""} for these days at 00:00 hours, i.e., without a time specification. Also strings like @code{"<+5d>"} or @code{"<-2m>"} with units @code{d}, @code{w}, @code{m}, and @code{y} for day, week, month, and year, respectively, can be used. @item If the comparison value is enclosed in curly braces, a regexp match is performed, with @samp{=} meaning that the regexp matches the property value, and @samp{<>} meaning that it does not match. @end itemize So the search string in the example finds entries tagged @samp{:work:} but not @samp{:boss:}, which also have a priority value @samp{A}, a @samp{:Coffee:} property with the value @samp{unlimited}, an @samp{Effort} property that is numerically smaller than 2, a @samp{:With:} property that is matched by the regular expression @samp{Sarah\|Denny}, and that are scheduled on or after October 11, 2008. You can configure Org mode to use property inheritance during a search, but beware that this can slow down searches considerably. See @ref{Property inheritance}, for details. For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also a different way to test TODO states in a search. For this, terminate the tags/property part of the search string (which may include several terms connected with @samp{|}) with a @samp{/} and then specify a Boolean expression just for TODO keywords. The syntax is then similar to that for tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive selection on several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined with boolean AND@. However, @emph{negative selection} combined with AND can be meaningful. To make sure that only lines are checked that actually have any TODO keyword (resulting in a speed-up), use @kbd{C-c a M}, or equivalently start the TODO part after the slash with @samp{!}. Using @kbd{C-c a M} or @samp{/!} will not match TODO keywords in a DONE state. Examples: @table @samp @item work/WAITING Same as @samp{work+TODO="WAITING"} @item work/!-WAITING-NEXT Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines that are neither @samp{WAITING} nor @samp{NEXT} @item work/!+WAITING|+NEXT Select @samp{:work:}-tagged TODO lines that are either @samp{WAITING} or @samp{NEXT}. @end table @node Timeline @subsection Timeline for a single file @cindex timeline, single file @cindex time-sorted view The timeline summarizes all time-stamped items from a single Org mode file in a @emph{time-sorted view}. The main purpose of this command is to give an overview over events in a project. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a L,org-timeline} Show a time-sorted view of the Org file, with all time-stamped items. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, all unfinished TODO entries (scheduled or not) are also listed under the current date. @end table @noindent The commands available in the timeline buffer are listed in @ref{Agenda commands}. @node Search view @subsection Search view @cindex search view @cindex text search @cindex searching, for text This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org mode entries. It is particularly useful to find notes. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a s,org-search-view} This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching a substring or specific words using a boolean logic. @end table For example, the search string @samp{computer equipment} will find entries that contain @samp{computer equipment} as a substring. If the two words are separated by more space or a line break, the search will still match. Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using Boolean logic. The search string @samp{+computer +wifi -ethernet -@{8\.11[bg]@}} will search for note entries that contain the keywords @code{computer} and @code{wifi}, but not the keyword @code{ethernet}, and which are also not matched by the regular expression @code{8\.11[bg]}, meaning to exclude both 8.11b and 8.11g. The first @samp{+} is necessary to turn on word search, other @samp{+} characters are optional. For more details, see the docstring of the command @code{org-search-view}. @vindex org-agenda-text-search-extra-files Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command will also search the files listed in @code{org-agenda-text-search-extra-files}. @node Stuck projects @subsection Stuck projects @pindex GTD, Getting Things Done If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your work, one of the ``duties'' you have is a regular review to make sure that all projects move along. A @emph{stuck} project is a project that has no defined next actions, so it will never show up in the TODO lists Org mode produces. During the review, you need to identify such projects and define next actions for them. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a #,org-agenda-list-stuck-projects} List projects that are stuck. @kindex C-c a ! @item C-c a ! @vindex org-stuck-projects Customize the variable @code{org-stuck-projects} to define what a stuck project is and how to find it. @end table You almost certainly will have to configure this view before it will work for you. The built-in default assumes that all your projects are level-2 headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least one entry marked with a TODO keyword TODO or NEXT or NEXTACTION. Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org mode, identify projects with a tag PROJECT, and that you use a TODO keyword MAYBE to indicate a project that should not be considered yet. Let's further assume that the TODO keyword DONE marks finished projects, and that NEXT and TODO indicate next actions. The tag @@SHOP indicates shopping and is a next action even without the NEXT tag. Finally, if the project contains the special word IGNORE anywhere, it should not be listed either. In this case you would start by identifying eligible projects with a tags/todo match@footnote{@xref{Tag searches}.} @samp{+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE}, and then check for TODO, NEXT, @@SHOP, and IGNORE in the subtree to identify projects that are not stuck. The correct customization for this is @lisp (setq org-stuck-projects '("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@@SHOP") "\\")) @end lisp Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this entry will still be searched for stuck projects. @node Presentation and sorting @section Presentation and sorting @cindex presentation, of agenda items @vindex org-agenda-prefix-format @vindex org-agenda-tags-column Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org mode visually prepares the items and sorts them. Each item occupies a single line. The line starts with a @emph{prefix} that contains the @emph{category} (@pxref{Categories}) of the item and other important information. You can customize in which column tags will be displayed through @code{org-agenda-tags-column}. You can also customize the prefix using the option @code{org-agenda-prefix-format}. This prefix is followed by a cleaned-up version of the outline headline associated with the item. @menu * Categories:: Not all tasks are equal * Time-of-day specifications:: How the agenda knows the time * Sorting agenda items:: The order of things * Filtering/limiting agenda items:: Dynamically narrow the agenda @end menu @node Categories @subsection Categories @cindex category @cindex #+CATEGORY The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item. By default, the category is simply derived from the file name, but you can also specify it with a special line in the buffer, like this: @example #+CATEGORY: Thesis @end example @noindent @cindex property, CATEGORY If you would like to have a special CATEGORY for a single entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry a @code{:CATEGORY:} property with the special category you want to apply as the value. @noindent The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not longer than 10 characters. @noindent You can set up icons for category by customizing the @code{org-agenda-category-icon-alist} variable. @node Time-of-day specifications @subsection Time-of-day specifications @cindex time-of-day specification Org mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification. The time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the agenda, for example as in @w{@samp{<2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>}}. Time ranges can be specified with two timestamps, like @c @w{@samp{<2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>}}. In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range) may also appear as plain text (like @samp{12:45} or a @samp{8:30-1pm}). If the agenda integrates the Emacs diary (@pxref{Weekly/daily agenda}), time specifications in diary entries are recognized as well. For agenda display, Org mode extracts the time and displays it in a standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix. The example times in the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this: @example 8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge @end example @cindex time grid If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like @example 8:00...... ------------------ 8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer 10:00...... ------------------ 12:00...... ------------------ 12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub 14:00...... ------------------ 16:00...... ------------------ 18:00...... ------------------ 19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem 20:00...... ------------------ 20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge @end example @vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid @vindex org-agenda-time-grid The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable @code{org-agenda-use-time-grid}, and can be configured with @code{org-agenda-time-grid}. @node Sorting agenda items @subsection Sorting agenda items @cindex sorting, of agenda items @cindex priorities, of agenda items Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted. How this is done depends on the type of view. @itemize @bullet @item @vindex org-agenda-files For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted. The default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit time-of-day specification. These entries will be shown at the beginning of the list, as a @emph{schedule} for the day. After that, items remain grouped in categories, in the sequence given by @code{org-agenda-files}. Within each category, items are sorted by priority (@pxref{Priorities}), which is composed of the base priority (2000 for priority @samp{A}, 1000 for @samp{B}, and 0 for @samp{C}), plus additional increments for overdue scheduled or deadline items. @item For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but within each category, sorting takes place according to priority (@pxref{Priorities}). The priority used for sorting derives from the priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to its due or scheduled date. @item For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in the sequence in which they are found in the agenda files. @end itemize @vindex org-agenda-sorting-strategy Sorting can be customized using the variable @code{org-agenda-sorting-strategy}, and may also include criteria based on the estimated effort of an entry (@pxref{Effort estimates}). @node Filtering/limiting agenda items @subsection Filtering/limiting agenda items Agenda built-in or customized commands are statically defined. Agenda filters and limits provide two ways of dynamically narrowing down the list of agenda entries: @emph{filters} and @emph{limits}. Filters only act on the display of the items, while limits take effect before the list of agenda entries is built. Filters are more often used interactively, while limits are mostly useful when defined as local variables within custom agenda commands. @subsubheading Filtering in the agenda @cindex filtering, by tag, category, top headline and effort, in agenda @cindex tag filtering, in agenda @cindex category filtering, in agenda @cindex top headline filtering, in agenda @cindex effort filtering, in agenda @cindex query editing, in agenda @table @kbd @orgcmd{/,org-agenda-filter-by-tag} @vindex org-agenda-tag-filter-preset Filter the agenda view with respect to a tag and/or effort estimates. The difference between this and a custom agenda command is that filtering is very fast, so that you can switch quickly between different filters without having to recreate the agenda.@footnote{Custom commands can preset a filter by binding the variable @code{org-agenda-tag-filter-preset} as an option. This filter will then be applied to the view and persist as a basic filter through refreshes and more secondary filtering. The filter is a global property of the entire agenda view---in a block agenda, you should only set this in the global options section, not in the section of an individual block.} You will be prompted for a tag selection letter; @key{SPC} will mean any tag at all. Pressing @key{TAB} at that prompt will offer use completion to select a tag (including any tags that do not have a selection character). The command then hides all entries that do not contain or inherit this tag. When called with prefix arg, remove the entries that @emph{do} have the tag. A second @kbd{/} at the prompt will turn off the filter and unhide any hidden entries. If the first key you press is either @kbd{+} or @kbd{-}, the previous filter will be narrowed by requiring or forbidding the selected additional tag. Instead of pressing @kbd{+} or @kbd{-} after @kbd{/}, you can also immediately use the @kbd{\} command. Org also supports automatic, context-aware tag filtering. If the variable @code{org-agenda-auto-exclude-function} is set to a user-defined function, that function can decide which tags should be excluded from the agenda automatically. Once this is set, the @kbd{/} command then accepts @kbd{RET} as a sub-option key and runs the auto exclusion logic. For example, let's say you use a @code{Net} tag to identify tasks which need network access, an @code{Errand} tag for errands in town, and a @code{Call} tag for making phone calls. You could auto-exclude these tags based on the availability of the Internet, and outside of business hours, with something like this: @smalllisp @group (defun org-my-auto-exclude-function (tag) (and (cond ((string= tag "Net") (/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil "-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org"))) ((or (string= tag "Errand") (string= tag "Call")) (let ((hour (nth 2 (decode-time)))) (or (< hour 8) (> hour 21))))) (concat "-" tag))) (setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function 'org-my-auto-exclude-function) @end group @end smalllisp @c @kindex [ @kindex ] @kindex @{ @kindex @} @item [ ] @{ @} @table @i @item @r{in} search view add new search words (@kbd{[} and @kbd{]}) or new regular expressions (@kbd{@{} and @kbd{@}}) to the query string. The opening bracket/brace will add a positive search term prefixed by @samp{+}, indicating that this search term @i{must} occur/match in the entry. The closing bracket/brace will add a negative search term which @i{must not} occur/match in the entry for it to be selected. @end table @orgcmd{<,org-agenda-filter-by-category} @vindex org-agenda-category-filter-preset Filter the current agenda view with respect to the category of the item at point. Pressing @code{<} another time will remove this filter. When called with a prefix argument exclude the category of the item at point from the agenda. You can add a filter preset through the option @code{org-agenda-category-filter-preset} (see below.) @orgcmd{^,org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline} Filter the current agenda view and only display the siblings and the parent headline of the one at point. @orgcmd{=,org-agenda-filter-by-regexp} @vindex org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset Filter the agenda view by a regular expression: only show agenda entries matching the regular expression the user entered. When called with a prefix argument, it will filter @emph{out} entries matching the regexp. With two universal prefix arguments, it will remove all the regexp filters, which can be accumulated. You can add a filter preset through the option @code{org-agenda-category-filter-preset} (see below.) @orgcmd{_,org-agenda-filter-by-effort} @vindex org-agenda-effort-filter-preset @vindex org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high Filter the agenda view with respect to effort estimates. You first need to set up allowed efforts globally, for example @lisp (setq org-global-properties '(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00"))) @end lisp You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator, one of @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, and @kbd{=}, and then the one-digit index of an effort estimate in your array of allowed values, where @kbd{0} means the 10th value. The filter will then restrict to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal, or larger-or-equal than the selected value. For application of the operator, entries without a defined effort will be treated according to the value of @code{org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high}. @orgcmd{|,org-agenda-filter-remove-all} Remove all filters in the current agenda view. @end table @subsubheading Setting limits for the agenda @cindex limits, in agenda @vindex org-agenda-max-entries @vindex org-agenda-max-effort @vindex org-agenda-max-todos @vindex org-agenda-max-tags Here is a list of options that you can set, either globally, or locally in your custom agenda views (@pxref{Custom agenda views}). @table @code @item org-agenda-max-entries Limit the number of entries. @item org-agenda-max-effort Limit the duration of accumulated efforts (as minutes). @item org-agenda-max-todos Limit the number of entries with TODO keywords. @item org-agenda-max-tags Limit the number of tagged entries. @end table When set to a positive integer, each option will exclude entries from other categories: for example, @code{(setq org-agenda-max-effort 100)} will limit the agenda to 100 minutes of effort and exclude any entry that has no effort property. If you want to include entries with no effort property, use a negative value for @code{org-agenda-max-effort}. One useful setup is to use @code{org-agenda-max-entries} locally in a custom command. For example, this custom command will display the next five entries with a @code{NEXT} TODO keyword. @smalllisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("n" todo "NEXT" ((org-agenda-max-entries 5))))) @end smalllisp Once you mark one of these five entry as @code{DONE}, rebuilding the agenda will again the next five entries again, including the first entry that was excluded so far. You can also dynamically set temporary limits, which will be lost when rebuilding the agenda: @table @kbd @orgcmd{~,org-agenda-limit-interactively} This prompts for the type of limit to apply and its value. @end table @node Agenda commands @section Commands in the agenda buffer @cindex commands, in agenda buffer Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary file where they originate. You are not allowed to edit the agenda buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the original entry location, and to edit the Org files ``remotely'' from the agenda buffer. In this way, all information is stored only once, removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge. Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines. For the other commands, the cursor needs to be in the desired line. @table @kbd @tsubheading{Motion} @cindex motion commands in agenda @orgcmd{n,org-agenda-next-line} Next line (same as @key{down} and @kbd{C-n}). @orgcmd{p,org-agenda-previous-line} Previous line (same as @key{up} and @kbd{C-p}). @orgcmd{N,org-agenda-next-item} Next item: same as next line, but only consider items. @orgcmd{P,org-agenda-previous-item} Previous item: same as previous line, but only consider items. @tsubheading{View/Go to Org file} @orgcmdkkc{@key{SPC},mouse-3,org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up} Display the original location of the item in another window. With prefix arg, make sure that the entire entry is made visible in the outline, not only the heading. @c @orgcmd{L,org-agenda-recenter} Display original location and recenter that window. @c @orgcmdkkc{@key{TAB},mouse-2,org-agenda-goto} Go to the original location of the item in another window. @c @orgcmd{@key{RET},org-agenda-switch-to} Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows. @c @orgcmd{F,org-agenda-follow-mode} @vindex org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode Toggle Follow mode. In Follow mode, as you move the cursor through the agenda buffer, the other window always shows the corresponding location in the Org file. The initial setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the variable @code{org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode}. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x b,org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer} Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect buffer. With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is negative, go up that many levels. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect buffer. @orgcmd{C-c C-o,org-agenda-open-link} Follow a link in the entry. This will offer a selection of any links in the text belonging to the referenced Org node. If there is only one link, it will be followed without a selection prompt. @tsubheading{Change display} @cindex display changing, in agenda @kindex A @item A Interactively select another agenda view and append it to the current view. @c @kindex o @item o Delete other windows. @c @orgcmdkskc{v d,d,org-agenda-day-view} @xorgcmdkskc{v w,w,org-agenda-week-view} @xorgcmd{v t,org-agenda-fortnight-view} @xorgcmd{v m,org-agenda-month-view} @xorgcmd{v y,org-agenda-year-view} @xorgcmd{v SPC,org-agenda-reset-view} @vindex org-agenda-span Switch to day/week/month/year view. When switching to day or week view, this setting becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes. Since month and year views are slow to create, they do not become the default. A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the year, ISO week, month, or year, respectively. For example, @kbd{32 d} jumps to February 1st, @kbd{9 w} to ISO week number 9. When setting day, week, or month view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as well. For example, @kbd{200712 w} will jump to week 12 in 2007. If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it will be mapped to the interval 1938--2037. @kbd{v @key{SPC}} will reset to what is set in @code{org-agenda-span}. @c @orgcmd{f,org-agenda-later} Go forward in time to display the following @code{org-agenda-current-span} days. For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the following week. With prefix arg, go forward that many times @code{org-agenda-current-span} days. @c @orgcmd{b,org-agenda-earlier} Go backward in time to display earlier dates. @c @orgcmd{.,org-agenda-goto-today} Go to today. @c @orgcmd{j,org-agenda-goto-date} Prompt for a date and go there. @c @orgcmd{J,org-agenda-clock-goto} Go to the currently clocked-in task @i{in the agenda buffer}. @c @orgcmd{D,org-agenda-toggle-diary} Toggle the inclusion of diary entries. See @ref{Weekly/daily agenda}. @c @orgcmdkskc{v l,l,org-agenda-log-mode} @kindex v L @vindex org-log-done @vindex org-agenda-log-mode-items Toggle Logbook mode. In Logbook mode, entries that were marked DONE while logging was on (variable @code{org-log-done}) are shown in the agenda, as are entries that have been clocked on that day. You can configure the entry types that should be included in log mode using the variable @code{org-agenda-log-mode-items}. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix, show all possible logbook entries, including state changes. When called with two prefix arguments @kbd{C-u C-u}, show only logging information, nothing else. @kbd{v L} is equivalent to @kbd{C-u v l}. @c @orgcmdkskc{v [,[,org-agenda-manipulate-query-add} Include inactive timestamps into the current view. Only for weekly/daily agenda and timeline views. @c @orgcmd{v a,org-agenda-archives-mode} @xorgcmd{v A,org-agenda-archives-mode 'files} @cindex Archives mode Toggle Archives mode. In Archives mode, trees that are marked @code{ARCHIVED} are also scanned when producing the agenda. When you use the capital @kbd{A}, even all archive files are included. To exit archives mode, press @kbd{v a} again. @c @orgcmdkskc{v R,R,org-agenda-clockreport-mode} @vindex org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode @vindex org-clock-report-include-clocking-task Toggle Clockreport mode. In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly agenda will always show a table with the clocked times for the time span and file scope covered by the current agenda view. The initial setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the variable @code{org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode}. By using a prefix argument when toggling this mode (i.e., @kbd{C-u R}), the clock table will not show contributions from entries that are hidden by agenda filtering@footnote{Only tags filtering will be respected here, effort filtering is ignored.}. See also the variable @code{org-clock-report-include-clocking-task}. @c @orgkey{v c} @vindex org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks Show overlapping clock entries, clocking gaps, and other clocking problems in the current agenda range. You can then visit clocking lines and fix them manually. See the variable @code{org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks} for information on how to customize the definition of what constituted a clocking problem. To return to normal agenda display, press @kbd{l} to exit Logbook mode. @c @orgcmdkskc{v E,E,org-agenda-entry-text-mode} @vindex org-agenda-start-with-entry-text-mode @vindex org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines Toggle entry text mode. In entry text mode, a number of lines from the Org outline node referenced by an agenda line will be displayed below the line. The maximum number of lines is given by the variable @code{org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines}. Calling this command with a numeric prefix argument will temporarily modify that number to the prefix value. @c @orgcmd{G,org-agenda-toggle-time-grid} @vindex org-agenda-use-time-grid @vindex org-agenda-time-grid Toggle the time grid on and off. See also the variables @code{org-agenda-use-time-grid} and @code{org-agenda-time-grid}. @c @orgcmd{r,org-agenda-redo} Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes after modification of the timestamps of items with @kbd{S-@key{left}} and @kbd{S-@key{right}}. When the buffer is the global TODO list, a prefix argument is interpreted to create a selective list for a specific TODO keyword. @orgcmd{g,org-agenda-redo} Same as @kbd{r}. @c @orgcmdkskc{C-x C-s,s,org-save-all-org-buffers} Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the locations of IDs. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-c,org-agenda-columns} @vindex org-columns-default-format Invoke column view (@pxref{Column view}) in the agenda buffer. The column view format is taken from the entry at point, or (if there is no entry at point), from the first entry in the agenda view. So whatever the format for that entry would be in the original buffer (taken from a property, from a @code{#+COLUMNS} line, or from the default variable @code{org-columns-default-format}), will be used in the agenda. @orgcmd{C-c C-x >,org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock} Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently restricted to a file or subtree (@pxref{Agenda files}). @tsubheading{Secondary filtering and query editing} For a detailed description of these commands, see @pxref{Filtering/limiting agenda items}. @orgcmd{/,org-agenda-filter-by-tag} @vindex org-agenda-tag-filter-preset Filter the agenda view with respect to a tag and/or effort estimates. @orgcmd{<,org-agenda-filter-by-category} @vindex org-agenda-category-filter-preset Filter the current agenda view with respect to the category of the item at point. Pressing @code{<} another time will remove this filter. @orgcmd{^,org-agenda-filter-by-top-headline} Filter the current agenda view and only display the siblings and the parent headline of the one at point. @orgcmd{=,org-agenda-filter-by-regexp} @vindex org-agenda-regexp-filter-preset Filter the agenda view by a regular expression: only show agenda entries matching the regular expression the user entered. When called with a prefix argument, it will filter @emph{out} entries matching the regexp. With two universal prefix arguments, it will remove all the regexp filters, which can be accumulated. You can add a filter preset through the option @code{org-agenda-category-filter-preset} (see below.) @orgcmd{|,org-agenda-filter-remove-all} Remove all filters in the current agenda view. @tsubheading{Remote editing} @cindex remote editing, from agenda @item 0--9 Digit argument. @c @cindex undoing remote-editing events @cindex remote editing, undo @orgcmd{C-_,org-agenda-undo} Undo a change due to a remote editing command. The change is undone both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer. @c @orgcmd{t,org-agenda-todo} Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the original org file. @c @orgcmd{C-S-@key{right},org-agenda-todo-nextset} @orgcmd{C-S-@key{left},org-agenda-todo-previousset} Switch to the next/previous set of TODO keywords. @c @orgcmd{C-k,org-agenda-kill} @vindex org-agenda-confirm-kill Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree belonging to it in the original Org file. If the text to be deleted remotely is longer than one line, the kill needs to be confirmed by the user. See variable @code{org-agenda-confirm-kill}. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-w,org-agenda-refile} Refile the entry at point. @c @orgcmdkskc{C-c C-x C-a,a,org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation} @vindex org-archive-default-command Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the default archiving command set in @code{org-archive-default-command}. When using the @code{a} key, confirmation will be required. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x a,org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag} Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-x A,org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling} Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its @emph{archive sibling}. @c @orgcmdkskc{C-c C-x C-s,$,org-agenda-archive} Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline. This means the entry will be moved to the configured archive location, most likely a different file. @c @orgcmd{T,org-agenda-show-tags} @vindex org-agenda-show-inherited-tags Show all tags associated with the current item. This is useful if you have turned off @code{org-agenda-show-inherited-tags}, but still want to see all tags of a headline occasionally. @c @orgcmd{:,org-agenda-set-tags} Set tags for the current headline. If there is an active region in the agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region. @c @kindex , @item , Set the priority for the current item (@command{org-agenda-priority}). Org mode prompts for the priority character. If you reply with @key{SPC}, the priority cookie is removed from the entry. @c @orgcmd{P,org-agenda-show-priority} Display weighted priority of current item. @c @orgcmdkkc{+,S-@key{up},org-agenda-priority-up} Increase the priority of the current item. The priority is changed in the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted. Use the @kbd{r} key for this. @c @orgcmdkkc{-,S-@key{down},org-agenda-priority-down} Decrease the priority of the current item. @c @orgcmdkkc{z,C-c C-z,org-agenda-add-note} @vindex org-log-into-drawer Add a note to the entry. This note will be recorded, and then filed to the same location where state change notes are put. Depending on @code{org-log-into-drawer}, this may be inside a drawer. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-a,org-attach} Dispatcher for all command related to attachments. @c @orgcmd{C-c C-s,org-agenda-schedule} Schedule this item. With prefix arg remove the scheduling timestamp @c @orgcmd{C-c C-d,org-agenda-deadline} Set a deadline for this item. With prefix arg remove the deadline. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{right},org-agenda-do-date-later} Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day into the future. If the date is in the past, the first call to this command will move it to today.@* With a numeric prefix argument, change it by that many days. For example, @kbd{3 6 5 S-@key{right}} will change it by a year. With a @kbd{C-u} prefix, change the time by one hour. If you immediately repeat the command, it will continue to change hours even without the prefix arg. With a double @kbd{C-u C-u} prefix, do the same for changing minutes.@* The stamp is changed in the original Org file, but the change is not directly reflected in the agenda buffer. Use @kbd{r} or @kbd{g} to update the buffer. @c @orgcmd{S-@key{left},org-agenda-do-date-earlier} Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day into the past. @c @orgcmd{>,org-agenda-date-prompt} Change the timestamp associated with the current line. The key @kbd{>} has been chosen, because it is the same as @kbd{S-.} on my keyboard. @c @orgcmd{I,org-agenda-clock-in} Start the clock on the current item. If a clock is running already, it is stopped first. @c @orgcmd{O,org-agenda-clock-out} Stop the previously started clock. @c @orgcmd{X,org-agenda-clock-cancel} Cancel the currently running clock. @c @orgcmd{J,org-agenda-clock-goto} Jump to the running clock in another window. @c @orgcmd{k,org-agenda-capture} Like @code{org-capture}, but use the date at point as the default date for the capture template. See @code{org-capture-use-agenda-date} to make this the default behavior of @code{org-capture}. @cindex capturing, from agenda @vindex org-capture-use-agenda-date @tsubheading{Dragging agenda lines forward/backward} @cindex dragging, agenda lines @orgcmd{M-,org-agenda-drag-line-backward} Drag the line at point backward one line@footnote{Moving agenda lines does not persist after an agenda refresh and does not modify the contributing @file{.org} files}. With a numeric prefix argument, drag backward by that many lines. @orgcmd{M-,org-agenda-drag-line-forward} Drag the line at point forward one line. With a numeric prefix argument, drag forward by that many lines. @tsubheading{Bulk remote editing selected entries} @cindex remote editing, bulk, from agenda @vindex org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions @orgcmd{m,org-agenda-bulk-mark} Mark the entry at point for bulk action. With numeric prefix argument, mark that many successive entries. @c @orgcmd{*,org-agenda-bulk-mark-all} Mark all visible agenda entries for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{u,org-agenda-bulk-unmark} Unmark entry at point for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{U,org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks} Unmark all marked entries for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{M-m,org-agenda-bulk-toggle} Toggle mark of the entry at point for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{M-*,org-agenda-bulk-toggle-all} Toggle marks of all visible entries for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{%,org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp} Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action. @c @orgcmd{B,org-agenda-bulk-action} Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda. This will prompt for another key to select the action to be applied. The prefix arg to @kbd{B} will be passed through to the @kbd{s} and @kbd{d} commands, to bulk-remove these special timestamps. By default, marks are removed after the bulk. If you want them to persist, set @code{org-agenda-persistent-marks} to @code{t} or hit @kbd{p} at the prompt. @table @kbd @item * Toggle persistent marks. @item $ Archive all selected entries. @item A Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive siblings. @item t Change TODO state. This prompts for a single TODO keyword and changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking and suppressing logging notes (but not timestamps). @item + Add a tag to all selected entries. @item - Remove a tag from all selected entries. @item s Schedule all items to a new date. To shift existing schedule dates by a fixed number of days, use something starting with double plus at the prompt, for example @samp{++8d} or @samp{++2w}. @item d Set deadline to a specific date. @item r Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries. The entries will no longer be in the agenda; refresh (@kbd{g}) to bring them back. @item S Reschedule randomly into the coming N days. N will be prompted for. With prefix arg (@kbd{C-u B S}), scatter only across weekdays. @item f Apply a function@footnote{You can also create persistent custom functions through @code{org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions}.} to marked entries. For example, the function below sets the CATEGORY property of the entries to web. @lisp @group (defun set-category () (interactive "P") (let* ((marker (or (org-get-at-bol 'org-hd-marker) (org-agenda-error))) (buffer (marker-buffer marker))) (with-current-buffer buffer (save-excursion (save-restriction (widen) (goto-char marker) (org-back-to-heading t) (org-set-property "CATEGORY" "web")))))) @end group @end lisp @end table @tsubheading{Calendar commands} @cindex calendar commands, from agenda @orgcmd{c,org-agenda-goto-calendar} Open the Emacs calendar and move to the date at the agenda cursor. @c @orgcmd{c,org-calendar-goto-agenda} When in the calendar, compute and show the Org mode agenda for the date at the cursor. @c @cindex diary entries, creating from agenda @orgcmd{i,org-agenda-diary-entry} @vindex org-agenda-diary-file Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at the cursor and (for block entries) the date at the mark. This will add to the Emacs diary file@footnote{This file is parsed for the agenda when @code{org-agenda-include-diary} is set.}, in a way similar to the @kbd{i} command in the calendar. The diary file will pop up in another window, where you can add the entry. If you configure @code{org-agenda-diary-file} to point to an Org mode file, Org will create entries (in Org mode syntax) in that file instead. Most entries will be stored in a date-based outline tree that will later make it easy to archive appointments from previous months/years. The tree will be built under an entry with a @code{DATE_TREE} property, or else with years as top-level entries. Emacs will prompt you for the entry text---if you specify it, the entry will be created in @code{org-agenda-diary-file} without further interaction. If you directly press @key{RET} at the prompt without typing text, the target file will be shown in another window for you to finish the entry there. See also the @kbd{k r} command. @c @orgcmd{M,org-agenda-phases-of-moon} Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current date. @c @orgcmd{S,org-agenda-sunrise-sunset} Show sunrise and sunset times. The geographical location must be set with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs calendar. @c @orgcmd{C,org-agenda-convert-date} Convert the date at cursor into many other cultural and historic calendars. @c @orgcmd{H,org-agenda-holidays} Show holidays for three months around the cursor date. @item M-x org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files RET Export a single iCalendar file containing entries from all agenda files. This is a globally available command, and also available in the agenda menu. @tsubheading{Exporting to a file} @orgcmd{C-x C-w,org-agenda-write} @cindex exporting agenda views @cindex agenda views, exporting @vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected file name, the view will be exported as HTML (@file{.html} or @file{.htm}), Postscript (@file{.ps}), PDF (@file{.pdf}), Org (@file{.org}) and plain text (any other extension). When exporting to Org, only the body of original headlines are exported, not subtrees or inherited tags. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, immediately open the newly created file. Use the variable @code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} to set options for @file{ps-print} and for @file{htmlize} to be used during export. @tsubheading{Quit and Exit} @orgcmd{q,org-agenda-quit} Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer. @c @cindex agenda files, removing buffers @orgcmd{x,org-agenda-exit} Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by Emacs for the compilation of the agenda. Buffers created by the user to visit Org files will not be removed. @end table @node Custom agenda views @section Custom agenda views @cindex custom agenda views @cindex agenda views, custom Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special composite agenda buffers. Custom agenda commands will be accessible through the dispatcher (@pxref{Agenda dispatcher}), just like the default commands. @menu * Storing searches:: Type once, use often * Block agenda:: All the stuff you need in a single buffer * Setting options:: Changing the rules @end menu @node Storing searches @subsection Storing searches The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the current buffer). @kindex C-c a C @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands @cindex agenda views, main example @cindex agenda, as an agenda views @cindex agenda*, as an agenda views @cindex tags, as an agenda view @cindex todo, as an agenda view @cindex tags-todo @cindex todo-tree @cindex occur-tree @cindex tags-tree Custom commands are configured in the variable @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}. You can customize this variable, for example by pressing @kbd{C-c a C}. You can also directly set it with Emacs Lisp in @file{.emacs}. The following example contains all valid agenda views: @lisp @group (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("x" agenda) ("y" agenda*) ("w" todo "WAITING") ("W" todo-tree "WAITING") ("u" tags "+boss-urgent") ("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent") ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent") ("f" occur-tree "\\") ("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ; description for "h" prefix ("hl" tags "+home+Lisa") ("hp" tags "+home+Peter") ("hk" tags "+home+Kim"))) @end group @end lisp @noindent The initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press after the dispatcher command @kbd{C-c a} in order to access the command. Usually this will be just a single character, but if you have many similar commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the first character is the same in several combinations and serves as a prefix key@footnote{You can provide a description for a prefix key by inserting a cons cell with the prefix and the description.}. The second parameter is the search type, followed by the string or regular expression to be used for the matching. The example above will therefore define: @table @kbd @item C-c a x as a global search for agenda entries planned@footnote{@emph{Planned} means here that these entries have some planning information attached to them, like a time-stamp, a scheduled or a deadline string. See @code{org-agenda-entry-types} on how to set what planning information will be taken into account.} this week/day. @item C-c a y as a global search for agenda entries planned this week/day, but only those with an hour specification like @code{[h]h:mm}---think of them as appointments. @item C-c a w as a global search for TODO entries with @samp{WAITING} as the TODO keyword @item C-c a W as the same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying the results as a sparse tree @item C-c a u as a global tags search for headlines marked @samp{:boss:} but not @samp{:urgent:} @item C-c a v as the same search as @kbd{C-c a u}, but limiting the search to headlines that are also TODO items @item C-c a U as the same search as @kbd{C-c a u}, but only in the current buffer and displaying the result as a sparse tree @item C-c a f to create a sparse tree (again: current buffer only) with all entries containing the word @samp{FIXME} @item C-c a h as a prefix command for a HOME tags search where you have to press an additional key (@kbd{l}, @kbd{p} or @kbd{k}) to select a name (Lisa, Peter, or Kim) as additional tag to match. @end table Note that the @code{*-tree} agenda views need to be called from an Org buffer as they operate on the current buffer only. @node Block agenda @subsection Block agenda @cindex block agenda @cindex agenda, with block views Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise the results of @emph{several} commands, each of which creates a block in the agenda buffer. The available commands include @code{agenda} for the daily or weekly agenda (as created with @kbd{C-c a a}), @code{alltodo} for the global TODO list (as constructed with @kbd{C-c a t}), and the matching commands discussed above: @code{todo}, @code{tags}, and @code{tags-todo}. Here are two examples: @lisp @group (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks" ((agenda "") (tags-todo "home") (tags "garden"))) ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks" ((agenda "") (tags-todo "work") (tags "office"))))) @end group @end lisp @noindent This will define @kbd{C-c a h} to create a multi-block view for stuff you need to attend to at home. The resulting agenda buffer will contain your agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag @samp{home}, and also all lines tagged with @samp{garden}. Finally the command @kbd{C-c a o} provides a similar view for office tasks. @node Setting options @subsection Setting options for custom commands @cindex options, for custom agenda views @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands Org mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction and display. The global variables define the behavior for all agenda commands, including the custom commands. However, if you want to change some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so. Setting options requires inserting a list of variable names and values at the right spot in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}. For example: @lisp @group (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("w" todo "WAITING" ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down)) (org-agenda-prefix-format " Mixed: "))) ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent" ((org-show-context-detail 'minimal))) ("N" search "" ((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org")) (org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil))))) @end group @end lisp @noindent Now the @kbd{C-c a w} command will sort the collected entries only by priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say @samp{ Mixed: } instead of giving the category of the entry. The sparse tags tree of @kbd{C-c a U} will now turn out ultra-compact, because neither the headline hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match will be shown. The command @kbd{C-c a N} will do a text search limited to only a single file. @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands For command sets creating a block agenda, @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} has two separate spots for setting options. You can add options that should be valid for just a single command in the set, and options that should be valid for all commands in the set. The former are just added to the command entry; the latter must come after the list of command entries. Going back to the block agenda example (@pxref{Block agenda}), let's change the sorting strategy for the @kbd{C-c a h} commands to @code{priority-down}, but let's sort the results for GARDEN tags query in the opposite order, @code{priority-up}. This would look like this: @lisp @group (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks" ((agenda) (tags-todo "home") (tags "garden" ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up))))) ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down)))) ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks" ((agenda) (tags-todo "work") (tags "office"))))) @end group @end lisp As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex. When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable---it fully supports its structure. Just one caveat: when setting options in this interface, the @emph{values} are just Lisp expressions. So if the value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value yourself. @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts To control whether an agenda command should be accessible from a specific context, you can customize @code{org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts}. Let's say for example that you have an agenda command @code{"o"} displaying a view that you only need when reading emails. Then you would configure this option like this: @lisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts '(("o" (in-mode . "message-mode")))) @end lisp You can also tell that the command key @code{"o"} should refer to another command key @code{"r"}. In that case, add this command key like this: @lisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts '(("o" "r" (in-mode . "message-mode")))) @end lisp See the docstring of the variable for more information. @node Exporting agenda views @section Exporting agenda views @cindex agenda views, exporting If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have a printed version of some agenda views to carry around. Org mode can export custom agenda views as plain text, HTML@footnote{You need to install Hrvoje Niksic's @file{htmlize.el}.}, Postscript, PDF@footnote{To create PDF output, the ghostscript @file{ps2pdf} utility must be installed on the system. Selecting a PDF file will also create the postscript file.}, and iCalendar files. If you want to do this only occasionally, use the command @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-x C-w,org-agenda-write} @cindex exporting agenda views @cindex agenda views, exporting @vindex org-agenda-exporter-settings Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected file name, the view will be exported as HTML (extension @file{.html} or @file{.htm}), Postscript (extension @file{.ps}), iCalendar (extension @file{.ics}), or plain text (any other extension). Use the variable @code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} to set options for @file{ps-print} and for @file{htmlize} to be used during export, for example @vindex org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines @vindex htmlize-output-type @vindex ps-number-of-columns @vindex ps-landscape-mode @lisp (setq org-agenda-exporter-settings '((ps-number-of-columns 2) (ps-landscape-mode t) (org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5) (htmlize-output-type 'css))) @end lisp @end table If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can associate any custom agenda command with a list of output file names @footnote{If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda or the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands for them in order to be able to specify file names.}. Here is an example that first defines custom commands for the agenda and the global TODO list, together with a number of files to which to export them. Then we define two block agenda commands and specify file names for them as well. File names can be relative to the current working directory, or absolute. @lisp @group (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps")) ("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps")) ("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks" ((agenda "") (tags-todo "home") (tags "garden")) nil ("~/views/home.html")) ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks" ((agenda) (tags-todo "work") (tags "office")) nil ("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics")))) @end group @end lisp The extension of the file name determines the type of export. If it is @file{.html}, Org mode will use the @file{htmlize.el} package to convert the buffer to HTML and save it to this file name. If the extension is @file{.ps}, @code{ps-print-buffer-with-faces} is used to produce Postscript output. If the extension is @file{.ics}, iCalendar export is run export over all files that were used to construct the agenda, and limit the export to entries listed in the agenda. Any other extension produces a plain ASCII file. The export files are @emph{not} created when you use one of those commands interactively because this might use too much overhead. Instead, there is a special command to produce @emph{all} specified files in one step: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c a e,org-store-agenda-views} Export all agenda views that have export file names associated with them. @end table You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also set options for the export commands. For example: @lisp (setq org-agenda-custom-commands '(("X" agenda "" ((ps-number-of-columns 2) (ps-landscape-mode t) (org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ") (org-agenda-with-colors nil) (org-agenda-remove-tags t)) ("theagenda.ps")))) @end lisp @noindent This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it print in two columns in landscape format---the resulting page can be cut in two and then used in a paper agenda. The remaining settings modify the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information, and instead include a checkbox to check off items. We also remove the tags to make the lines compact, and we don't want to use colors for the black-and-white printer. Settings specified in @code{org-agenda-exporter-settings} will also apply, but the settings in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands} take precedence. @noindent From the command line you may also use @example emacs -eval (org-batch-store-agenda-views) -kill @end example @noindent or, if you need to modify some parameters@footnote{Quoting depends on the system you use, please check the FAQ for examples.} @example emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views \ org-agenda-span (quote month) \ org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01" \ org-agenda-include-diary nil \ org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))' \ -kill @end example @noindent which will create the agenda views restricted to the file @file{~/org/project.org}, without diary entries and with a 30-day extent. You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further processing by other programs. See @ref{Extracting agenda information}, for more information. @node Agenda column view @section Using column view in the agenda @cindex column view, in agenda @cindex agenda, column view Column view (@pxref{Column view}) is normally used to view and edit properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file. It can be quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where entries are collected by certain criteria. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-c,org-agenda-columns} Turn on column view in the agenda. @end table To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize that the entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline environment. This causes the following issues: @enumerate @item @vindex org-columns-default-format @vindex org-overriding-columns-format Org needs to make a decision which @code{COLUMNS} format to use. Since the entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and different files may have different @code{COLUMNS} formats, this is a non-trivial problem. Org first checks if the variable @code{org-agenda-overriding-columns-format} is currently set, and if so, takes the format from there. Otherwise it takes the format associated with the first item in the agenda, or, if that item does not have a specific format (defined in a property, or in its file), it uses @code{org-columns-default-format}. @item @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM If any of the columns has a summary type defined (@pxref{Column attributes}), turning on column view in the agenda will visit all relevant agenda files and make sure that the computations of this property are up to date. This is also true for the special @code{CLOCKSUM} property. Org will then sum the values displayed in the agenda. In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums will cover a single day; in all other views they cover the entire block. It is vital to realize that the agenda may show the same entry @emph{twice} (for example as scheduled and as a deadline), and it may show two entries from the same hierarchy (for example a @emph{parent} and its @emph{child}). In these cases, the summation in the agenda will lead to incorrect results because some values will count double. @item When the column view in the agenda shows the @code{CLOCKSUM}, that is always the entire clocked time for this item. So even in the daily/weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view may originate from times outside the current view. This has the advantage that you can compare these values with a column listing the planned total effort for a task---one of the major applications for column view in the agenda. If you want information about clocked time in the displayed period use clock table mode (press @kbd{R} in the agenda). @item @cindex property, special, CLOCKSUM_T When the column view in the agenda shows the @code{CLOCKSUM_T}, that is always today's clocked time for this item. So even in the weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view only originates from today. This lets you compare the time you spent on a task for today, with the time already spent (via @code{CLOCKSUM}) and with the planned total effort for it. @end enumerate @node Markup @chapter Markup for rich export When exporting Org mode documents, the exporter tries to reflect the structure of the document as accurately as possible in the back-end. Since export targets like HTML and @LaTeX{} allow much richer formatting, Org mode has rules on how to prepare text for rich export. This section summarizes the markup rules used in an Org mode buffer. @menu * Structural markup elements:: The basic structure as seen by the exporter * Images and tables:: Images, tables and caption mechanism * Literal examples:: Source code examples with special formatting * Include files:: Include additional files into a document * Index entries:: Making an index * Macro replacement:: Use macros to create templates * Embedded @LaTeX{}:: LaTeX can be freely used inside Org documents * Special blocks:: Containers targeted at export back-ends @end menu @node Structural markup elements @section Structural markup elements @menu * Document title:: Where the title is taken from * Headings and sections:: The document structure as seen by the exporter * Table of contents:: The if and where of the table of contents * Lists:: Lists * Paragraphs:: Paragraphs * Footnote markup:: Footnotes * Emphasis and monospace:: Bold, italic, etc. * Horizontal rules:: Make a line * Comment lines:: What will *not* be exported @end menu @node Document title @subheading Document title @cindex document title, markup rules @noindent The title of the exported document is taken from the special line @cindex #+TITLE @example #+TITLE: This is the title of the document @end example @cindex property, EXPORT_TITLE If you are exporting only a subtree, its heading will become the title of the document. If the subtree has a property @code{EXPORT_TITLE}, that will take precedence. @node Headings and sections @subheading Headings and sections @cindex headings and sections, markup rules @vindex org-export-headline-levels The outline structure of the document as described in @ref{Document structure}, forms the basis for defining sections of the exported document. However, since the outline structure is also used for (for example) lists of tasks, only the first three outline levels will be used as headings. Deeper levels will become itemized lists. You can change the location of this switch globally by setting the variable @code{org-export-headline-levels}, or on a per-file basis with a line @cindex #+OPTIONS @example #+OPTIONS: H:4 @end example @node Table of contents @subheading Table of contents @cindex table of contents, markup rules @cindex #+TOC @vindex org-export-with-toc The table of contents is normally inserted directly before the first headline of the file. The depth of the table is by default the same as the number of headline levels, but you can choose a smaller number, or turn off the table of contents entirely, by configuring the variable @code{org-export-with-toc}, or on a per-file basis with a line like @example #+OPTIONS: toc:2 @r{only inlcude two levels in TOC} #+OPTIONS: toc:nil @r{no default TOC at all} @end example If you would like to move the table of contents to a different location, you should turn off the default table using @code{org-export-with-toc} or @code{#+OPTIONS} and insert @code{#+TOC: headlines N} at the desired location(s). @example #+OPTIONS: toc:nil @r{no default TOC} ... #+TOC: headlines 2 @r{insert TOC here, with two headline levels} @end example Moreover, if you append @samp{local} parameter, the table contains only entries for the children of the current section@footnote{For @LaTeX{} export, this feature requires the @code{titletoc} package. Note that @code{titletoc} must be loaded @emph{before} @code{hyperref}. Thus, you may have to customize @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist}.}. In this case, any depth parameter becomes relative to the current level. @example * Section #+TOC: headlines 1 local @r{insert local TOC, with direct children only} @end example The same @code{TOC} keyword can also generate a list of all tables (resp.@: all listings) with a caption in the document. @example #+TOC: listings @r{build a list of listings} #+TOC: tables @r{build a list of tables} @end example @cindex property, ALT_TITLE The headline's title usually determines its corresponding entry in a table of contents. However, it is possible to specify an alternative title by setting @code{ALT_TITLE} property accordingly. It will then be used when building the table. @node Lists @subheading Lists @cindex lists, markup rules Plain lists as described in @ref{Plain lists}, are translated to the back-end's syntax for such lists. Most back-ends support unordered, ordered, and description lists. @node Paragraphs @subheading Paragraphs, line breaks, and quoting @cindex paragraphs, markup rules Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line. If you need to enforce a line break within a paragraph, use @samp{\\} at the end of a line. To keep the line breaks in a region, but otherwise use normal formatting, you can use this construct, which can also be used to format poetry. @cindex #+BEGIN_VERSE @example #+BEGIN_VERSE Great clouds overhead Tiny black birds rise and fall Snow covers Emacs -- AlexSchroeder #+END_VERSE @end example When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to format this as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the right margin. You can include quotations in Org mode documents like this: @cindex #+BEGIN_QUOTE @example #+BEGIN_QUOTE Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler -- Albert Einstein #+END_QUOTE @end example If you would like to center some text, do it like this: @cindex #+BEGIN_CENTER @example #+BEGIN_CENTER Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\ but not any simpler #+END_CENTER @end example @node Footnote markup @subheading Footnote markup @cindex footnotes, markup rules @cindex @file{footnote.el} Footnotes defined in the way described in @ref{Footnotes}, will be exported by all back-ends. Org allows multiple references to the same note, and multiple footnotes side by side. @node Emphasis and monospace @subheading Emphasis and monospace @cindex underlined text, markup rules @cindex bold text, markup rules @cindex italic text, markup rules @cindex verbatim text, markup rules @cindex code text, markup rules @cindex strike-through text, markup rules @vindex org-fontify-emphasized-text @vindex org-emphasis-regexp-components @vindex org-emphasis-alist You can make words @b{*bold*}, @i{/italic/}, _underlined_, @code{=verbatim=} and @code{~code~}, and, if you must, @samp{+strike-through+}. Text in the code and verbatim string is not processed for Org mode specific syntax, it is exported verbatim. To turn off fontification for marked up text, you can set @code{org-fontify-emphasized-text} to @code{nil}. To narrow down the list of available markup syntax, you can customize @code{org-emphasis-alist}. To fine tune what characters are allowed before and after the markup characters, you can tweak @code{org-emphasis-regexp-components}. Beware that changing one of the above variables will no take effect until you reload Org, for which you may need to restart Emacs. @node Horizontal rules @subheading Horizontal rules @cindex horizontal rules, markup rules A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, will be exported as a horizontal line. @node Comment lines @subheading Comment lines @cindex comment lines @cindex exporting, not @cindex #+BEGIN_COMMENT Lines starting with zero or more whitespace characters followed by one @samp{#} and a whitespace are treated as comments and, as such, are not exported. Likewise, regions surrounded by @samp{#+BEGIN_COMMENT} ... @samp{#+END_COMMENT} are not exported. Finally, a @samp{COMMENT} keyword at the beginning of an entry, but after any other keyword or priority cookie, comments out the entire subtree. In this case, the subtree is not exported and no code block within it is executed either@footnote{For a less drastic behavior, consider using a select tag (@pxref{Export settings}) instead.}. The command below helps changing the comment status of a headline. @table @kbd @kindex C-c ; @item C-c ; Toggle the @samp{COMMENT} keyword at the beginning of an entry. @end table @node Images and tables @section Images and Tables @cindex tables, markup rules @cindex #+CAPTION @cindex #+NAME Both the native Org mode tables (@pxref{Tables}) and tables formatted with the @file{table.el} package will be exported properly. For Org mode tables, the lines before the first horizontal separator line will become table header lines. You can use the following lines somewhere before the table to assign a caption and a label for cross references, and in the text you can refer to the object with @code{[[tab:basic-data]]} (@pxref{Internal links}): @example #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link) #+NAME: tab:basic-data | ... | ...| |-----|----| @end example Optionally, the caption can take the form: @example #+CAPTION[Caption for list of tables]: Caption for table. @end example @cindex inlined images, markup rules Some back-ends allow you to directly include images into the exported document. Org does this, if a link to an image files does not have a description part, for example @code{[[./img/a.jpg]]}. If you wish to define a caption for the image and maybe a label for internal cross references, make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede it with @code{#+CAPTION} and @code{#+NAME} as follows: @example #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table) #+NAME: fig:SED-HR4049 [[./img/a.jpg]] @end example @noindent Such images can be displayed within the buffer. @xref{Handling links,the discussion of image links}. Even though images and tables are prominent examples of captioned structures, the same caption mechanism can apply to many others (e.g., @LaTeX{} equations, source code blocks). Depending on the export back-end, those may or may not be handled. @node Literal examples @section Literal examples @cindex literal examples, markup rules @cindex code line references, markup rules You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to markup. Such examples will be typeset in monospace, so this is well suited for source code and similar examples. @cindex #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE @example #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE Some example from a text file. #+END_EXAMPLE @end example Note that such blocks may be @i{indented} in order to align nicely with indented text and in particular with plain list structure (@pxref{Plain lists}). For simplicity when using small examples, you can also start the example lines with a colon followed by a space. There may also be additional whitespace before the colon: @example Here is an example : Some example from a text file. @end example @cindex formatting source code, markup rules @vindex org-latex-listings If the example is source code from a programming language, or any other text that can be marked up by font-lock in Emacs, you can ask for the example to look like the fontified Emacs buffer@footnote{This works automatically for the HTML back-end (it requires version 1.34 of the @file{htmlize.el} package, which is distributed with Org). Fontified code chunks in @LaTeX{} can be achieved using either the @url{https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/listings/?lang=en, listings,} or the @url{https://github.com/gpoore/minted, minted,} package. If you use minted or listing, you must load the packages manually, for example by adding the desired package to @code{org-latex-packages-alist}. Refer to @code{org-latex-listings} for details.}. This is done with the @samp{src} block, where you also need to specify the name of the major mode that should be used to fontify the example@footnote{Code in @samp{src} blocks may also be evaluated either interactively or on export. See @pxref{Working with source code} for more information on evaluating code blocks.}, see @ref{Easy templates} for shortcuts to easily insert code blocks. @cindex #+BEGIN_SRC @example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp (defun org-xor (a b) "Exclusive or." (if a (not b) b)) #+END_SRC @end example Both in @code{example} and in @code{src} snippets, you can add a @code{-n} switch to the end of the @code{BEGIN} line, to get the lines of the example numbered. The @code{-n} takes an optional numeric argument specifying the starting line number of the block. If you use a @code{+n} switch, the numbering from the previous numbered snippet will be continued in the current one. The @code{+n} can also take a numeric argument. The value of the argument will be added to the last line of the previous block to determine the starting line number. @example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n 20 ;; this will export with line number 20 (message "This is line 21") #+END_SRC #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp +n 10 ;; This will be listed as line 31 (message "This is line 32") #+END_SRC @end example In literal examples, Org will interpret strings like @samp{(ref:name)} as labels, and use them as targets for special hyperlinks like @code{[[(name)]]} (i.e., the reference name enclosed in single parenthesis). In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a link will remote-highlight the corresponding code line, which is kind of cool. You can also add a @code{-r} switch which @i{removes} the labels from the source code@footnote{Adding @code{-k} to @code{-n -r} will @i{keep} the labels in the source code while using line numbers for the links, which might be useful to explain those in an Org mode example code.}. With the @code{-n} switch, links to these references will be labeled by the line numbers from the code listing, otherwise links will use the labels with no parentheses. Here is an example: @example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r (save-excursion (ref:sc) (goto-char (point-min))) (ref:jump) #+END_SRC In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position. [[(jump)][Line (jump)]] jumps to point-min. @end example @cindex indentation, in source blocks Finally, you can use @code{-i} to preserve the indentation of a specific code block (@pxref{Editing source code}). @vindex org-coderef-label-format If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax, use a @code{-l} switch to change the format, for example @samp{#+BEGIN_SRC pascal -n -r -l "((%s))"}. See also the variable @code{org-coderef-label-format}. HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas (@pxref{Text areas in HTML export}). Because the @code{#+BEGIN_...} and @code{#+END_...} patterns need to be added so often, shortcuts are provided using the Easy templates facility (@pxref{Easy templates}). @table @kbd @kindex C-c ' @item C-c ' Edit the source code example at point in its native mode. This works by switching to a temporary buffer with the source code. You need to exit by pressing @kbd{C-c '} again@footnote{Upon exit, lines starting with @samp{*}, @samp{,*}, @samp{#+} and @samp{,#+} will get a comma prepended, to keep them from being interpreted by Org as outline nodes or special syntax. These commas will be stripped for editing with @kbd{C-c '}, and also for export.}. The edited version will then replace the old version in the Org buffer. Fixed-width regions (where each line starts with a colon followed by a space) will be edited using @code{artist-mode}@footnote{You may select a different-mode with the variable @code{org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode}.} to allow creating ASCII drawings easily. Using this command in an empty line will create a new fixed-width region. @kindex C-c l @item C-c l Calling @code{org-store-link} while editing a source code example in a temporary buffer created with @kbd{C-c '} will prompt for a label. Make sure that it is unique in the current buffer, and insert it with the proper formatting like @samp{(ref:label)} at the end of the current line. Then the label is stored as a link @samp{(label)}, for retrieval with @kbd{C-c C-l}. @end table @node Include files @section Include files @cindex include files, markup rules During export, you can include the content of another file. For example, to include your @file{.emacs} file, you could use: @cindex #+INCLUDE @example #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp @end example @noindent The first parameter names the the file to include. The optional second and third parameter specify the markup (i.e., @samp{example}, @samp{export} or @samp{src}), and, if the markup is either @samp{export} or @samp{src}, the language for formatting the contents. If markup is requested, the included content will be placed within an appropriate block@footnote{While you can request paragraphs (@samp{verse}, @samp{quote}, @samp{center}), but this places severe restrictions on the type of content that is permissible}. No changes to the included content are made and it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the result is valid Org syntax. For markup @samp{example} and @samp{src}, which is requesting a literal example, the content will be code-escaped before inclusion. If no markup is requested, the text will be assumed to be in Org mode format and will be processed normally. However, footnote labels (@pxref{Footnotes}) in the file will be made local to that file. Contents of the included file will belong to the same structure (headline, item) containing the @code{INCLUDE} keyword. In particular, headlines within the file will become children of the current section. That behavior can be changed by providing an additional keyword parameter, @code{:minlevel}. In that case, all headlines in the included file will be shifted so the one with the lowest level reaches that specified level. For example, to make a file become a sibling of the current top-level headline, use @example #+INCLUDE: "~/my-book/chapter2.org" :minlevel 1 @end example You can also include a portion of a file by specifying a lines range using the @code{:lines} keyword parameter. The line at the upper end of the range will not be included. The start and/or the end of the range may be omitted to use the obvious defaults. @example #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "5-10" @r{Include lines 5 to 10, 10 excluded} #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "-10" @r{Include lines 1 to 10, 10 excluded} #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "10-" @r{Include lines from 10 to EOF} @end example Finally, you may use a file-link to extract an object as matched by @code{org-link-search}@footnote{Note that @code{org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline} is locally bound to non-@code{nil}. Therefore, @code{org-link-search} only matches headlines and named elements.} (@pxref{Search options}). If the @code{:only-contents} property is non-@code{nil}, only the contents of the requested element will be included, omitting properties drawer and planning-line if present. The @code{:lines} keyword operates locally with respect to the requested element. Some examples: @example #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::#theory" :only-contents t @r{Include the body of the heading with the custom id @samp{theory}} #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::mytable" @r{Include named element.} #+INCLUDE: "./paper.org::*conclusion" :lines 1-20 @r{Include the first 20 lines of the headline named @samp{conclusion}.} @end example @table @kbd @kindex C-c ' @item C-c ' Visit the include file at point. @end table @node Index entries @section Index entries @cindex index entries, for publishing You can specify entries that will be used for generating an index during publishing. This is done by lines starting with @code{#+INDEX}. An entry the contains an exclamation mark will create a sub item. See @ref{Generating an index} for more information. @example * Curriculum Vitae #+INDEX: CV #+INDEX: Application!CV @end example @node Macro replacement @section Macro replacement @cindex macro replacement, during export @cindex #+MACRO You can define text snippets with @example #+MACRO: name replacement text $1, $2 are arguments @end example @noindent which can be referenced @code{@{@{@{name(arg1, arg2)@}@}@}}@footnote{Since commas separate arguments, commas within arguments have to be escaped with a backslash character. Conversely, backslash characters before a comma, and only them, need to be escaped with another backslash character.}. These references, called macros, can be inserted anywhere Org markup is recognized: paragraphs, headlines, verse blocks, tables cells and lists. They can also be used in keywords accepting Org syntax, e.g., @code{#+CAPTION}, @code{#+TITLE}, @code{#+AUTHOR}, @code{#+DATE} and some others, export back-end specific, ones. In addition to user-defined macros, a set of predefined macros can be used: @table @code @item @{@{@{title@}@}@} @itemx @{@{@{author@}@}@} @itemx @{@{@{email@}@}@} @cindex title, macro @cindex author, macro @cindex email, macro These macros are replaced with the information available at the time of export. @item @{@{@{date@}@}@} @itemx @{@{@{date(@var{FORMAT})@}@}@} @cindex date, macro This macro refers to the @code{#+DATE} keyword. @var{FORMAT} is an optional argument to the @code{@{@{@{date@}@}@}} macro that will be used only if @code{#+DATE} is a single timestamp. @var{FORMAT} should be a format string understood by @code{format-time-string}. @item @{@{@{time(@var{FORMAT})@}@}@} @itemx @{@{@{modification-time(@var{FORMAT}, @var{VC})@}@}@} @cindex time, macro @cindex modification time, macro These macros refer to the date and time when the document is exported and to the modification date and time, respectively. @var{FORMAT} should be a format string understood by @code{format-time-string}. If the second argument to the @code{modification-time} macro is non-@code{nil}, Org retrieves the information from the version control system, using @file{vc.el}, instead of the file attributes. @item @{@{@{input-file@}@}@} @cindex input file, macro This macro refers to the filename of the exported file, if any. @item @{@{@{property(@var{PROPERTY-NAME})@}@}@} @itemx @{@{@{property(@var{PROPERTY-NAME},@var{SEARCH-OPTION})@}@}@} @cindex property, macro This macro returns the value of property @var{PROPERTY-NAME} in current entry. If @var{SEARCH-OPTION} (@pxref{Search options}) refers to a remote entry, it will be used instead. @end table The surrounding brackets can be made invisible by setting @code{org-hide-macro-markers} non-@code{nil}. Macro expansion takes place during the very beginning of the export process. @node Embedded @LaTeX{} @section Embedded @LaTeX{} @cindex @TeX{} interpretation @cindex @LaTeX{} interpretation Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking. Exceptions include scientific notes, which often require mathematical symbols and the occasional formula. @LaTeX{}@footnote{@LaTeX{} is a macro system based on Donald E. Knuth's @TeX{} system. Many of the features described here as ``@LaTeX{}'' are really from @TeX{}, but for simplicity I am blurring this distinction.} is widely used to typeset scientific documents. Org mode supports embedding @LaTeX{} code into its files, because many academics are used to writing and reading @LaTeX{} source code, and because it can be readily processed to produce pretty output for a number of export back-ends. @menu * Special symbols:: Greek letters and other symbols * Subscripts and superscripts:: Simple syntax for raising/lowering text * @LaTeX{} fragments:: Complex formulas made easy * Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments:: What will this snippet look like? * CDLaTeX mode:: Speed up entering of formulas @end menu @node Special symbols @subsection Special symbols @cindex math symbols @cindex special symbols @cindex @TeX{} macros @cindex @LaTeX{} fragments, markup rules @cindex HTML entities @cindex @LaTeX{} entities You can use @LaTeX{}-like syntax to insert special symbols like @samp{\alpha} to indicate the Greek letter, or @samp{\to} to indicate an arrow. Completion for these symbols is available, just type @samp{\} and maybe a few letters, and press @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} to see possible completions. Unlike @LaTeX{} code, Org mode allows these symbols to be present without surrounding math delimiters, for example: @example Angles are written as Greek letters \alpha, \beta and \gamma. @end example @vindex org-entities During export, these symbols will be transformed into the native format of the exporter back-end. Strings like @code{\alpha} will be exported as @code{α} in the HTML output, and as @code{\(\alpha\)} in the @LaTeX{} output. Similarly, @code{\nbsp} will become @code{ } in HTML and @code{~} in @LaTeX{}. If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it like this: @samp{\Aacute@{@}stor}. A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both HTML and @LaTeX{}; see the variable @code{org-entities} for the complete list. @samp{\-} is treated as a shy hyphen, and @samp{--}, @samp{---}, and @samp{...} are all converted into special commands creating hyphens of different lengths or a compact set of dots. If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF-8 characters, use the following command@footnote{You can turn this on by default by setting the variable @code{org-pretty-entities}, or on a per-file base with the @code{#+STARTUP} option @code{entitiespretty}.}: @table @kbd @cindex @code{entitiespretty}, STARTUP keyword @kindex C-c C-x \ @item C-c C-x \ Toggle display of entities as UTF-8 characters. This does not change the buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it overlays the UTF-8 character for display purposes only. @end table @node Subscripts and superscripts @subsection Subscripts and superscripts @cindex subscript @cindex superscript Just like in @LaTeX{}, @samp{^} and @samp{_} are used to indicate super- and subscripts. Again, these can be used without embedding them in math-mode delimiters. To increase the readability of ASCII text, it is not necessary (but OK) to surround multi-character sub- and superscripts with curly braces. For example @example The mass of the sun is M_sun = 1.989 x 10^30 kg. The radius of the sun is R_@{sun@} = 6.96 x 10^8 m. @end example @vindex org-use-sub-superscripts If you write a text where the underscore is often used in a different context, Org's convention to always interpret these as subscripts can get in your way. Configure the variable @code{org-use-sub-superscripts} to change this convention. For example, when setting this variable to @code{@{@}}, @samp{a_b} will not be interpreted as a subscript, but @samp{a_@{b@}} will. @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-x \ @item C-c C-x \ In addition to showing entities as UTF-8 characters, this command will also format sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way. @end table @node @LaTeX{} fragments @subsection @LaTeX{} fragments @cindex @LaTeX{} fragments @vindex org-format-latex-header Going beyond symbols and sub- and superscripts, a full formula language is needed. Org mode can contain @LaTeX{} math fragments, and it supports ways to process these for several export back-ends. When exporting to @LaTeX{}, the code is left as it is. When exporting to HTML, Org can use either @uref{http://www.mathjax.org, MathJax} (@pxref{Math formatting in HTML export}) or transcode the math into images (see @pxref{Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments}). @LaTeX{} fragments don't need any special marking at all. The following snippets will be identified as @LaTeX{} source code: @itemize @bullet @item Environments of any kind@footnote{When MathJax is used, only the environments recognized by MathJax will be processed. When @file{dvipng} program, @file{dvisvgm} program or @file{imagemagick} suite is used to create images, any @LaTeX{} environment will be handled.}. The only requirement is that the @code{\begin} statement appears on a new line, at the beginning of the line or after whitespaces only. @item Text within the usual @LaTeX{} math delimiters. To avoid conflicts with currency specifications, single @samp{$} characters are only recognized as math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most two line breaks, is directly attached to the @samp{$} characters with no whitespace in between, and if the closing @samp{$} is followed by whitespace or punctuation (parentheses and quotes are considered to be punctuation in this context). For the other delimiters, there is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use @samp{\(...\)} as inline math delimiters. @end itemize @noindent For example: @example \begin@{equation@} x=\sqrt@{b@} \end@{equation@} If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be either $$ a=+\sqrt@{2@} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt@{2@} \]. @end example @c FIXME @c @noindent @c @vindex org-format-latex-options @c If you need any of the delimiter ASCII sequences for other purposes, you @c can configure the option @code{org-format-latex-options} to deselect the @c ones you do not wish to have interpreted by the @LaTeX{} converter. @vindex org-export-with-latex @LaTeX{} processing can be configured with the variable @code{org-export-with-latex}. The default setting is @code{t} which means MathJax for HTML, and no processing for ASCII and @LaTeX{} back-ends. You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one of these lines: @example #+OPTIONS: tex:t @r{Do the right thing automatically (MathJax)} #+OPTIONS: tex:nil @r{Do not process @LaTeX{} fragments at all} #+OPTIONS: tex:verbatim @r{Verbatim export, for jsMath or so} @end example @node Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments @subsection Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments @cindex @LaTeX{} fragments, preview @vindex org-preview-latex-default-process If you have a working @LaTeX{} installation and @file{dvipng}, @file{dvisvgm} or @file{convert} installed@footnote{These are respectively available at @url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/}, @url{http://dvisvgm.bplaced.net/} and from the @file{imagemagick} suite. Choose the converter by setting the variable @code{org-preview-latex-default-process} accordingly.}, @LaTeX{} fragments can be processed to produce images of the typeset expressions to be used for inclusion while exporting to HTML (see @pxref{@LaTeX{} fragments}), or for inline previewing within Org mode. @vindex org-format-latex-options @vindex org-format-latex-header You can customize the variables @code{org-format-latex-options} and @code{org-format-latex-header} to influence some aspects of the preview. In particular, the @code{:scale} (and for HTML export, @code{:html-scale}) property of the former can be used to adjust the size of the preview images. @table @kbd @kindex C-c C-x C-l @item C-c C-x C-l Produce a preview image of the @LaTeX{} fragment at point and overlay it over the source code. If there is no fragment at point, process all fragments in the current entry (between two headlines). When called with a prefix argument, process the entire subtree. When called with two prefix arguments, or when the cursor is before the first headline, process the entire buffer. @kindex C-c C-c @item C-c C-c Remove the overlay preview images. @end table @vindex org-startup-with-latex-preview You can turn on the previewing of all @LaTeX{} fragments in a file with @example #+STARTUP: latexpreview @end example To disable it, simply use @example #+STARTUP: nolatexpreview @end example @node CDLaTeX mode @subsection Using CD@LaTeX{} to enter math @cindex CD@LaTeX{} CD@LaTeX{} mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with a major @LaTeX{} mode like AUC@TeX{} in order to speed-up insertion of environments and math templates. Inside Org mode, you can make use of some of the features of CD@LaTeX{} mode. You need to install @file{cdlatex.el} and @file{texmathp.el} (the latter comes also with AUC@TeX{}) from @url{http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools/cdlatex}. Don't use CD@LaTeX{} mode itself under Org mode, but use the light version @code{org-cdlatex-mode} that comes as part of Org mode. Turn it on for the current buffer with @kbd{M-x org-cdlatex-mode RET}, or for all Org files with @lisp (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-org-cdlatex) @end lisp When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for more details see the documentation of CD@LaTeX{} mode): @itemize @bullet @kindex C-c @{ @item Environment templates can be inserted with @kbd{C-c @{}. @item @kindex @key{TAB} The @key{TAB} key will do template expansion if the cursor is inside a @LaTeX{} fragment@footnote{Org mode has a method to test if the cursor is inside such a fragment, see the documentation of the function @code{org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p}.}. For example, @key{TAB} will expand @code{fr} to @code{\frac@{@}@{@}} and position the cursor correctly inside the first brace. Another @key{TAB} will get you into the second brace. Even outside fragments, @key{TAB} will expand environment abbreviations at the beginning of a line. For example, if you write @samp{equ} at the beginning of a line and press @key{TAB}, this abbreviation will be expanded to an @code{equation} environment. To get a list of all abbreviations, type @kbd{M-x cdlatex-command-help RET}. @item @kindex _ @kindex ^ @vindex cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts Pressing @kbd{_} and @kbd{^} inside a @LaTeX{} fragment will insert these characters together with a pair of braces. If you use @key{TAB} to move out of the braces, and if the braces surround only a single character or macro, they are removed again (depending on the variable @code{cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts}). @item @kindex ` Pressing the grave accent @kbd{`} followed by a character inserts math macros, also outside @LaTeX{} fragments. If you wait more than 1.5 seconds after the grave accent, a help window will pop up. @item @kindex ' Pressing the apostrophe @kbd{'} followed by another character modifies the symbol before point with an accent or a font. If you wait more than 1.5 seconds after the apostrophe, a help window will pop up. Character modification will work only inside @LaTeX{} fragments; outside the quote is normal. @end itemize @node Special blocks @section Special blocks @cindex Special blocks Org syntax includes pre-defined blocks (@pxref{Paragraphs} and @ref{Literal examples}). It is also possible to create blocks containing raw code targeted at a specific back-end (e.g., @samp{#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex}). Any other block is a @emph{special block}. Its name is case-sensitive. For example, @samp{#+BEGIN_abstract} and @samp{#+BEGIN_video} are special blocks. The first one is useful when exporting to @LaTeX{}, the second one when exporting to HTML5. Each export back-end decides if they should be exported, and how. When the block is ignored, its contents are still exported, as if the opening and closing block lines were not there. For example, when exporting a @samp{#+BEGIN_test} block, HTML back-end wraps its contents within a @samp{
} tag. Refer to back-end specific documentation for more information. @node Exporting @chapter Exporting @cindex exporting The Org mode export facilities can be used to export Org documents or parts of Org documents to a variety of other formats. In addition, these facilities can be used with @code{orgtbl-mode} and/or @code{orgstruct-mode} in foreign buffers so you can author tables and lists in Org syntax and convert them in place to the target language. ASCII export produces a readable and simple version of an Org file for printing and sharing notes. HTML export allows you to easily publish notes on the web, or to build full-fledged websites. @LaTeX{} export lets you use Org mode and its structured editing functions to create arbitrarily complex @LaTeX{} files for any kind of document. OpenDocument Text (ODT) export allows seamless collaboration across organizational boundaries. Markdown export lets you seamlessly collaborate with other developers. Finally, iCal export can extract entries with deadlines or appointments to produce a file in the iCalendar format. @menu * The export dispatcher:: The main exporter interface * Export back-ends:: Built-in export formats * Export settings:: Generic export settings * ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export:: Exporting to flat files with encoding * Beamer export:: Exporting as a Beamer presentation * HTML export:: Exporting to HTML * @LaTeX{} and PDF export:: Exporting to @LaTeX{}, and processing to PDF * Markdown export:: Exporting to Markdown * OpenDocument Text export:: Exporting to OpenDocument Text * Org export:: Exporting to Org * Texinfo export:: Exporting to Texinfo * iCalendar export:: Exporting to iCalendar * Other built-in back-ends:: Exporting to a man page * Export in foreign buffers:: Author tables and lists in Org syntax * Advanced configuration:: Fine-tuning the export output @end menu @node The export dispatcher @section The export dispatcher @vindex org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui @cindex Export, dispatcher The main entry point for export related tasks is the dispatcher, a hierarchical menu from which it is possible to select an export format and toggle export options@footnote{It is also possible to use a less intrusive interface by setting @code{org-export-dispatch-use-expert-ui} to a non-@code{nil} value. In that case, only a prompt is visible from the minibuffer. From there one can still switch back to regular menu by pressing @key{?}.}. @table @asis @orgcmd{C-c C-e,org-export-dispatch} Dispatch for export and publishing commands. When called with a @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, repeat the last export command on the current buffer while preserving toggled options. If the current buffer hasn't changed and subtree export was activated, the command will affect that same subtree. @end table Normally the entire buffer is exported, but if there is an active region only that part of the buffer will be exported. Several export options (@pxref{Export settings}) can be toggled from the export dispatcher with the following key combinations: @table @kbd @item C-a @vindex org-export-async-init-file Toggle asynchronous export. Asynchronous export uses an external Emacs process that is configured with a specified initialization file. While exporting asynchronously, the output is not displayed, but stored in a place called ``the export stack''. This stack can be displayed by calling the dispatcher with a double @kbd{C-u} prefix argument, or with @kbd{&} key from the dispatcher menu. @vindex org-export-in-background To make this behavior the default, customize the variable @code{org-export-in-background}. @item C-b Toggle body-only export. Its effect depends on the back-end used. Typically, if the back-end has a header section (like @code{...} in the HTML back-end), a body-only export will not include this header. @item C-s @vindex org-export-initial-scope Toggle subtree export. The top heading becomes the document title. You can change the default state of this option by setting @code{org-export-initial-scope}. @item C-v Toggle visible-only export. Only export the text that is currently visible, i.e., not hidden by outline visibility in the buffer. @end table @node Export back-ends @section Export back-ends @cindex Export, back-ends An export back-end is a library that translates Org syntax into a foreign format. An export format is not available until the proper back-end has been loaded. @vindex org-export-backends By default, the following four back-ends are loaded: @code{ascii}, @code{html}, @code{icalendar} and @code{latex}. It is possible to add more (or remove some) by customizing @code{org-export-backends}. Built-in back-ends include: @itemize @item ascii (ASCII format) @item beamer (@LaTeX{} Beamer format) @item html (HTML format) @item icalendar (iCalendar format) @item latex (@LaTeX{} format) @item man (Man page format) @item md (Markdown format) @item odt (OpenDocument Text format) @item org (Org format) @item texinfo (Texinfo format) @end itemize Other back-ends might be found in the @code{contrib/} directory (@pxref{Installation}). @node Export settings @section Export settings @cindex Export, settings @cindex #+OPTIONS Export options can be set: globally with variables; for an individual file by making variables buffer-local with in-buffer settings (@pxref{In-buffer settings}), by setting individual keywords, or by specifying them in a compact form with the @code{#+OPTIONS} keyword; or for a tree by setting properties (@pxref{Properties and columns}). Options set at a specific level override options set at a more general level. @cindex #+SETUPFILE In-buffer settings may appear anywhere in the file, either directly or indirectly through a file included using @samp{#+SETUPFILE: filename} syntax. Option keyword sets tailored to a particular back-end can be inserted from the export dispatcher (@pxref{The export dispatcher}) using the @code{Insert template} command by pressing @key{#}. To insert keywords individually, a good way to make sure the keyword is correct is to type @code{#+} and then to use @kbd{M-} for completion. The export keywords available for every back-end, and their equivalent global variables, include: @table @samp @item AUTHOR @cindex #+AUTHOR @vindex user-full-name The document author (@code{user-full-name}). @item CREATOR @cindex #+CREATOR @vindex org-export-creator-string Entity responsible for output generation (@code{org-export-creator-string}). @item DATE @cindex #+DATE @vindex org-export-date-timestamp-format A date or a time-stamp@footnote{The variable @code{org-export-date-timestamp-format} defines how this time-stamp will be exported.}. @item EMAIL @cindex #+EMAIL @vindex user-mail-address The email address (@code{user-mail-address}). @item LANGUAGE @cindex #+LANGUAGE @vindex org-export-default-language The language used for translating some strings (@code{org-export-default-language}). E.g., @samp{#+LANGUAGE: fr} will tell Org to translate @emph{File} (english) into @emph{Fichier} (french) in the clocktable. @item SELECT_TAGS @cindex #+SELECT_TAGS @vindex org-export-select-tags The tags that select a tree for export (@code{org-export-select-tags}). The default value is @code{:export:}. Within a subtree tagged with @code{:export:}, you can still exclude entries with @code{:noexport:} (see below). When headlines are selectively exported with @code{:export:} anywhere in a file, text before the first headline is ignored. @item EXCLUDE_TAGS @cindex #+EXCLUDE_TAGS @vindex org-export-exclude-tags The tags that exclude a tree from export (@code{org-export-exclude-tags}). The default value is @code{:noexport:}. Entries with the @code{:noexport:} tag will be unconditionally excluded from the export, even if they have an @code{:export:} tag. Code blocks contained in excluded subtrees will still be executed during export even though the subtree is not exported. @item TITLE @cindex #+TITLE The title to be shown. You can use several such keywords for long titles. @end table The @code{#+OPTIONS} keyword is a compact@footnote{If you want to configure many options this way, you can use several @code{#+OPTIONS} lines.} form that recognizes the following arguments: @table @code @item ': @vindex org-export-with-smart-quotes Toggle smart quotes (@code{org-export-with-smart-quotes}). @item *: Toggle emphasized text (@code{org-export-with-emphasize}). @item -: @vindex org-export-with-special-strings Toggle conversion of special strings (@code{org-export-with-special-strings}). @item :: @vindex org-export-with-fixed-width Toggle fixed-width sections (@code{org-export-with-fixed-width}). @item <: @vindex org-export-with-timestamps Toggle inclusion of any time/date active/inactive stamps (@code{org-export-with-timestamps}). @item \n: @vindex org-export-preserve-breaks Toggle line-break-preservation (@code{org-export-preserve-breaks}). @item ^: @vindex org-export-with-sub-superscripts Toggle @TeX{}-like syntax for sub- and superscripts. If you write "^:@{@}", @samp{a_@{b@}} will be interpreted, but the simple @samp{a_b} will be left as it is (@code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts}). @item arch: @vindex org-export-with-archived-trees Configure export of archived trees. Can be set to @code{headline} to only process the headline, skipping its contents (@code{org-export-with-archived-trees}). @item author: @vindex org-export-with-author Toggle inclusion of author name into exported file (@code{org-export-with-author}). @item broken-links: @vindex org-export-with-broken-links Decide whether to raise an error or not when encountering a broken internal link. When set to @code{mark}, signal the problem clearly in the output (@code{org-export-with-broken-links}). @item c: @vindex org-export-with-clocks Toggle inclusion of CLOCK keywords (@code{org-export-with-clocks}). @item creator: @vindex org-export-with-creator Toggle inclusion of creator info into exported file (@code{org-export-with-creator}). @item d: @vindex org-export-with-drawers Toggle inclusion of drawers, or list drawers to include (@code{org-export-with-drawers}). @item date: @vindex org-export-with-date Toggle inclusion of a date into exported file (@code{org-export-with-date}). @item e: @vindex org-export-with-entities Toggle inclusion of entities (@code{org-export-with-entities}). @item email: @vindex org-export-with-email Toggle inclusion of the author's e-mail into exported file (@code{org-export-with-email}). @item f: @vindex org-export-with-footnotes Toggle the inclusion of footnotes (@code{org-export-with-footnotes}). @item H: @vindex org-export-headline-levels Set the number of headline levels for export (@code{org-export-headline-levels}). Below that level, headlines are treated differently. In most back-ends, they become list items. @item inline: @vindex org-export-with-inlinetasks Toggle inclusion of inlinetasks (@code{org-export-with-inlinetasks}). @item num: @vindex org-export-with-section-numbers @cindex property, UNNUMBERED Toggle section-numbers (@code{org-export-with-section-numbers}). It can also be set to a number @samp{n}, so only headlines at that level or above will be numbered. Finally, irrespective of the level of a specific headline, the numbering of it can be disabled by setting the @code{UNNUMBERED} property to non-@code{nil}. This also affects subheadings. @item p: @vindex org-export-with-planning Toggle export of planning information (@code{org-export-with-planning}). ``Planning information'' is the line containing the @code{SCHEDULED:}, the @code{DEADLINE:} or the @code{CLOSED:} cookies or a combination of them. @item pri: @vindex org-export-with-priority Toggle inclusion of priority cookies (@code{org-export-with-priority}). @item prop: @vindex org-export-with-properties Toggle inclusion of property drawers, or list properties to include (@code{org-export-with-properties}). @item stat: @vindex org-export-with-statistics-cookies Toggle inclusion of statistics cookies (@code{org-export-with-statistics-cookies}). @item tags: @vindex org-export-with-tags Toggle inclusion of tags, may also be @code{not-in-toc} (@code{org-export-with-tags}). @item tasks: @vindex org-export-with-tasks Toggle inclusion of tasks (TODO items), can be @code{nil} to remove all tasks, @code{todo} to remove DONE tasks, or a list of keywords to keep (@code{org-export-with-tasks}). @item tex: @vindex org-export-with-latex Configure export of @LaTeX{} fragments and environments. It may be set to @code{verbatim} (@code{org-export-with-latex}). @item timestamp: @vindex org-export-time-stamp-file Toggle inclusion of the creation time into exported file (@code{org-export-time-stamp-file}). @item title: @vindex org-export-with-title Toggle inclusion of title (@code{org-export-with-title}). @item toc: @vindex org-export-with-toc Toggle inclusion of the table of contents, or set the level limit (@code{org-export-with-toc}). @item todo: @vindex org-export-with-todo-keywords Toggle inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text (@code{org-export-with-todo-keywords}). @item |: @vindex org-export-with-tables Toggle inclusion of tables (@code{org-export-with-tables}). @end table When exporting only a subtree, each of the previous keywords@footnote{With the exception of @samp{SETUPFILE}.} can be overridden locally by special node properties. These begin with @samp{EXPORT_}, followed by the name of the keyword they supplant. For example, @samp{DATE} and @samp{OPTIONS} keywords become, respectively, @samp{EXPORT_DATE} and @samp{EXPORT_OPTIONS} properties. @cindex #+BIND @vindex org-export-allow-bind-keywords If @code{org-export-allow-bind-keywords} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs variables can become buffer-local during export by using the BIND keyword. Its syntax is @samp{#+BIND: variable value}. This is particularly useful for in-buffer settings that cannot be changed using specific keywords. @cindex property, EXPORT_FILE_NAME The name of the output file to be generated is taken from the file associated to the buffer, when possible, or asked to you otherwise. For subtree export, you can also set @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME} property. In all cases, only the base name of the file is retained, and a back-end specific extension is added. @node ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export @section ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export @cindex ASCII export @cindex Latin-1 export @cindex UTF-8 export ASCII export produces a simple and very readable version of an Org mode file, containing only plain ASCII@. Latin-1 and UTF-8 export augment the file with special characters and symbols available in these encodings. @vindex org-ascii-text-width Upon exporting, text is filled and justified, when appropriate, according the text width set in @code{org-ascii-text-width}. @vindex org-ascii-links-to-notes Links are exported in a footnote-like style, with the descriptive part in the text and the link in a note before the next heading. See the variable @code{org-ascii-links-to-notes} for details and other options. @subheading ASCII export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e t a/l/u,org-ascii-export-to-ascii} Export as an ASCII file. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the ASCII file will be @file{myfile.txt}. The file will be overwritten without warning. When the original file is @file{myfile.txt}, the resulting file becomes @file{myfile.txt.txt} in order to prevent data loss. @orgcmd{C-c C-e t A/L/U,org-ascii-export-as-ascii} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @end table @subheading ASCII specific export settings ASCII export introduces a single of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item SUBTITLE @cindex #+SUBTITLE (ASCII) The document subtitle. @end table @subheading Header and sectioning structure In the exported version, the first three outline levels become headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels are exported as lists. The transition can also occur at a different level (@pxref{Export settings}). @subheading Quoting ASCII text You can insert text that will only appear when using @code{ASCII} back-end with the following constructs: @cindex #+ASCII @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii @example Text @@@@ascii:and additional text@@@@ within a paragraph. #+ASCII: Some text #+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii All lines in this block will appear only when using this back-end. #+END_EXPORT @end example @subheading ASCII specific attributes @cindex #+ATTR_ASCII @cindex horizontal rules, in ASCII export @code{ASCII} back-end only understands one attribute, @code{:width}, which specifies the length, in characters, of a given horizontal rule. It must be specified using an @code{ATTR_ASCII} line, directly preceding the rule. @example #+ATTR_ASCII: :width 10 ----- @end example @subheading ASCII special blocks @cindex special blocks, in ASCII export @cindex #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT @cindex #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT In addition to @code{#+BEGIN_CENTER} blocks (@pxref{Paragraphs}), it is possible to justify contents to the left or the right of the page with the following dedicated blocks. @example #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYLEFT It's just a jump to the left... #+END_JUSTIFYLEFT #+BEGIN_JUSTIFYRIGHT ...and then a step to the right. #+END_JUSTIFYRIGHT @end example @node Beamer export @section Beamer export @cindex Beamer export The @LaTeX{} class @emph{Beamer} allows production of high quality presentations using @LaTeX{} and pdf processing. Org mode has special support for turning an Org mode file or tree into a Beamer presentation. @menu * Beamer export commands:: How to export Beamer documents. * Beamer specific export settings:: Export settings for Beamer export. * Sectioning Frames and Blocks in Beamer:: Blocks and sections in Beamer. * Beamer specific syntax:: Syntax specific to Beamer. * Editing support:: Helper functions for Org Beamer export. * A Beamer Example:: An complete Beamer example. @end menu @node Beamer export commands @subsection Beamer export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e l b,org-beamer-export-to-latex} Export as a @LaTeX{} file. For an Org file @file{myfile.org}, the @LaTeX{} file will be @file{myfile.tex}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @orgcmd{C-c C-e l B,org-beamer-export-as-latex} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @orgcmd{C-c C-e l P,org-beamer-export-to-pdf} Export as @LaTeX{} and then process to PDF. @item C-c C-e l O Export as @LaTeX{} and then process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file. @end table @node Beamer specific export settings @subsection Beamer specific export settings Beamer export introduces a number of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item BEAMER_THEME @cindex #+BEAMER_THEME @vindex org-beamer-theme The Beamer theme (@code{org-beamer-theme}). Options can be specified via brackets, for example: @smallexample #+BEAMER_THEME: Rochester [height=20pt] @end smallexample @item BEAMER_FONT_THEME @cindex #+BEAMER_FONT_THEME The Beamer font theme. @item BEAMER_INNER_THEME @cindex #+BEAMER_INNER_THEME The Beamer inner theme. @item BEAMER_OUTER_THEME @cindex #+BEAMER_OUTER_THEME The Beamer outer theme. @item BEAMER_HEADER @cindex #+BEAMER_HEADER Arbitrary lines inserted into the preamble, just before the @samp{hyperref} settings. @item DESCRIPTION @cindex #+DESCRIPTION (Beamer) The document description. By default these are inserted as metadata using @samp{hyperref}. Document metadata can be configured via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}. Description can also be typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. You can use several @code{#+DESCRIPTION} keywords if the description is is long. @item KEYWORDS @cindex #+KEYWORDS (Beamer) The keywords defining the contents of the document. By default these are inserted as metadata using @samp{hyperref}. Document metadata can be configured via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}. Description can also be typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. You can use several @code{#+KEYWORDS} if the description is is long. @item SUBTITLE @cindex #+SUBTITLE (Beamer) @vindex org-beamer-subtitle-format The document subtitle. This is typeset using the format string @code{org-beamer-subtitle-format}. It can also access via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} or typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. @end table @node Sectioning Frames and Blocks in Beamer @subsection Sectioning, Frames and Blocks in Beamer Any tree with not-too-deep level nesting should in principle be exportable as a Beamer presentation. Headlines fall into three categories: sectioning elements, frames and blocks. @itemize @minus @item @vindex org-beamer-frame-level Headlines become frames when their level is equal to @code{org-beamer-frame-level} or @code{H} value in an @code{OPTIONS} line (@pxref{Export settings}). @cindex property, BEAMER_ENV Though, if a headline in the current tree has a @code{BEAMER_ENV} property set to either to @code{frame} or @code{fullframe}, its level overrides the variable. A @code{fullframe} is a frame with an empty (ignored) title. @item @vindex org-beamer-environments-default @vindex org-beamer-environments-extra All frame's children become @code{block} environments. Special block types can be enforced by setting headline's @code{BEAMER_ENV} property@footnote{If this property is set, the entry will also get a @code{:B_environment:} tag to make this visible. This tag has no semantic meaning, it is only a visual aid.} to an appropriate value (see @code{org-beamer-environments-default} for supported values and @code{org-beamer-environments-extra} for adding more). @item @cindex property, BEAMER_REF As a special case, if the @code{BEAMER_ENV} property is set to either @code{appendix}, @code{note}, @code{noteNH} or @code{againframe}, the headline will become, respectively, an appendix, a note (within frame or between frame, depending on its level), a note with its title ignored or an @code{\againframe} command. In the latter case, a @code{BEAMER_REF} property is mandatory in order to refer to the frame being resumed, and contents are ignored. Also, a headline with an @code{ignoreheading} environment will have its contents only inserted in the output. This special value is useful to have data between frames, or to properly close a @code{column} environment. @end itemize @cindex property, BEAMER_ACT @cindex property, BEAMER_OPT Headlines also support @code{BEAMER_ACT} and @code{BEAMER_OPT} properties. The former is translated as an overlay/action specification, or a default overlay specification when enclosed within square brackets. The latter specifies options@footnote{The @code{fragile} option is added automatically if it contains code that requires a verbatim environment, though.} for the current frame or block. The export back-end will automatically wrap properties within angular or square brackets when appropriate. @cindex property, BEAMER_COL Moreover, headlines handle the @code{BEAMER_COL} property. Its value should be a decimal number representing the width of the column as a fraction of the total text width. If the headline has no specific environment, its title will be ignored and its contents will fill the column created. Otherwise, the block will fill the whole column and the title will be preserved. Two contiguous headlines with a non-@code{nil} @code{BEAMER_COL} value share the same @code{columns} @LaTeX{} environment. It will end before the next headline without such a property. This environment is generated automatically. Although, it can also be explicitly created, with a special @code{columns} value for @code{BEAMER_ENV} property (if it needs to be set up with some specific options, for example). @node Beamer specific syntax @subsection Beamer specific syntax The Beamer back-end is an extension of the @LaTeX{} back-end. As such, all @LaTeX{} specific syntax (e.g., @samp{#+LATEX:} or @samp{#+ATTR_LATEX:}) is recognized. See @ref{@LaTeX{} and PDF export} for more information. Table of contents generated from @code{toc:t} @code{OPTION} keyword are wrapped within a @code{frame} environment. Those generated from a @code{TOC} keyword (@pxref{Table of contents}) are not. In that case, it is also possible to specify options, enclosed within square brackets. @example #+TOC: headlines [currentsection] @end example Beamer specific code can be inserted with the following constructs: @cindex #+BEAMER @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT beamer @example #+BEAMER: \pause #+BEGIN_EXPORT beamer All lines in this block will appear only when using this back-end. #+END_BEAMER Text @@@@beamer:some code@@@@ within a paragraph. @end example In particular, this last example can be used to add overlay specifications to objects whose type is among @code{bold}, @code{item}, @code{link}, @code{radio-target} and @code{target}, when the value is enclosed within angular brackets and put at the beginning the object. @example A *@@@@beamer:<2->@@@@useful* feature @end example @cindex #+ATTR_BEAMER Eventually, every plain list has support for @code{:environment}, @code{:overlay} and @code{:options} attributes through @code{ATTR_BEAMER} affiliated keyword. The first one allows the use of a different environment, the second sets overlay specifications and the last one inserts optional arguments in current list environment. @example #+ATTR_BEAMER: :overlay +- - item 1 - item 2 @end example @node Editing support @subsection Editing support You can turn on a special minor mode @code{org-beamer-mode} for faster editing with: @example #+STARTUP: beamer @end example @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-b,org-beamer-select-environment} In @code{org-beamer-mode}, this key offers fast selection of a Beamer environment or the @code{BEAMER_COL} property. @end table @node A Beamer Example @subsection A Beamer example Here is a simple example Org document that is intended for Beamer export. @example #+TITLE: Example Presentation #+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik #+OPTIONS: H:2 toc:t num:t #+LATEX_CLASS: beamer #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation] #+BEAMER_THEME: Madrid #+COLUMNS: %45ITEM %10BEAMER_ENV(Env) %10BEAMER_ACT(Act) %4BEAMER_COL(Col) %8BEAMER_OPT(Opt) * This is the first structural section ** Frame 1 *** Thanks to Eric Fraga :B_block: :PROPERTIES: :BEAMER_COL: 0.48 :BEAMER_ENV: block :END: for the first viable Beamer setup in Org *** Thanks to everyone else :B_block: :PROPERTIES: :BEAMER_COL: 0.48 :BEAMER_ACT: <2-> :BEAMER_ENV: block :END: for contributing to the discussion **** This will be formatted as a beamer note :B_note: :PROPERTIES: :BEAMER_env: note :END: ** Frame 2 (where we will not use columns) *** Request Please test this stuff! @end example @node HTML export @section HTML export @cindex HTML export Org mode contains an HTML (XHTML 1.0 strict) exporter with extensive HTML formatting, in ways similar to John Gruber's @emph{markdown} language, but with additional support for tables. @menu * HTML Export commands:: How to invoke HTML export * HTML Specific export settings:: Export settings for HTML export. * HTML doctypes:: Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors * HTML preamble and postamble:: How to insert a preamble and a postamble * Quoting HTML tags:: Using direct HTML in Org mode * Links in HTML export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted * Tables in HTML export:: How to modify the formatting of tables * Images in HTML export:: How to insert figures into HTML output * Math formatting in HTML export:: Beautiful math also on the web * Text areas in HTML export:: An alternative way to show an example * CSS support:: Changing the appearance of the output * JavaScript support:: Info and Folding in a web browser @end menu @node HTML Export commands @subsection HTML export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e h h,org-html-export-to-html} Export as an HTML file. For an Org file @file{myfile.org}, the HTML file will be @file{myfile.html}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @kbd{C-c C-e h o} Export as an HTML file and immediately open it with a browser. @orgcmd{C-c C-e h H,org-html-export-as-html} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @end table @c FIXME Exporting sublevels @c @cindex headline levels, for exporting @c In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become headlines, @c defining a general document structure. Additional levels will be exported as @c itemized lists. If you want that transition to occur at a different level, @c specify it with a numeric prefix argument. For example, @c @example @c @kbd{C-2 C-c C-e b} @c @end example @c @noindent @c creates two levels of headings and does the rest as items. @node HTML Specific export settings @subsection HTML Specific export settings HTML export introduces a number of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item DESCRIPTION @cindex #+DESCRIPTION (HTML) The document description. This description is inserted as a HTML meta tag. You can use several such keywords if the list is long. @item HTML_DOCTYPE @cindex #+HTML_DOCTYPE @vindex org-html-doctype The document type, e.g. HTML5, (@code{org-html-doctype}). @item HTML_CONTAINER @cindex #+HTML_CONTAINER @vindex org-html-container-element The container, e.g. @samp{div}, used to wrap sections and elements (@code{org-html-container-element}). @item HTML_LINK_HOME @cindex #+HTML_LINK_HOME @vindex org-html-link-home The home link URL (@code{org-html-link-home}). @item HTML_LINK_UP @cindex #+HTML_LINK_UP @vindex org-html-link-up The up link URL (@code{org-html-link-up}). @item HTML_MATHJAX @cindex #+HTML_MATHJAX @vindex org-html-mathjax-options Options for the MathJax (@code{org-html-mathjax-options}). MathJax is used to typeset @LaTeX{} math in HTML documents. @ref{Math formatting in HTML export} contains an example. @item HTML_HEAD @cindex #+HTML_HEAD @vindex org-html-head Arbitrary lines appended to the end of the head of the document (@code{org-html-head}). @item HTML_HEAD_EXTRA @cindex #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA @vindex org-html-head-extra Arbitrary lines appended to the end of the header of the document (@code{org-html-head-extra}). @item KEYWORDS @cindex #+KEYWORDS (HTML) The keywords defining the contents of the document. This description is inserted as a HTML meta tag. You can use several such keywords if the list is long. @item LATEX_HEADER @cindex #+LATEX_HEADER (HTML) Arbitrary lines appended to the preamble used when transcoding @LaTeX{} fragments to images. See @ref{Math formatting in HTML export} for details. @item SUBTITLE @cindex #+SUBTILE (HTML) The document subtitle. The formatting depends on whether HTML5 in used and on the @samp{subtitle} CSS class. @end table These keywords are treated in details in the following sections. @node HTML doctypes @subsection HTML doctypes @vindex org-html-doctype @vindex org-html-doctype-alist Org can export to various (X)HTML flavors. Setting the variable @code{org-html-doctype} allows you to export to different (X)HTML variants. The exported HTML will be adjusted according to the syntax requirements of that variant. You can either set this variable to a doctype string directly, in which case the exporter will try to adjust the syntax automatically, or you can use a ready-made doctype. The ready-made options are: @itemize @item ``html4-strict'' @item ``html4-transitional'' @item ``html4-frameset'' @item ``xhtml-strict'' @item ``xhtml-transitional'' @item ``xhtml-frameset'' @item ``xhtml-11'' @item ``html5'' @item ``xhtml5'' @end itemize See the variable @code{org-html-doctype-alist} for details. The default is ``xhtml-strict''. @subsubheading Fancy HTML5 export @vindex org-html-html5-fancy @vindex org-html-html5-elements HTML5 introduces several new element types. By default, Org will not make use of these element types, but you can set @code{org-html-html5-fancy} to @code{t} (or set @code{html5-fancy} item in an @code{OPTIONS} line), to enable a few new block-level elements. These are created using arbitrary #+BEGIN and #+END blocks. For instance: @example #+BEGIN_aside Lorem ipsum #+END_aside @end example Will export to: @example @end example While this: @example #+ATTR_HTML: :controls controls :width 350 #+BEGIN_video #+HTML: #+HTML: Your browser does not support the video tag. #+END_video @end example Becomes: @example @end example Special blocks that do not correspond to HTML5 elements (see @code{org-html-html5-elements}) will revert to the usual behavior, i.e., @code{#+BEGIN_lederhosen} will still export to @samp{
}. Headlines cannot appear within special blocks. To wrap a headline and its contents in e.g., @samp{
} or @samp{
} tags, set the @code{HTML_CONTAINER} property on the headline itself. @node HTML preamble and postamble @subsection HTML preamble and postamble @vindex org-html-preamble @vindex org-html-postamble @vindex org-html-preamble-format @vindex org-html-postamble-format @vindex org-html-validation-link @vindex org-export-creator-string @vindex org-export-time-stamp-file The HTML exporter lets you define a preamble and a postamble. The default value for @code{org-html-preamble} is @code{t}, which means that the preamble is inserted depending on the relevant format string in @code{org-html-preamble-format}. Setting @code{org-html-preamble} to a string will override the default format string. If you set it to a function, it will insert the output of the function, which must be a string. Setting to @code{nil} will not insert any preamble. The default value for @code{org-html-postamble} is @code{'auto}, which means that the HTML exporter will look for information about the author, the email, the creator and the date, and build the postamble from these values. Setting @code{org-html-postamble} to @code{t} will insert the postamble from the relevant format string found in @code{org-html-postamble-format}. Setting it to @code{nil} will not insert any postamble. @node Quoting HTML tags @subsection Quoting HTML tags Plain @samp{<} and @samp{>} are always transformed to @samp{<} and @samp{>} in HTML export. If you want to include raw HTML code, which should only appear in HTML export, mark it with @samp{@@@@html:} as in @samp{@@@@html:@@@@bold text@@@@html:@@@@}. For more extensive HTML that should be copied verbatim to the exported file use either @cindex #+HTML @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT html @example #+HTML: Literal HTML code for export @end example @noindent or @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT html @example #+BEGIN_EXPORT html All lines between these markers are exported literally #+END_EXPORT @end example @node Links in HTML export @subsection Links in HTML export @cindex links, in HTML export @cindex internal links, in HTML export @cindex external links, in HTML export @vindex org-html-link-org-files-as-html Internal links (@pxref{Internal links}) will continue to work in HTML@. This includes automatic links created by radio targets (@pxref{Radio targets}). Links to external files will still work if the target file is on the same @i{relative} path as the published Org file. Links to other @file{.org} files will be translated into HTML links under the assumption that an HTML version also exists of the linked file, at the same relative path; setting @code{org-html-link-org-files-as-html} to @code{nil} disables this translation. @samp{id:} links can then be used to jump to specific entries across files. For information related to linking files while publishing them to a publishing directory see @ref{Publishing links}. If you want to specify attributes for links, you can do so using a special @code{#+ATTR_HTML} line to define attributes that will be added to the @code{} or @code{} tags. Here is an example that sets @code{title} and @code{style} attributes for a link: @cindex #+ATTR_HTML @example #+ATTR_HTML: :title The Org mode homepage :style color:red; [[http://orgmode.org]] @end example @node Tables in HTML export @subsection Tables in HTML export @cindex tables, in HTML @vindex org-html-table-default-attributes Org mode tables are exported to HTML using the table attributes defined in @code{org-html-table-default-attributes}. The default setting makes tables without cell borders and frame. If you would like to change this for individual tables, place something like the following before the table: @cindex #+CAPTION @cindex #+ATTR_HTML @example #+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells #+ATTR_HTML: :border 2 :rules all :frame border @end example You can also group columns in the HTML output (@pxref{Column groups}). Below is a list of options for customizing tables HTML export. @table @code @vindex org-html-table-align-individual-fields @item org-html-table-align-individual-fields Non-@code{nil} means attach style attributes for alignment to each table field. @vindex org-html-table-caption-above @item org-html-table-caption-above When non-@code{nil}, place caption string at the beginning of the table. @vindex org-html-table-data-tags @item org-html-table-data-tags The opening and ending tags for table data fields. @vindex org-html-table-default-attributes @item org-html-table-default-attributes Default attributes and values which will be used in table tags. @vindex org-html-table-header-tags @item org-html-table-header-tags The opening and ending tags for table header fields. @vindex org-html-table-row-tags @item org-html-table-row-tags The opening and ending tags for table rows. @vindex org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column @item org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column Non-@code{nil} means format column one in tables with header tags. @end table @node Images in HTML export @subsection Images in HTML export @cindex images, inline in HTML @cindex inlining images in HTML @vindex org-html-inline-images HTML export can inline images given as links in the Org file, and it can make an image the clickable part of a link. By default@footnote{But see the variable @code{org-html-inline-images}.}, images are inlined if a link does not have a description. So @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg]]} will be inlined, while @samp{[[file:myimg.jpg][the image]]} will just produce a link @samp{the image} that points to the image. If the description part itself is a @code{file:} link or a @code{http:} URL pointing to an image, this image will be inlined and activated so that clicking on the image will activate the link. For example, to include a thumbnail that will link to a high resolution version of the image, you could use: @example [[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]] @end example If you need to add attributes to an inlined image, use a @code{#+ATTR_HTML}. In the example below we specify the @code{alt} and @code{title} attributes to support text viewers and accessibility, and align it to the right. @cindex #+CAPTION @cindex #+ATTR_HTML @example #+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider #+ATTR_HTML: :alt cat/spider image :title Action! :align right [[./img/a.jpg]] @end example @noindent You could use @code{http} addresses just as well. @node Math formatting in HTML export @subsection Math formatting in HTML export @cindex MathJax @cindex dvipng @cindex dvisvgm @cindex imagemagick @LaTeX{} math snippets (@pxref{@LaTeX{} fragments}) can be displayed in two different ways on HTML pages. The default is to use @uref{http://www.mathjax.org, MathJax} which should work out of the box with Org@footnote{By default Org loads MathJax from @uref{http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/start.html#using-the-mathjax-content-delivery-network-cdn, MathJax.org}. A link to the terms of service of the MathJax CDN can be found in the docstring of @code{org-html-mathjax-options}.}. Some MathJax display options can be configured via @code{org-html-mathjax-options}, or in the buffer. For example, with the following settings, @smallexample #+HTML_MATHJAX: align: left indent: 5em tagside: left font: Neo-Euler @end smallexample equation labels will be displayed on the left marign and equations will be five ems from the left margin. @noindent See the docstring of @code{org-html-mathjax-options} for all supported variables. The MathJax template can be configure via @code{org-html-mathjax-template}. If you prefer, you can also request that @LaTeX{} fragments are processed into small images that will be inserted into the browser page. Before the availability of MathJax, this was the default method for Org files. This method requires that the @file{dvipng} program, @file{dvisvgm} or @file{imagemagick} suite is available on your system. You can still get this processing with @example #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng @end example @example #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm @end example or: @example #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick @end example @node Text areas in HTML export @subsection Text areas in HTML export @cindex text areas, in HTML An alternative way to publish literal code examples in HTML is to use text areas, where the example can even be edited before pasting it into an application. It is triggered by @code{:textarea} attribute at an @code{example} or @code{src} block. You may also use @code{:height} and @code{:width} attributes to specify the height and width of the text area, which default to the number of lines in the example, and 80, respectively. For example @example #+ATTR_HTML: :textarea t :width 40 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE (defun org-xor (a b) "Exclusive or." (if a (not b) b)) #+END_EXAMPLE @end example @node CSS support @subsection CSS support @cindex CSS, for HTML export @cindex HTML export, CSS @vindex org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix @vindex org-html-tag-class-prefix You can modify the CSS style definitions for the exported file. The HTML exporter assigns the following special CSS classes@footnote{If the classes on TODO keywords and tags lead to conflicts, use the variables @code{org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix} and @code{org-html-tag-class-prefix} to make them unique.} to appropriate parts of the document---your style specifications may change these, in addition to any of the standard classes like for headlines, tables, etc. @example p.author @r{author information, including email} p.date @r{publishing date} p.creator @r{creator info, about org mode version} .title @r{document title} .subtitle @r{document subtitle} .todo @r{TODO keywords, all not-done states} .done @r{the DONE keywords, all states that count as done} .WAITING @r{each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself} .timestamp @r{timestamp} .timestamp-kwd @r{keyword associated with a timestamp, like SCHEDULED} .timestamp-wrapper @r{span around keyword plus timestamp} .tag @r{tag in a headline} ._HOME @r{each tag uses itself as a class, "@@" replaced by "_"} .target @r{target for links} .linenr @r{the line number in a code example} .code-highlighted @r{for highlighting referenced code lines} div.outline-N @r{div for outline level N (headline plus text))} div.outline-text-N @r{extra div for text at outline level N} .section-number-N @r{section number in headlines, different for each level} .figure-number @r{label like "Figure 1:"} .table-number @r{label like "Table 1:"} .listing-number @r{label like "Listing 1:"} div.figure @r{how to format an inlined image} pre.src @r{formatted source code} pre.example @r{normal example} p.verse @r{verse paragraph} div.footnotes @r{footnote section headline} p.footnote @r{footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote} .footref @r{a footnote reference number (always a )} .footnum @r{footnote number in footnote definition (always )} @end example @vindex org-html-style-default @vindex org-html-head-include-default-style @vindex org-html-head @vindex org-html-head-extra @cindex #+HTML_INCLUDE_STYLE Each exported file contains a compact default style that defines these classes in a basic way@footnote{This style is defined in the constant @code{org-html-style-default}, which you should not modify. To turn inclusion of these defaults off, customize @code{org-html-head-include-default-style} or set @code{html-style} to @code{nil} in an @code{OPTIONS} line.}. You may overwrite these settings, or add to them by using the variables @code{org-html-head} and @code{org-html-head-extra}. You can override the global values of these variables for each file by using these keywords: @cindex #+HTML_HEAD @cindex #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA @example #+HTML_HEAD: #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: @end example @noindent For longer style definitions, you can use several such lines. You could also directly write a @code{} section in this way, without referring to an external file. In order to add styles to a subtree, use the @code{:HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS:} property to assign a class to the tree. In order to specify CSS styles for a particular headline, you can use the id specified in a @code{:CUSTOM_ID:} property. @c FIXME: More about header and footer styles @c FIXME: Talk about links and targets. @node JavaScript support @subsection JavaScript supported display of web pages @cindex Rose, Sebastian Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to enhance the web viewing experience of HTML files created with Org. This program allows you to view large files in two different ways. The first one is an @emph{Info}-like mode where each section is displayed separately and navigation can be done with the @kbd{n} and @kbd{p} keys (and some other keys as well, press @kbd{?} for an overview of the available keys). The second view type is a @emph{folding} view much like Org provides inside Emacs. The script is available at @url{http://orgmode.org/org-info.js} and you can find the documentation for it at @url{http://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/}. We host the script at our site, but if you use it a lot, you might not want to be dependent on @url{http://orgmode.org} and prefer to install a local copy on your own web server. All it then takes to use this program is adding a single line to the Org file: @cindex #+INFOJS_OPT @example #+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil @end example @noindent If this line is found, the HTML header will automatically contain the code needed to invoke the script. Using the line above, you can set the following viewing options: @example path: @r{The path to the script. The default is to grab the script from} @r{@url{http://orgmode.org/org-info.js}, but you might want to have} @r{a local copy and use a path like @samp{../scripts/org-info.js}.} view: @r{Initial view when the website is first shown. Possible values are:} info @r{Info-like interface with one section per page.} overview @r{Folding interface, initially showing only top-level.} content @r{Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible.} showall @r{Folding interface, all headlines and text visible.} sdepth: @r{Maximum headline level that will still become an independent} @r{section for info and folding modes. The default is taken from} @r{@code{org-export-headline-levels} (= the @code{H} switch in @code{#+OPTIONS}).} @r{If this is smaller than in @code{org-export-headline-levels}, each} @r{info/folding section can still contain child headlines.} toc: @r{Should the table of contents @emph{initially} be visible?} @r{Even when @code{nil}, you can always get to the "toc" with @kbd{i}.} tdepth: @r{The depth of the table of contents. The defaults are taken from} @r{the variables @code{org-export-headline-levels} and @code{org-export-with-toc}.} ftoc: @r{Does the CSS of the page specify a fixed position for the "toc"?} @r{If yes, the toc will never be displayed as a section.} ltoc: @r{Should there be short contents (children) in each section?} @r{Make this @code{above} if the section should be above initial text.} mouse: @r{Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them. Should be} @r{@samp{underline} (default) or a background color like @samp{#cccccc}.} buttons: @r{Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere? When @code{nil} (the} @r{default), only one such button will be present.} @end example @noindent @vindex org-html-infojs-options @vindex org-html-use-infojs You can choose default values for these options by customizing the variable @code{org-html-infojs-options}. If you always want to apply the script to your pages, configure the variable @code{org-html-use-infojs}. @node @LaTeX{} and PDF export @section @LaTeX{} and PDF export @cindex @LaTeX{} export @cindex PDF export The @LaTeX{} exporter can produce an arbitrarily complex @LaTeX{} document of any standard or custom document class@footnote{The @LaTeX{} exporter can be configured to support alternative @LaTeX{} engines (see @code{org-latex-compiler}), build sequences (see @code{org-latex-pdf-process}), and packages, (see @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} and @code{org-latex-packages-alist}).}. The Org @LaTeX{} exporter is geared towards producing fully-linked PDF output. As in @LaTeX{}, blank lines are meaningful for this back-end: a paragraph will not be started if two contiguous syntactical elements are not separated by an empty line. This back-end also offers enhanced support for footnotes. Thus, it handles nested footnotes, footnotes in tables and footnotes in a list item's description. @menu * @LaTeX{} export commands:: How to export to LaTeX and PDF * @LaTeX{} specific export settings:: Export settings for @LaTeX{} * Header and sectioning:: Setting up the export file structure * Quoting @LaTeX{} code:: Incorporating literal @LaTeX{} code * @LaTeX{} specific attributes:: Controlling @LaTeX{} output @end menu @node @LaTeX{} export commands @subsection @LaTeX{} export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e l l,org-latex-export-to-latex} Export as a @LaTeX{} file. For an Org file @file{myfile.org}, the @LaTeX{} file will be @file{myfile.tex}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @orgcmd{C-c C-e l L,org-latex-export-as-latex} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @orgcmd{C-c C-e l p,org-latex-export-to-pdf} Export as @LaTeX{} and then process to PDF. @item C-c C-e l o Export as @LaTeX{} and then process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file. @end table @vindex org-latex-compiler @vindex org-latex-bibtex-compiler @vindex org-latex-default-packages-alist The exporter supports several @LaTeX{} engines, namely @samp{pdflatex}, @samp{xelatex} and @samp{lualatex}. The default @LaTeX{} compiler can be set via @code{org-latex-compiler} or the @code{#+LATEX_COMPILER} keyword. It is possible to only load some packages with certain compilers (see the docstring of @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist}). The bibliography compiler may also be set via @code{org-latex-bibtex-compiler}@footnote{You cannot set the bibliography compiler on a file basis via a keyword. However, ``smart'' @LaTeX{} compilation systems, such as @samp{latexmk}, are usually able to select the correct bibliography compiler.}. @node @LaTeX{} specific export settings @subsection @LaTeX{} specific export settings The @LaTeX{} exporter introduces a number of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item DESCRIPTION @cindex #+DESCRIPTION (@LaTeX{}) The document description. By default these are inserted as metadata using @samp{hyperref}. Document metadata can be configured via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}. Description can also be typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. You can use several @code{#+DESCRIPTION} keywords if the description is is long. @item LATEX_CLASS @cindex #+LATEX_CLASS @vindex org-latex-default-class @vindex org-latex-classes The predefined preamble and headline level mapping to use (@code{org-latex-default-class}). Must be an element in @code{org-latex-classes}. @item LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS @cindex #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS Options given to the @LaTeX{} document class. @item LATEX_COMPILER @cindex #+LATEX_COMPILER @vindex org-latex-compiler The compiler used to produce the PDF (@code{org-latex-compiler}). @item LATEX_HEADER @cindex #+LATEX_HEADER @vindex org-latex-classes Arbitrary lines added to the preamble of the document, before the @samp{hyperref} settings. The location can be controlled via @code{org-latex-classes}. @item LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA @cindex #+LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA @vindex org-latex-classes Arbitrary lines added to the preamble of the document, before the @samp{hyperref} settings. The location can be controlled via @code{org-latex-classes}. @item KEYWORDS @cindex #+KEYWORDS (@LaTeX{}) The keywords defining the contents of the document. By default these are inserted as metadata using @samp{hyperref}. Document metadata can be configured via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template}. Description can also be typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. You can use several @code{#+KEYWORDS} if the description is is long. @item SUBTITLE @cindex #+SUBTITLE (@LaTeX{}) @vindex org-latex-subtitle-separate @vindex org-latex-subtitle-format The document subtitle. This is typeset according to @code{org-latex-subtitle-format}. If @code{org-latex-subtitle-separate} is non-@code{nil} it is typed as part of the @samp{\title}-macro. It can also access via @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} or typeset as part of the front matter via @code{org-latex-title-command}. @end table These keywords are treated in details in the following sections. @node Header and sectioning @subsection Header and sectioning structure @cindex @LaTeX{} class @cindex @LaTeX{} sectioning structure @cindex @LaTeX{} header @cindex header, for @LaTeX{} files @cindex sectioning structure, for @LaTeX{} export By default, the first three outline levels become headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels are exported as @code{itemize} or @code{enumerate} lists. The transition can also occur at a different level (@pxref{Export settings}). By default, the @LaTeX{} output uses the class @code{article}. @vindex org-latex-default-class @vindex org-latex-classes @vindex org-latex-default-packages-alist @vindex org-latex-packages-alist You can change this globally by setting a different value for @code{org-latex-default-class} or locally by adding an option like @code{#+LATEX_CLASS: myclass} in your file, or with a @code{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS} property that applies when exporting a region containing only this (sub)tree. The class must be listed in @code{org-latex-classes}. This variable defines a header template for each class@footnote{Into which the values of @code{org-latex-default-packages-alist} and @code{org-latex-packages-alist} are spliced.}, and allows you to define the sectioning structure for each class. You can also define your own classes there. @cindex #+LATEX_CLASS @cindex #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS @cindex property, EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS @cindex property, EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS The @code{LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS} keyword or @code{EXPORT_LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS} property can specify the options for the @code{\documentclass} macro. These options have to be provided, as expected by @LaTeX{}, within square brackets. @cindex #+LATEX_HEADER @cindex #+LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA You can also use the @code{LATEX_HEADER} and @code{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA}@footnote{Unlike @code{LATEX_HEADER}, contents from @code{LATEX_HEADER_EXTRA} keywords will not be loaded when previewing @LaTeX{} snippets (@pxref{Previewing @LaTeX{} fragments}).} keywords in order to add lines to the header. See the docstring of @code{org-latex-classes} for more information. An example is shown below. @example #+LATEX_CLASS: article #+LATEX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper] #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage@{xyz@} * Headline 1 some text @end example @node Quoting @LaTeX{} code @subsection Quoting @LaTeX{} code Embedded @LaTeX{} as described in @ref{Embedded @LaTeX{}}, will be correctly inserted into the @LaTeX{} file. Furthermore, you can add special code that should only be present in @LaTeX{} export with the following constructs: @cindex #+LATEX @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex @example Code within @@@@latex:some code@@@@ a paragraph. #+LATEX: Literal @LaTeX{} code for export #+BEGIN_EXPORT latex All lines between these markers are exported literally #+END_EXPORT @end example @node @LaTeX{} specific attributes @subsection @LaTeX{} specific attributes @cindex #+ATTR_LATEX @LaTeX{} understands attributes specified in an @code{ATTR_LATEX} line. They affect tables, images, plain lists, source blocks, example blocks and special blocks. @subsubheading Tables in @LaTeX{} export @cindex tables, in @LaTeX{} export For @LaTeX{} export of a table, you can specify a label and a caption (@pxref{Images and tables}). You can also use attributes to control table layout and contents. Valid @LaTeX{} attributes include: @table @code @item :mode @vindex org-latex-default-table-mode Nature of table's contents. It can be set to @code{table}, @code{math}, @code{inline-math} or @code{verbatim}. In particular, when in @code{math} or @code{inline-math} mode, every cell is exported as-is, horizontal rules are ignored and the table will be wrapped in a math environment. Also, contiguous tables sharing the same math mode will be wrapped within the same environment. Default mode is determined in @code{org-latex-default-table-mode}. @item :environment @vindex org-latex-default-table-environment Environment used for the table. It can be set to any @LaTeX{} table environment, like @code{tabularx}@footnote{Requires adding the @code{tabularx} package to @code{org-latex-packages-alist}.}, @code{longtable}, @code{array}, @code{tabu}@footnote{Requires adding the @code{tabu} package to @code{org-latex-packages-alist}.}, @code{bmatrix}@enddots{} It defaults to @code{org-latex-default-table-environment} value. @item :caption @code{#+CAPTION} keyword is the simplest way to set a caption for a table (@pxref{Images and tables}). If you need more advanced commands for that task, you can use @code{:caption} attribute instead. Its value should be raw @LaTeX{} code. It has precedence over @code{#+CAPTION}. @item :float @itemx :placement The @code{:float} specifies the float environment for the table. Possible values are @code{sideways}@footnote{Formerly, the value was @code{sidewaystable}. This is deprecated since Org 8.3.}, @code{multicolumn}, @code{t} and @code{nil}. When unspecified, a table with a caption will have a @code{table} environment. Moreover, the @code{:placement} attribute can specify the positioning of the float. Note: @code{:placement} is ignored for @code{:float sideways} tables. @item :align @itemx :font @itemx :width Set, respectively, the alignment string of the table, its font size and its width. They only apply on regular tables. @item :spread Boolean specific to the @code{tabu} and @code{longtabu} environments, and only takes effect when used in conjunction with the @code{:width} attribute. When @code{:spread} is non-@code{nil}, the table will be spread or shrunk by the value of @code{:width}. @item :booktabs @itemx :center @itemx :rmlines @vindex org-latex-tables-booktabs @vindex org-latex-tables-centered They toggle, respectively, @code{booktabs} usage (assuming the package is properly loaded), table centering and removal of every horizontal rule but the first one (in a "table.el" table only). In particular, @code{org-latex-tables-booktabs} (respectively @code{org-latex-tables-centered}) activates the first (respectively second) attribute globally. @item :math-prefix @itemx :math-suffix @itemx :math-arguments A string that will be inserted, respectively, before the table within the math environment, after the table within the math environment, and between the macro name and the contents of the table. The @code{:math-arguments} attribute is used for matrix macros that require more than one argument (e.g., @code{qbordermatrix}). @end table Thus, attributes can be used in a wide array of situations, like writing a table that will span over multiple pages, or a matrix product: @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment longtable :align l|lp@{3cm@}r|l | ..... | ..... | | ..... | ..... | #+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix :math-suffix \times | a | b | | c | d | #+ATTR_LATEX: :mode math :environment bmatrix | 1 | 2 | | 3 | 4 | @end example In the example below, @LaTeX{} command @code{\bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@}} will set the caption. @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@} | ..... | ..... | | ..... | ..... | @end example @subsubheading Images in @LaTeX{} export @cindex images, inline in @LaTeX{} @cindex inlining images in @LaTeX{} Images that are linked to without a description part in the link, like @samp{[[file:img.jpg]]} or @samp{[[./img.jpg]]} will be inserted into the PDF output file resulting from @LaTeX{} processing. Org will use an @code{\includegraphics} macro to insert the image@footnote{In the case of TikZ (@url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgf/}) images, it will become an @code{\input} macro wrapped within a @code{tikzpicture} environment.}. You can specify image width or height with, respectively, @code{:width} and @code{:height} attributes. It is also possible to add any other option with the @code{:options} attribute, as shown in the following example: @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :width 5cm :options angle=90 [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]] @end example If you need a specific command for the caption, use @code{:caption} attribute. It will override standard @code{#+CAPTION} value, if any. @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \bicaption@{HeadingA@}@{HeadingB@} [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]] @end example If you have specified a caption as described in @ref{Images and tables}, the picture will be wrapped into a @code{figure} environment and thus become a floating element. You can also ask Org to export an image as a float without specifying caption by setting the @code{:float} attribute. You may also set it to: @itemize @minus @item @code{t}: if you want to use the standard @samp{figure} environment. It is used by default if you provide a caption to the image. @item @code{multicolumn}: if you wish to include an image which spans multiple columns in a page. This will export the image wrapped in a @code{figure*} environment. @item @code{wrap}: if you would like to let text flow around the image. It will make the figure occupy the left half of the page. @item @code{sideways}: if you would like the image to appear alone on a separate page rotated ninety degrees using the @code{sidewaysfigure} environment. Setting this @code{:float} option will ignore the @code{:placement} setting. @item @code{nil}: if you need to avoid any floating environment, even when a caption is provided. @end itemize @noindent To modify the placement option of any floating environment, set the @code{placement} attribute. @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :float wrap :width 0.38\textwidth :placement @{r@}@{0.4\textwidth@} [[./img/hst.png]] @end example If the @code{:comment-include} attribute is set to a non-@code{nil} value, the @LaTeX{} @code{\includegraphics} macro will be commented out. @subsubheading Plain lists in @LaTeX{} export @cindex plain lists, in @LaTeX{} export Plain lists accept two optional attributes: @code{:environment} and @code{:options}. The first can be used to specify the environment. The second can be used to specifies additional arguments to the environment. Both attributes are illustrated in the following example: @example #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage[inline]@{enumitem@} Some ways to say "Hello": #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment itemize* #+ATTR_LATEX: :options [label=@{@}, itemjoin=@{,@}, itemjoin*=@{, and@}] - Hola - Bonjour - Guten Tag. @end example By default, @LaTeX{} only supports four levels of nesting for lists. If deeper nesting is needed, the @samp{enumitem} @LaTeX{} package can be employed, as shown in this example: @example #+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage@{enumitem@} #+LATEX_HEADER: \renewlist@{itemize@}@{itemize@}@{9@} #+LATEX_HEADER: \setlist[itemize]@{label=$\circ$@} - One - Two - Three - Four - Five @end example @subsubheading Source blocks in @LaTeX{} export @cindex source blocks, in @LaTeX{} export In addition to syntax defined in @ref{Literal examples}, names and captions (@pxref{Images and tables}), source blocks also accept two additional attributes: @code{:float} and @code{:options}. You may set the former to @itemize @minus @item @code{t}: if you want to make the source block a float. It is the default value when a caption is provided. @item @code{multicolumn}: if you wish to include a source block which spans multiple columns in a page. @item @code{nil}: if you need to avoid any floating environment, even when a caption is provided. It is useful for source code that may not fit in a single page. @end itemize @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :float nil #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp Code that may not fit in a single page. #+END_SRC @end example @vindex org-latex-listings-options @vindex org-latex-minted-options The latter allows to specify options relative to the package used to highlight code in the output (e.g., @code{listings}). This is the local counterpart to @code{org-latex-listings-options} and @code{org-latex-minted-options} variables, which see. @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :options commentstyle=\bfseries #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp (defun Fib (n) ; Count rabbits. (if (< n 2) n (+ (Fib (- n 1)) (Fib (- n 2))))) #+END_SRC @end example @subsubheading Example blocks in @LaTeX{} export @cindex example blocks, in @LaTeX{} export @cindex verbatim blocks, in @LaTeX{} export By default, when exporting to @LaTeX{}, example blocks contents are wrapped in a @samp{verbatim} environment. It is possible to use a different environment globally using an appropriate export filter (@pxref{Advanced configuration}). You can also change this per block using @code{:environment} parameter. @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :environment myverbatim #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE This sentence is false. #+END_EXAMPLE @end example @subsubheading Special blocks in @LaTeX{} export @cindex special blocks, in @LaTeX{} export @cindex abstract, in @LaTeX{} export @cindex proof, in @LaTeX{} export In @LaTeX{} back-end, special blocks become environments of the same name. Value of @code{:options} attribute will be appended as-is to that environment's opening string. For example: @example #+BEGIN_abstract We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem. #+END_abstract #+ATTR_LATEX: :options [Proof of important theorem] #+BEGIN_proof ... Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes. #+END_proof @end example @noindent becomes @example \begin@{abstract@} We demonstrate how to solve the Syracuse problem. \end@{abstract@} \begin@{proof@}[Proof of important theorem] ... Therefore, any even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes. \end@{proof@} @end example If you need to insert a specific caption command, use @code{:caption} attribute. It will override standard @code{#+CAPTION} value, if any. For example: @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :caption \MyCaption@{HeadingA@} #+BEGIN_proof ... #+END_proof @end example @subsubheading Horizontal rules @cindex horizontal rules, in @LaTeX{} export Width and thickness of a given horizontal rule can be controlled with, respectively, @code{:width} and @code{:thickness} attributes: @example #+ATTR_LATEX: :width .6\textwidth :thickness 0.8pt ----- @end example @node Markdown export @section Markdown export @cindex Markdown export @code{md} export back-end generates Markdown syntax@footnote{Vanilla flavor, as defined at @url{http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/}.} for an Org mode buffer. It is built over HTML back-end: any construct not supported by Markdown syntax (e.g., tables) will be controlled and translated by @code{html} back-end (@pxref{HTML export}). @subheading Markdown export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e m m,org-md-export-to-markdown} Export as a text file written in Markdown syntax. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the resulting file will be @file{myfile.md}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @orgcmd{C-c C-e m M,org-md-export-as-markdown} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @item C-c C-e m o Export as a text file with Markdown syntax, then open it. @end table @subheading Header and sectioning structure @vindex org-md-headline-style Markdown export can generate both @code{atx} and @code{setext} types for headlines, according to @code{org-md-headline-style}. The former introduces a hard limit of two levels, whereas the latter pushes it to six. Headlines below that limit are exported as lists. You can also set a soft limit before that one (@pxref{Export settings}). @c begin opendocument @node OpenDocument Text export @section OpenDocument Text export @cindex ODT @cindex OpenDocument @cindex export, OpenDocument @cindex LibreOffice Org mode@footnote{Versions 7.8 or later} supports export to OpenDocument Text (ODT) format. Documents created by this exporter use the @cite{OpenDocument-v1.2 specification}@footnote{@url{http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html, Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) Version 1.2}} and are compatible with LibreOffice 3.4. @menu * Pre-requisites for ODT export:: What packages ODT exporter relies on * ODT export commands:: How to invoke ODT export * ODT specific export settings:: Export settings for ODT * Extending ODT export:: How to produce @samp{doc}, @samp{pdf} files * Applying custom styles:: How to apply custom styles to the output * Links in ODT export:: How links will be interpreted and formatted * Tables in ODT export:: How Tables are exported * Images in ODT export:: How to insert images * Math formatting in ODT export:: How @LaTeX{} fragments are formatted * Labels and captions in ODT export:: How captions are rendered * Literal examples in ODT export:: How source and example blocks are formatted * Advanced topics in ODT export:: Read this if you are a power user @end menu @node Pre-requisites for ODT export @subsection Pre-requisites for ODT export @cindex zip The ODT exporter relies on the @file{zip} program to create the final output. Check the availability of this program before proceeding further. @node ODT export commands @subsection ODT export commands @anchor{x-export-to-odt} @cindex region, active @cindex active region @cindex transient-mark-mode @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e o o,org-odt-export-to-odt} @cindex property EXPORT_FILE_NAME Export as OpenDocument Text file. @vindex org-odt-preferred-output-format If @code{org-odt-preferred-output-format} is specified, automatically convert the exported file to that format. @xref{x-export-to-other-formats, , Automatically exporting to other formats}. For an Org file @file{myfile.org}, the ODT file will be @file{myfile.odt}. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region,@footnote{This requires @code{transient-mark-mode} to be turned on} only the region will be exported. If the selected region is a single tree,@footnote{To select the current subtree, use @kbd{C-c @@}} the tree head will become the document title. If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an @code{EXPORT_FILE_NAME} property, that name will be used for the export. @kbd{C-c C-e o O} Export as an OpenDocument Text file and open the resulting file. @vindex org-odt-preferred-output-format If @code{org-odt-preferred-output-format} is specified, open the converted file instead. @xref{x-export-to-other-formats, , Automatically exporting to other formats}. @end table @node ODT specific export settings @subsection ODT specific export settings The ODT exporter introduces a number of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item DESCRIPTION @cindex #+DESCRIPTION (ODT) The document description. These are inserted as document metadata. You can use several such keywords if the list is long. @item KEYWORDS @cindex #+KEYWORDS (ODT) The keywords defining the contents of the document. These are inserted as document metadata. You can use several such keywords if the list is long. @item ODT_STYLES_FILE @cindex ODT_STYLES_FILE @vindex org-odt-styles-file The style file of the document (@code{org-odt-styles-file}). See @ref{Applying custom styles} for details. @item SUBTITLE @cindex SUBTITLE (ODT) The document subtitle. @end table @node Extending ODT export @subsection Extending ODT export The ODT exporter can interface with a variety of document converters and supports popular converters out of the box. As a result, you can use it to export to formats like @samp{doc} or convert a document from one format (say @samp{csv}) to another format (say @samp{ods} or @samp{xls}). @cindex @file{unoconv} @cindex LibreOffice If you have a working installation of LibreOffice, a document converter is pre-configured for you and you can use it right away. If you would like to use @file{unoconv} as your preferred converter, customize the variable @code{org-odt-convert-process} to point to @code{unoconv}. You can also use your own favorite converter or tweak the default settings of the @file{LibreOffice} and @samp{unoconv} converters. @xref{Configuring a document converter}. @subsubheading Automatically exporting to other formats @anchor{x-export-to-other-formats} @vindex org-odt-preferred-output-format Very often, you will find yourself exporting to ODT format, only to immediately save the exported document to other formats like @samp{doc}, @samp{docx}, @samp{rtf}, @samp{pdf} etc. In such cases, you can specify your preferred output format by customizing the variable @code{org-odt-preferred-output-format}. This way, the export commands (@pxref{x-export-to-odt,,Exporting to ODT}) can be extended to export to a format that is of immediate interest to you. @subsubheading Converting between document formats @anchor{x-convert-to-other-formats} There are many document converters in the wild which support conversion to and from various file formats, including, but not limited to the ODT format. LibreOffice converter, mentioned above, is one such converter. Once a converter is configured, you can interact with it using the following command. @vindex org-odt-convert @table @kbd @item M-x org-odt-convert RET Convert an existing document from one format to another. With a prefix argument, also open the newly produced file. @end table @node Applying custom styles @subsection Applying custom styles @cindex styles, custom @cindex template, custom The ODT exporter ships with a set of OpenDocument styles (@pxref{Working with OpenDocument style files}) that ensure a well-formatted output. These factory styles, however, may not cater to your specific tastes. To customize the output, you can either modify the above styles files directly, or generate the required styles using an application like LibreOffice. The latter method is suitable for expert and non-expert users alike, and is described here. @subsubheading Applying custom styles: the easy way @enumerate @item Create a sample @file{example.org} file with the below settings and export it to ODT format. @example #+OPTIONS: H:10 num:t @end example @item Open the above @file{example.odt} using LibreOffice. Use the @file{Stylist} to locate the target styles---these typically have the @samp{Org} prefix---and modify those to your taste. Save the modified file either as an OpenDocument Text (@file{.odt}) or OpenDocument Template (@file{.ott}) file. @item @cindex #+ODT_STYLES_FILE @vindex org-odt-styles-file Customize the variable @code{org-odt-styles-file} and point it to the newly created file. For additional configuration options @pxref{x-overriding-factory-styles,,Overriding factory styles}. If you would like to choose a style on a per-file basis, you can use the @code{#+ODT_STYLES_FILE} option. A typical setting will look like @example #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: "/path/to/example.ott" @end example or @example #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: ("/path/to/file.ott" ("styles.xml" "image/hdr.png")) @end example @end enumerate @subsubheading Using third-party styles and templates You can use third-party styles and templates for customizing your output. This will produce the desired output only if the template provides all style names that the @samp{ODT} exporter relies on. Unless this condition is met, the output is going to be less than satisfactory. So it is highly recommended that you only work with templates that are directly derived from the factory settings. @node Links in ODT export @subsection Links in ODT export @cindex links, in ODT export ODT exporter creates native cross-references for internal links. It creates Internet-style links for all other links. A link with no description and destined to a regular (un-itemized) outline heading is replaced with a cross-reference and section number of the heading. A @samp{\ref@{label@}}-style reference to an image, table etc.@: is replaced with a cross-reference and sequence number of the labeled entity. @xref{Labels and captions in ODT export}. @node Tables in ODT export @subsection Tables in ODT export @cindex tables, in ODT export Export of native Org mode tables (@pxref{Tables}) and simple @file{table.el} tables is supported. However, export of complex @file{table.el} tables---tables that have column or row spans---is not supported. Such tables are stripped from the exported document. By default, a table is exported with top and bottom frames and with rules separating row and column groups (@pxref{Column groups}). Furthermore, all tables are typeset to occupy the same width. If the table specifies alignment and relative width for its columns (@pxref{Column width and alignment}) then these are honored on export.@footnote{The column widths are interpreted as weighted ratios with the default weight being 1} @cindex #+ATTR_ODT You can control the width of the table by specifying @code{:rel-width} property using an @code{#+ATTR_ODT} line. For example, consider the following table which makes use of all the rules mentioned above. @example #+ATTR_ODT: :rel-width 50 | Area/Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Sum | |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------| | / | < | | | < | | | | | | | | North America | 1 | 21 | 926 | 948 | | Middle East | 6 | 75 | 844 | 925 | | Asia Pacific | 9 | 27 | 790 | 826 | |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------| | Sum | 16 | 123 | 2560 | 2699 | @end example On export, the table will occupy 50% of text area. The columns will be sized (roughly) in the ratio of 13:5:5:5:6. The first column will be left-aligned and rest of the columns will be right-aligned. There will be vertical rules after separating the header and last columns from other columns. There will be horizontal rules separating the header and last rows from other rows. If you are not satisfied with the above formatting options, you can create custom table styles and associate them with a table using the @code{#+ATTR_ODT} line. @xref{Customizing tables in ODT export}. @node Images in ODT export @subsection Images in ODT export @cindex images, embedding in ODT @cindex embedding images in ODT @subsubheading Embedding images You can embed images within the exported document by providing a link to the desired image file with no link description. For example, to embed @samp{img.png} do either of the following: @example [[file:img.png]] @end example @example [[./img.png]] @end example @subsubheading Embedding clickable images You can create clickable images by providing a link whose description is a link to an image file. For example, to embed a image @file{org-mode-unicorn.png} which when clicked jumps to @uref{http://Orgmode.org} website, do the following @example [[http://orgmode.org][./org-mode-unicorn.png]] @end example @subsubheading Sizing and scaling of embedded images @cindex #+ATTR_ODT You can control the size and scale of the embedded images using the @code{#+ATTR_ODT} attribute. @cindex identify, ImageMagick @vindex org-odt-pixels-per-inch The exporter specifies the desired size of the image in the final document in units of centimeters. In order to scale the embedded images, the exporter queries for pixel dimensions of the images using one of a) ImageMagick's @file{identify} program or b) Emacs @code{create-image} and @code{image-size} APIs@footnote{Use of @file{ImageMagick} is only desirable. However, if you routinely produce documents that have large images or you export your Org files that has images using a Emacs batch script, then the use of @file{ImageMagick} is mandatory.}. The pixel dimensions are subsequently converted in to units of centimeters using @code{org-odt-pixels-per-inch}. The default value of this variable is set to @code{display-pixels-per-inch}. You can tweak this variable to achieve the best results. The examples below illustrate the various possibilities. @table @asis @item Explicitly size the image To embed @file{img.png} as a 10 cm x 10 cm image, do the following: @example #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 :height 10 [[./img.png]] @end example @item Scale the image To embed @file{img.png} at half its size, do the following: @example #+ATTR_ODT: :scale 0.5 [[./img.png]] @end example @item Scale the image to a specific width To embed @file{img.png} with a width of 10 cm while retaining the original height:width ratio, do the following: @example #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 [[./img.png]] @end example @item Scale the image to a specific height To embed @file{img.png} with a height of 10 cm while retaining the original height:width ratio, do the following @example #+ATTR_ODT: :height 10 [[./img.png]] @end example @end table @subsubheading Anchoring of images @cindex #+ATTR_ODT You can control the manner in which an image is anchored by setting the @code{:anchor} property of its @code{#+ATTR_ODT} line. You can specify one of the following three values for the @code{:anchor} property: @samp{"as-char"}, @samp{"paragraph"} and @samp{"page"}. To create an image that is anchored to a page, do the following: @example #+ATTR_ODT: :anchor "page" [[./img.png]] @end example @node Math formatting in ODT export @subsection Math formatting in ODT export The ODT exporter has special support for handling math. @menu * Working with @LaTeX{} math snippets:: How to embed @LaTeX{} math fragments * Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files:: How to embed equations in native format @end menu @node Working with @LaTeX{} math snippets @subsubheading Working with @LaTeX{} math snippets @LaTeX{} math snippets (@pxref{@LaTeX{} fragments}) can be embedded in the ODT document in one of the following ways: @cindex MathML @enumerate @item MathML This option is activated on a per-file basis with @example #+OPTIONS: LaTeX:t @end example With this option, @LaTeX{} fragments are first converted into MathML fragments using an external @LaTeX{}-to-MathML converter program. The resulting MathML fragments are then embedded as an OpenDocument Formula in the exported document. @vindex org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command @vindex org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file You can specify the @LaTeX{}-to-MathML converter by customizing the variables @code{org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command} and @code{org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file}. To use MathToWeb@footnote{See @uref{http://www.mathtoweb.com/cgi-bin/mathtoweb_home.pl, MathToWeb}.} as your converter, you can configure the above variables as @lisp (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command "java -jar %j -unicode -force -df %o %I" org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file "/path/to/mathtoweb.jar") @end lisp To use @LaTeX{}ML@footnote{See @uref{http://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/}.} use @lisp (setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command "latexmlmath \"%i\" --presentationmathml=%o") @end lisp You can use the following commands to quickly verify the reliability of the @LaTeX{}-to-MathML converter. @table @kbd @item M-x org-odt-export-as-odf RET Convert a @LaTeX{} math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (@file{.odf}) file. @item M-x org-odt-export-as-odf-and-open RET Convert a @LaTeX{} math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (@file{.odf}) file and open the formula file with the system-registered application. @end table @cindex dvipng @cindex dvisvgm @cindex imagemagick @item PNG images This option is activated on a per-file basis with @example #+OPTIONS: tex:dvipng @end example @example #+OPTIONS: tex:dvisvgm @end example or: @example #+OPTIONS: tex:imagemagick @end example With this option, @LaTeX{} fragments are processed into PNG or SVG images and the resulting images are embedded in the exported document. This method requires that the @file{dvipng} program, @file{dvisvgm} or @file{imagemagick} suite be available on your system. @end enumerate @node Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files @subsubheading Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files For various reasons, you may find embedding @LaTeX{} math snippets in an ODT document less than reliable. In that case, you can embed a math equation by linking to its MathML (@file{.mml}) source or its OpenDocument formula (@file{.odf}) file as shown below: @example [[./equation.mml]] @end example or @example [[./equation.odf]] @end example @node Labels and captions in ODT export @subsection Labels and captions in ODT export You can label and caption various category of objects---an inline image, a table, a @LaTeX{} fragment or a Math formula---using @code{#+LABEL} and @code{#+CAPTION} lines. @xref{Images and tables}. ODT exporter enumerates each labeled or captioned object of a given category separately. As a result, each such object is assigned a sequence number based on order of its appearance in the Org file. In the exported document, a user-provided caption is augmented with the category and sequence number. Consider the following inline image in an Org file. @example #+CAPTION: Bell curve #+LABEL: fig:SED-HR4049 [[./img/a.png]] @end example It could be rendered as shown below in the exported document. @example Figure 2: Bell curve @end example @vindex org-odt-category-map-alist You can modify the category component of the caption by customizing the option @code{org-odt-category-map-alist}. For example, to tag all embedded images with the string @samp{Illustration} (instead of the default @samp{Figure}) use the following setting: @lisp (setq org-odt-category-map-alist (("__Figure__" "Illustration" "value" "Figure" org-odt--enumerable-image-p))) @end lisp With this, previous image will be captioned as below in the exported document. @example Illustration 2: Bell curve @end example @node Literal examples in ODT export @subsection Literal examples in ODT export Export of literal examples (@pxref{Literal examples}) with full fontification is supported. Internally, the exporter relies on @file{htmlfontify.el} to generate all style definitions needed for a fancy listing. The auto-generated styles have @samp{OrgSrc} as prefix and inherit their color from the faces used by Emacs @code{font-lock} library for the source language. @vindex org-odt-fontify-srcblocks If you prefer to use your own custom styles for fontification, you can do so by customizing the option @code{org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks}. @vindex org-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks You can turn off fontification of literal examples by customizing the option @code{org-odt-fontify-srcblocks}. @node Advanced topics in ODT export @subsection Advanced topics in ODT export If you rely heavily on ODT export, you may want to exploit the full set of features that the exporter offers. This section describes features that would be of interest to power users. @menu * Configuring a document converter:: How to register a document converter * Working with OpenDocument style files:: Explore the internals * Creating one-off styles:: How to produce custom highlighting etc * Customizing tables in ODT export:: How to define and use Table templates * Validating OpenDocument XML:: How to debug corrupt OpenDocument files @end menu @node Configuring a document converter @subsubheading Configuring a document converter @cindex convert @cindex doc, docx, rtf @cindex converter The ODT exporter can work with popular converters with little or no extra configuration from your side. @xref{Extending ODT export}. If you are using a converter that is not supported by default or if you would like to tweak the default converter settings, proceed as below. @enumerate @item Register the converter @vindex org-odt-convert-processes Name your converter and add it to the list of known converters by customizing the option @code{org-odt-convert-processes}. Also specify how the converter can be invoked via command-line to effect the conversion. @item Configure its capabilities @vindex org-odt-convert-capabilities @anchor{x-odt-converter-capabilities} Specify the set of formats the converter can handle by customizing the variable @code{org-odt-convert-capabilities}. Use the default value for this variable as a guide for configuring your converter. As suggested by the default setting, you can specify the full set of formats supported by the converter and not limit yourself to specifying formats that are related to just the OpenDocument Text format. @item Choose the converter @vindex org-odt-convert-process Select the newly added converter as the preferred one by customizing the option @code{org-odt-convert-process}. @end enumerate @node Working with OpenDocument style files @subsubheading Working with OpenDocument style files @cindex styles, custom @cindex template, custom This section explores the internals of the ODT exporter and the means by which it produces styled documents. Read this section if you are interested in exploring the automatic and custom OpenDocument styles used by the exporter. @anchor{x-factory-styles} @subsubheading a) Factory styles The ODT exporter relies on two files for generating its output. These files are bundled with the distribution under the directory pointed to by the variable @code{org-odt-styles-dir}. The two files are: @itemize @anchor{x-orgodtstyles-xml} @item @file{OrgOdtStyles.xml} This file contributes to the @file{styles.xml} file of the final @samp{ODT} document. This file gets modified for the following purposes: @enumerate @item To control outline numbering based on user settings. @item To add styles generated by @file{htmlfontify.el} for fontification of code blocks. @end enumerate @anchor{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml} @item @file{OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml} This file contributes to the @file{content.xml} file of the final @samp{ODT} document. The contents of the Org outline are inserted between the @samp{}@dots{}@samp{} elements of this file. Apart from serving as a template file for the final @file{content.xml}, the file serves the following purposes: @enumerate @item It contains automatic styles for formatting of tables which are referenced by the exporter. @item It contains @samp{}@dots{}@samp{} elements that control how various entities---tables, images, equations, etc.---are numbered. @end enumerate @end itemize @anchor{x-overriding-factory-styles} @subsubheading b) Overriding factory styles The following two variables control the location from which the ODT exporter picks up the custom styles and content template files. You can customize these variables to override the factory styles used by the exporter. @itemize @anchor{x-org-odt-styles-file} @item @code{org-odt-styles-file} Use this variable to specify the @file{styles.xml} that will be used in the final output. You can specify one of the following values: @enumerate @item A @file{styles.xml} file Use this file instead of the default @file{styles.xml} @item A @file{.odt} or @file{.ott} file Use the @file{styles.xml} contained in the specified OpenDocument Text or Template file @item A @file{.odt} or @file{.ott} file and a subset of files contained within them Use the @file{styles.xml} contained in the specified OpenDocument Text or Template file. Additionally extract the specified member files and embed those within the final @samp{ODT} document. Use this option if the @file{styles.xml} file references additional files like header and footer images. @item @code{nil} Use the default @file{styles.xml} @end enumerate @anchor{x-org-odt-content-template-file} @item @code{org-odt-content-template-file} Use this variable to specify the blank @file{content.xml} that will be used in the final output. @end itemize @node Creating one-off styles @subsubheading Creating one-off styles There are times when you would want one-off formatting in the exported document. You can achieve this by embedding raw OpenDocument XML in the Org file. The use of this feature is better illustrated with couple of examples. @enumerate @item Embedding ODT tags as part of regular text You can inline OpenDocument syntax by enclosing it within @samp{@@@@odt:...@@@@} markup. For example, to highlight a region of text do the following: @example @@@@odt:This is a highlighted text@@@@. But this is a regular text. @end example @strong{Hint:} To see the above example in action, edit your @file{styles.xml} (@pxref{x-orgodtstyles-xml,,Factory styles}) and add a custom @samp{Highlight} style as shown below. @example @end example @item Embedding a one-line OpenDocument XML You can add a simple OpenDocument one-liner using the @code{#+ODT:} directive. For example, to force a page break do the following: @example #+ODT: @end example @strong{Hint:} To see the above example in action, edit your @file{styles.xml} (@pxref{x-orgodtstyles-xml,,Factory styles}) and add a custom @samp{PageBreak} style as shown below. @example @end example @item Embedding a block of OpenDocument XML You can add a large block of OpenDocument XML using the @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT odt}@dots{}@code{#+END_EXPORT} construct. For example, to create a one-off paragraph that uses bold text, do the following: @example #+BEGIN_EXPORT odt This paragraph is specially formatted and uses bold text. #+END_EXPORT @end example @end enumerate @node Customizing tables in ODT export @subsubheading Customizing tables in ODT export @cindex tables, in ODT export @cindex #+ATTR_ODT You can override the default formatting of the table by specifying a custom table style with the @code{#+ATTR_ODT} line. For a discussion on default formatting of tables @pxref{Tables in ODT export}. This feature closely mimics the way table templates are defined in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.@footnote{@url{http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/OpenDocument-v1.2.html, OpenDocument-v1.2 Specification}} @vindex org-odt-table-styles To have a quick preview of this feature, install the below setting and export the table that follows: @lisp (setq org-odt-table-styles (append org-odt-table-styles '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom" ((use-first-row-styles . t) (use-first-column-styles . t))) ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom" ((use-first-row-styles . t) (use-last-row-styles . t)))))) @end lisp @example #+ATTR_ODT: :style TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn | Name | Phone | Age | | Peter | 1234 | 17 | | Anna | 4321 | 25 | @end example In the above example, you used a template named @samp{Custom} and installed two table styles with the names @samp{TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn} and @samp{TableWithFirstRowandLastRow}. (@strong{Important:} The OpenDocument styles needed for producing the above template have been pre-defined for you. These styles are available under the section marked @samp{Custom Table Template} in @file{OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml} (@pxref{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml,,Factory styles}). If you need additional templates you have to define these styles yourselves. To use this feature proceed as follows: @enumerate @item Create a table template@footnote{See the @code{} element of the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification} A table template is nothing but a set of @samp{table-cell} and @samp{paragraph} styles for each of the following table cell categories: @itemize @minus @item Body @item First column @item Last column @item First row @item Last row @item Even row @item Odd row @item Even column @item Odd Column @end itemize The names for the above styles must be chosen based on the name of the table template using a well-defined convention. The naming convention is better illustrated with an example. For a table template with the name @samp{Custom}, the needed style names are listed in the following table. @multitable {Table cell type} {CustomEvenColumnTableCell} {CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph} @headitem Table cell type @tab @code{table-cell} style @tab @code{paragraph} style @item @tab @tab @item Body @tab @samp{CustomTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomTableParagraph} @item First column @tab @samp{CustomFirstColumnTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomFirstColumnTableParagraph} @item Last column @tab @samp{CustomLastColumnTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomLastColumnTableParagraph} @item First row @tab @samp{CustomFirstRowTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomFirstRowTableParagraph} @item Last row @tab @samp{CustomLastRowTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomLastRowTableParagraph} @item Even row @tab @samp{CustomEvenRowTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomEvenRowTableParagraph} @item Odd row @tab @samp{CustomOddRowTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomOddRowTableParagraph} @item Even column @tab @samp{CustomEvenColumnTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph} @item Odd column @tab @samp{CustomOddColumnTableCell} @tab @samp{CustomOddColumnTableParagraph} @end multitable To create a table template with the name @samp{Custom}, define the above styles in the @code{}...@code{} element of the content template file (@pxref{x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml,,Factory styles}). @item Define a table style@footnote{See the attributes @code{table:template-name}, @code{table:use-first-row-styles}, @code{table:use-last-row-styles}, @code{table:use-first-column-styles}, @code{table:use-last-column-styles}, @code{table:use-banding-rows-styles}, and @code{table:use-banding-column-styles} of the @code{} element in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification} @vindex org-odt-table-styles To define a table style, create an entry for the style in the variable @code{org-odt-table-styles} and specify the following: @itemize @minus @item the name of the table template created in step (1) @item the set of cell styles in that template that are to be activated @end itemize For example, the entry below defines two different table styles @samp{TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn} and @samp{TableWithFirstRowandLastRow} based on the same template @samp{Custom}. The styles achieve their intended effect by selectively activating the individual cell styles in that template. @lisp (setq org-odt-table-styles (append org-odt-table-styles '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom" ((use-first-row-styles . t) (use-first-column-styles . t))) ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom" ((use-first-row-styles . t) (use-last-row-styles . t)))))) @end lisp @item Associate a table with the table style To do this, specify the table style created in step (2) as part of the @code{ATTR_ODT} line as shown below. @example #+ATTR_ODT: :style "TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" | Name | Phone | Age | | Peter | 1234 | 17 | | Anna | 4321 | 25 | @end example @end enumerate @node Validating OpenDocument XML @subsubheading Validating OpenDocument XML Occasionally, you will discover that the document created by the ODT exporter cannot be opened by your favorite application. One of the common reasons for this is that the @file{.odt} file is corrupt. In such cases, you may want to validate the document against the OpenDocument RELAX NG Compact Syntax (RNC) schema. For de-compressing the @file{.odt} file@footnote{@file{.odt} files are nothing but @samp{zip} archives}: @inforef{File Archives,,emacs}. For general help with validation (and schema-sensitive editing) of XML files: @inforef{Introduction,,nxml-mode}. @vindex org-odt-schema-dir If you have ready access to OpenDocument @file{.rnc} files and the needed schema-locating rules in a single folder, you can customize the variable @code{org-odt-schema-dir} to point to that directory. The ODT exporter will take care of updating the @code{rng-schema-locating-files} for you. @c end opendocument @node Org export @section Org export @cindex Org export @code{org} export back-end creates a normalized version of the Org document in current buffer. In particular, it evaluates Babel code (@pxref{Evaluating code blocks}) and removes other back-ends specific contents. @subheading Org export commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e O o,org-org-export-to-org} Export as an Org document. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the resulting file will be @file{myfile.org.org}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @orgcmd{C-c C-e O O,org-org-export-as-org} Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file. @item C-c C-e O v Export to an Org file, then open it. @end table @node Texinfo export @section Texinfo export @cindex Texinfo export @samp{texinfo} export back-end generates Texinfo code and can compile it into an Info file. @menu * Texinfo export commands:: How to invoke Texinfo export * Texinfo specific export settings:: Export settings for Texinfo * Document preamble:: File header, title and copyright page * Headings and sectioning structure:: Building document structure * Indices:: Creating indices * Quoting Texinfo code:: Incorporating literal Texinfo code * Texinfo specific attributes:: Controlling Texinfo output * An example:: @end menu @node Texinfo export commands @subsection Texinfo export commands @vindex org-texinfo-info-process @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e i t,org-texinfo-export-to-texinfo} Export as a Texinfo file. For an Org file, @file{myfile.org}, the resulting file will be @file{myfile.texi}. The file will be overwritten without warning. @orgcmd{C-c C-e i i,org-texinfo-export-to-info} Export to Texinfo and then process to an Info file@footnote{By setting @code{org-texinfo-info-process}, it is possible to generate other formats, including DocBook.}. @end table @node Texinfo specific export settings @subsection Texinfo specific export settings The Texinfo exporter introduces a number of keywords, similar to the general options settings described in @ref{Export settings}. @table @samp @item SUBTITLE @cindex #+SUBTITLE (Texinfo) The document subtitle. @item SUBAUTHOR @cindex #+SUBAUTHOR The document subauthor. @item TEXINFO_FILENAME @cindex #+TEXINFO_FILENAME The Texinfo filename. @item TEXINFO_CLASS @cindex #+TEXINFO_CLASS @vindex org-texinfo-default-class The class of the document (@code{org-texinfo-default-class}). This must be a member of @code{org-texinfo-classes}. @item TEXINFO_HEADER @cindex #+TEXINFO_HEADER Arbitrary lines inserted at the end of the preamble. @item TEXINFO_POST_HEADER @cindex #+TEXINFO_POST_HEADER Arbitrary lines inserted at the end of the preamble. @item TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY The directory category of the document. @item TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE The directory title of the document. @item TEXINFO_DIR_DESC @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC The directory description of the document. @item TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE @cindex #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE The printed title of the document. @end table These keywords are treated in details in the following sections. @node Document preamble @subsection Document preamble When processing a document, @samp{texinfo} back-end generates a minimal file header along with a title page, a copyright page, and a menu. You control the latter through the structure of the document (@pxref{Headings and sectioning structure}). Various keywords allow you to tweak the other parts. It is also possible to give directions to install the document in the @samp{Top} node. @subsubheading File header @cindex #+TEXINFO_FILENAME Upon creating the header of a Texinfo file, the back-end guesses a name for the Info file to be compiled. This may not be a sensible choice, e.g., if you want to produce the final document in a different directory. Specify an alternate path with @code{#+TEXINFO_FILENAME} keyword to override the default destination. @vindex org-texinfo-coding-system @vindex org-texinfo-classes @cindex #+TEXINFO_HEADER @cindex #+TEXINFO_CLASS Along with the output file name, the header contains information about the language (@pxref{Export settings}) and current encoding used@footnote{See @code{org-texinfo-coding-system} for more information.}. Insert a @code{#+TEXINFO_HEADER} keyword for each additional command needed, e.g., @@code@{@@synindex@}. If you happen to regularly install the same set of commands, it may be easier to define your own class in @code{org-texinfo-classes}, which see. Set @code{#+TEXINFO_CLASS} keyword accordingly in your document to activate it. @subsubheading Title and copyright page @cindex #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE The default template includes a title page for hard copy output. The title and author displayed on this page are extracted from, respectively, @code{#+TITLE} and @code{#+AUTHOR} keywords (@pxref{Export settings}). It is also possible to print a different, more specific, title with @code{#+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE} keyword, and add subtitles with @code{#+SUBTITLE} keyword. Both expect raw Texinfo code in their value. @cindex #+SUBAUTHOR Likewise, information brought by @code{#+AUTHOR} may not be enough. You can include other authors with several @code{#+SUBAUTHOR} keywords. Values are also expected to be written in Texinfo code. @example #+AUTHOR: Jane Smith #+SUBAUTHOR: John Doe #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: This Long Title@@inlinefmt@{tex,@@*@} Is Broken in @@TeX@{@} @end example @cindex property, COPYING Copying material is defined in a dedicated headline with a non-@code{nil} @code{:COPYING:} property. The contents are inserted within a @code{@@copying} command at the beginning of the document whereas the heading itself does not appear in the structure of the document. Copyright information is printed on the back of the title page. @example * Copying :PROPERTIES: :COPYING: t :END: This is a short example of a complete Texinfo file, version 1.0. Copyright \copy 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end example @subsubheading The Top node @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE @cindex #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC You may ultimately want to install your new Info file in your system. You can write an appropriate entry in the top level directory specifying its category and title with, respectively, @code{#+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY} and @code{#+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE}. Optionally, you can add a short description using @code{#+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC}. The following example would write an entry similar to Org's in the @samp{Top} node. @example #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Emacs #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: Org Mode: (org) #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Outline-based notes management and organizer @end example @node Headings and sectioning structure @subsection Headings and sectioning structure @vindex org-texinfo-classes @vindex org-texinfo-default-class @cindex #+TEXINFO_CLASS @samp{texinfo} uses a pre-defined scheme, or class, to convert headlines into Texinfo structuring commands. For example, a top level headline appears as @code{@@chapter} if it should be numbered or as @code{@@unnumbered} otherwise. If you need to use a different set of commands, e.g., to start with @code{@@part} instead of @code{@@chapter}, install a new class in @code{org-texinfo-classes}, then activate it with @code{#+TEXINFO_CLASS} keyword. Export process defaults to @code{org-texinfo-default-class} when there is no such keyword in the document. If a headline's level has no associated structuring command, or is below a certain threshold (@pxref{Export settings}), that headline becomes a list in Texinfo output. @cindex property, APPENDIX As an exception, a headline with a non-@code{nil} @code{:APPENDIX:} property becomes an appendix, independently on its level and the class used. @cindex property, DESCRIPTION Each regular sectioning structure creates a menu entry, named after the heading. You can provide a different, e.g., shorter, title in @code{:ALT_TITLE:} property (@pxref{Table of contents}). Optionally, you can specify a description for the item in @code{:DESCRIPTION:} property. E.g., @example * Controlling Screen Display :PROPERTIES: :ALT_TITLE: Display :DESCRIPTION: Controlling Screen Display :END: @end example @node Indices @subsection Indices @cindex #+CINDEX @cindex #+FINDEX @cindex #+KINDEX @cindex #+PINDEX @cindex #+TINDEX @cindex #+VINDEX Index entries are created using dedicated keywords. @samp{texinfo} back-end provides one for each predefined type: @code{#+CINDEX}, @code{#+FINDEX}, @code{#+KINDEX}, @code{#+PINDEX}, @code{#+TINDEX} and @code{#+VINDEX}. For custom indices, you can write raw Texinfo code (@pxref{Quoting Texinfo code}). @example #+CINDEX: Defining indexing entries @end example @cindex property, INDEX To generate an index, you need to set the @code{:INDEX:} property of a headline to an appropriate abbreviation (e.g., @samp{cp} or @samp{vr}). The headline is then exported as an unnumbered chapter or section command and the index is inserted after its contents. @example * Concept Index :PROPERTIES: :INDEX: cp :END: @end example @node Quoting Texinfo code @subsection Quoting Texinfo code It is possible to insert raw Texinfo code using any of the following constructs @cindex #+TEXINFO @cindex #+BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo @example Richard @@@@texinfo:@@sc@{@@@@Stallman@@@@texinfo:@}@@@@ commence' GNU. #+TEXINFO: @@need800 This paragraph is preceded by... #+BEGIN_EXPORT texinfo @@auindex Johnson, Mark @@auindex Lakoff, George #+END_EXPORT @end example @node Texinfo specific attributes @subsection Texinfo specific attributes @cindex #+ATTR_TEXINFO @samp{texinfo} back-end understands several attributes in plain lists, tables and images. They must be specified using an @code{#+ATTR_TEXINFO} keyword, written just above the list, table or image. @subsubheading Plain lists In Texinfo output, description lists appear as two-column tables, using the default command @code{@@table}. You can use @code{@@ftable} or @code{@@vtable}@footnote{For more information, @inforef{Two-column Tables,,texinfo}.} instead with @code{:table-type} attribute. @vindex org-texinfo-def-table-markup In any case, these constructs require a highlighting command for entries in the list. You can provide one with @code{:indic} attribute. If you do not, it defaults to the value stored in @code{org-texinfo-def-table-markup}, which see. @example #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :indic @@asis - foo :: This is the text for /foo/, with no highlighting. @end example @subsubheading Tables When exporting a table, column widths are deduced from the longest cell in each column. You can also define them explicitly as fractions of the line length, using @code{:columns} attribute. @example #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :columns .5 .5 | a cell | another cell | @end example @subsubheading Images Images are links to files with a supported image extension and no description. Image scaling is set with @code{:width} and @code{:height} attributes. You can also use @code{:alt} to specify alternate text, as Texinfo code. @example #+ATTR_TEXINFO: :width 1in :alt Alternate @@i@{text@} [[ridt.pdf]] @end example @subsubheading Special blocks In Texinfo output, special blocks become commands of the same name. Value of @code{:options} attribute is added right after the beginning of the command. For example: @example #+attr_texinfo: :options org-org-export-to-org ... #+begin_defun A somewhat obsessive function. #+end_defun @end example @noindent becomes @example @@defun org-org-export-to-org ... A somewhat obsessive function. @@end defun @end example @node An example @subsection An example Here is a thorough example. @inforef{GNU Sample Texts,,texinfo} for an equivalent Texinfo code. @example #+MACRO: version 2.0 #+MACRO: updated last updated 4 March 2014 #+OPTIONS: ':t toc:t author:t email:t #+TITLE: GNU Sample @{@{@{version@}@}@} #+AUTHOR: A.U. Thor #+EMAIL: bug-sample@@gnu.org #+LANGUAGE: en #+TEXINFO_FILENAME: sample.info #+TEXINFO_HEADER: @@syncodeindex pg cp #+TEXINFO_DIR_CATEGORY: Texinfo documentation system #+TEXINFO_DIR_TITLE: sample: (sample) #+TEXINFO_DIR_DESC: Invoking sample #+TEXINFO_PRINTED_TITLE: GNU Sample #+SUBTITLE: for version @{@{@{version@}@}@}, @{@{@{updated@}@}@} * Copying :PROPERTIES: :COPYING: t :END: This manual is for GNU Sample (version @{@{@{version@}@}@}, @{@{@{updated@}@}@}), which is an example in the Texinfo documentation. Copyright @@@@texinfo:@@copyright@{@}@@@@ 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. #+BEGIN_QUOTE Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". #+END_QUOTE * Invoking sample #+PINDEX: sample #+CINDEX: invoking @@command@{sample@} This is a sample manual. There is no sample program to invoke, but if there were, you could see its basic usage and command line options here. * GNU Free Documentation License :PROPERTIES: :APPENDIX: t :END: #+TEXINFO: @@include fdl.texi * Index :PROPERTIES: :INDEX: cp :END: @end example @node iCalendar export @section iCalendar export @cindex iCalendar export @vindex org-icalendar-include-todo @vindex org-icalendar-use-deadline @vindex org-icalendar-use-scheduled @vindex org-icalendar-categories @vindex org-icalendar-alarm-time Some people use Org mode for keeping track of projects, but still prefer a standard calendar application for anniversaries and appointments. In this case it can be useful to show deadlines and other time-stamped items in Org files in the calendar application. Org mode can export calendar information in the standard iCalendar format. If you also want to have TODO entries included in the export, configure the variable @code{org-icalendar-include-todo}. Plain timestamps are exported as VEVENT, and TODO items as VTODO@. It will also create events from deadlines that are in non-TODO items. Deadlines and scheduling dates in TODO items will be used to set the start and due dates for the TODO entry@footnote{See the variables @code{org-icalendar-use-deadline} and @code{org-icalendar-use-scheduled}.}. As categories, it will use the tags locally defined in the heading, and the file/tree category@footnote{To add inherited tags or the TODO state, configure the variable @code{org-icalendar-categories}.}. See the variable @code{org-icalendar-alarm-time} for a way to assign alarms to entries with a time. @vindex org-icalendar-store-UID @cindex property, ID The iCalendar standard requires each entry to have a globally unique identifier (UID). Org creates these identifiers during export. If you set the variable @code{org-icalendar-store-UID}, the UID will be stored in the @code{:ID:} property of the entry and re-used next time you report this entry. Since a single entry can give rise to multiple iCalendar entries (as a timestamp, a deadline, a scheduled item, and as a TODO item), Org adds prefixes to the UID, depending on what triggered the inclusion of the entry. In this way the UID remains unique, but a synchronization program can still figure out from which entry all the different instances originate. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e c f,org-icalendar-export-to-ics} Create iCalendar entries for the current buffer and store them in the same directory, using a file extension @file{.ics}. @orgcmd{C-c C-e c a, org-icalendar-export-agenda-files} @vindex org-agenda-files Like @kbd{C-c C-e c f}, but do this for all files in @code{org-agenda-files}. For each of these files, a separate iCalendar file will be written. @orgcmd{C-c C-e c c,org-icalendar-combine-agenda-files} @vindex org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file Create a single large iCalendar file from all files in @code{org-agenda-files} and write it to the file given by @code{org-icalendar-combined-agenda-file}. @end table @vindex org-use-property-inheritance @vindex org-icalendar-include-body @cindex property, SUMMARY @cindex property, DESCRIPTION @cindex property, LOCATION The export will honor SUMMARY, DESCRIPTION and LOCATION@footnote{The LOCATION property can be inherited from higher in the hierarchy if you configure @code{org-use-property-inheritance} accordingly.} properties if the selected entries have them. If not, the summary will be derived from the headline, and the description from the body (limited to @code{org-icalendar-include-body} characters). How this calendar is best read and updated, depends on the application you are using. The FAQ covers this issue. @node Other built-in back-ends @section Other built-in back-ends @cindex export back-ends, built-in @vindex org-export-backends On top of the aforementioned back-ends, Org comes with other built-in ones: @itemize @item @file{ox-man.el}: export to a man page. @end itemize To activate these export back-end, customize @code{org-export-backends} or load them directly with e.g., @code{(require 'ox-man)}. This will add new keys in the export dispatcher (@pxref{The export dispatcher}). See the comment section of these files for more information on how to use them. @node Export in foreign buffers @section Export in foreign buffers Most built-in back-ends come with a command to convert the selected region into a selected format and replace this region by the exported output. Here is a list of such conversion commands: @table @code @item org-html-convert-region-to-html Convert the selected region into HTML. @item org-latex-convert-region-to-latex Convert the selected region into @LaTeX{}. @item org-texinfo-convert-region-to-texinfo Convert the selected region into @code{Texinfo}. @item org-md-convert-region-to-md Convert the selected region into @code{MarkDown}. @end table This is particularly useful for converting tables and lists in foreign buffers. E.g., in an HTML buffer, you can turn on @code{orgstruct-mode}, then use Org commands for editing a list, and finally select and convert the list with @code{M-x org-html-convert-region-to-html RET}. @node Advanced configuration @section Advanced configuration @subheading Hooks @vindex org-export-before-processing-hook @vindex org-export-before-parsing-hook Two hooks are run during the first steps of the export process. The first one, @code{org-export-before-processing-hook} is called before expanding macros, Babel code and include keywords in the buffer. The second one, @code{org-export-before-parsing-hook}, as its name suggests, happens just before parsing the buffer. Their main use is for heavy duties, that is duties involving structural modifications of the document. For example, one may want to remove every headline in the buffer during export. The following code can achieve this: @lisp @group (defun my-headline-removal (backend) "Remove all headlines in the current buffer. BACKEND is the export back-end being used, as a symbol." (org-map-entries (lambda () (delete-region (point) (progn (forward-line) (point)))))) (add-hook 'org-export-before-parsing-hook 'my-headline-removal) @end group @end lisp Note that functions used in these hooks require a mandatory argument, a symbol representing the back-end used. @subheading Filters @cindex Filters, exporting Filters are lists of functions applied on a specific part of the output from a given back-end. More explicitly, each time a back-end transforms an Org object or element into another language, all functions within a given filter type are called in turn on the string produced. The string returned by the last function will be the one used in the final output. There are filter sets for each type of element or object, for plain text, for the parse tree, for the export options and for the final output. They are all named after the same scheme: @code{org-export-filter-TYPE-functions}, where @code{TYPE} is the type targeted by the filter. Valid types are: @multitable @columnfractions .33 .33 .33 @item body @tab bold @tab babel-call @item center-block @tab clock @tab code @item diary-sexp @tab drawer @tab dynamic-block @item entity @tab example-block @tab export-block @item export-snippet @tab final-output @tab fixed-width @item footnote-definition @tab footnote-reference @tab headline @item horizontal-rule @tab inline-babel-call @tab inline-src-block @item inlinetask @tab italic @tab item @item keyword @tab latex-environment @tab latex-fragment @item line-break @tab link @tab node-property @item options @tab paragraph @tab parse-tree @item plain-list @tab plain-text @tab planning @item property-drawer @tab quote-block @tab radio-target @item section @tab special-block @tab src-block @item statistics-cookie @tab strike-through @tab subscript @item superscript @tab table @tab table-cell @item table-row @tab target @tab timestamp @item underline @tab verbatim @tab verse-block @end multitable For example, the following snippet allows me to use non-breaking spaces in the Org buffer and get them translated into @LaTeX{} without using the @code{\nbsp} macro (where @code{_} stands for the non-breaking space): @lisp @group (defun my-latex-filter-nobreaks (text backend info) "Ensure \"_\" are properly handled in LaTeX export." (when (org-export-derived-backend-p backend 'latex) (replace-regexp-in-string "_" "~" text))) (add-to-list 'org-export-filter-plain-text-functions 'my-latex-filter-nobreaks) @end group @end lisp Three arguments must be provided to a filter: the code being changed, the back-end used, and some information about the export process. You can safely ignore the third argument for most purposes. Note the use of @code{org-export-derived-backend-p}, which ensures that the filter will only be applied when using @code{latex} back-end or any other back-end derived from it (e.g., @code{beamer}). @subheading Defining filters for individual files You can customize the export for just a specific file by binding export filter variables using @code{#+BIND}. Here is an example where we introduce two filters, one to remove brackets from time stamps, and one to entirely remove any strike-through text. The functions doing the filtering are defined in an src block that allows the filter function definitions to exist in the file itself and ensures that the functions will be there when needed. @example #+BIND: org-export-filter-timestamp-functions (tmp-f-timestamp) #+BIND: org-export-filter-strike-through-functions (tmp-f-strike-through) #+begin_src emacs-lisp :exports results :results none (defun tmp-f-timestamp (s backend info) (replace-regexp-in-string "&[lg]t;\\|[][]" "" s)) (defun tmp-f-strike-through (s backend info) "") #+end_src @end example @subheading Extending an existing back-end This is obviously the most powerful customization, since the changes happen at the parser level. Indeed, some export back-ends are built as extensions of other ones (e.g., Markdown back-end an extension of HTML back-end). Extending a back-end means that if an element type is not transcoded by the new back-end, it will be handled by the original one. Hence you can extend specific parts of a back-end without too much work. As an example, imagine we want the @code{ascii} back-end to display the language used in a source block, when it is available, but only when some attribute is non-@code{nil}, like the following: @example #+ATTR_ASCII: :language t @end example Because that back-end is lacking in that area, we are going to create a new back-end, @code{my-ascii} that will do the job. @lisp @group (defun my-ascii-src-block (src-block contents info) "Transcode a SRC-BLOCK element from Org to ASCII. CONTENTS is nil. INFO is a plist used as a communication channel." (if (not (org-export-read-attribute :attr_ascii src-block :language)) (org-export-with-backend 'ascii src-block contents info) (concat (format ",--[ %s ]--\n%s`----" (org-element-property :language src-block) (replace-regexp-in-string "^" "| " (org-element-normalize-string (org-export-format-code-default src-block info))))))) (org-export-define-derived-backend 'my-ascii 'ascii :translate-alist '((src-block . my-ascii-src-block))) @end group @end lisp The @code{my-ascii-src-block} function looks at the attribute above the element. If it isn't true, it gives hand to the @code{ascii} back-end. Otherwise, it creates a box around the code, leaving room for the language. A new back-end is then created. It only changes its behavior when translating @code{src-block} type element. Now, all it takes to use the new back-end is calling the following from an Org buffer: @smalllisp (org-export-to-buffer 'my-ascii "*Org MY-ASCII Export*") @end smalllisp It is obviously possible to write an interactive function for this, install it in the export dispatcher menu, and so on. @node Publishing @chapter Publishing @cindex publishing Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to configure automatic HTML conversion of @emph{projects} composed of interlinked org files. You can also configure Org to automatically upload your exported HTML pages and related attachments, such as images and source code files, to a web server. You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML and PDF conversion so that files are available in both formats on the server. Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole. @menu * Configuration:: Defining projects * Uploading files:: How to get files up on the server * Sample configuration:: Example projects * Triggering publication:: Publication commands @end menu @node Configuration @section Configuration Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files, destination and many other properties of a project. @menu * Project alist:: The central configuration variable * Sources and destinations:: From here to there * Selecting files:: What files are part of the project? * Publishing action:: Setting the function doing the publishing * Publishing options:: Tweaking HTML/@LaTeX{} export * Publishing links:: Which links keep working after publishing? * Sitemap:: Generating a list of all pages * Generating an index:: An index that reaches across pages @end menu @node Project alist @subsection The variable @code{org-publish-project-alist} @cindex org-publish-project-alist @cindex projects, for publishing @vindex org-publish-project-alist Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of one variable, called @code{org-publish-project-alist}. Each element of the list configures one project, and may be in one of the two following forms: @lisp ("project-name" :property value :property value ...) @r{i.e., a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values} @r{or} ("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...)) @end lisp In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values. A project defines the set of files that will be published, as well as the publishing configuration to use when publishing those files. When a project takes the second form listed above, the individual members of the @code{:components} property are taken to be sub-projects, which group together files requiring different publishing options. When you publish such a ``meta-project'', all the components will also be published, in the sequence given. @node Sources and destinations @subsection Sources and destinations for files @cindex directories, for publishing Most properties are optional, but some should always be set. In particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files, and where to put published files. @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7 @item @code{:base-directory} @tab Directory containing publishing source files @item @code{:publishing-directory} @tab Directory where output files will be published. You can directly publish to a web server using a file name syntax appropriate for the Emacs @file{tramp} package. Or you can publish to a local directory and use external tools to upload your website (@pxref{Uploading files}). @item @code{:preparation-function} @tab Function or list of functions to be called before starting the publishing process, for example, to run @code{make} for updating files to be published. Each preparation function is called with a single argument, the project property list. @item @code{:completion-function} @tab Function or list of functions called after finishing the publishing process, for example, to change permissions of the resulting files. Each completion function is called with a single argument, the project property list. @end multitable @noindent @node Selecting files @subsection Selecting files @cindex files, selecting for publishing By default, all files with extension @file{.org} in the base directory are considered part of the project. This can be modified by setting the properties @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75 @item @code{:base-extension} @tab Extension (without the dot!) of source files. This actually is a regular expression. Set this to the symbol @code{any} if you want to get all files in @code{:base-directory}, even without extension. @item @code{:exclude} @tab Regular expression to match file names that should not be published, even though they have been selected on the basis of their extension. @item @code{:include} @tab List of files to be included regardless of @code{:base-extension} and @code{:exclude}. @item @code{:recursive} @tab non-@code{nil} means, check base-directory recursively for files to publish. @end multitable @node Publishing action @subsection Publishing action @cindex action, for publishing Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory and possibly transformed in the process. The default transformation is to export Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function @code{org-html-publish-to-html}, which calls the HTML exporter (@pxref{HTML export}). But you also can publish your content as PDF files using @code{org-latex-publish-to-pdf} or as @code{ascii}, @code{Texinfo}, etc., using the corresponding functions. If you want to publish the Org file as an @code{.org} file but with the @i{archived}, @i{commented} and @i{tag-excluded} trees removed, use the function @code{org-org-publish-to-org}. This will produce @file{file.org} and put it in the publishing directory. If you want a htmlized version of this file, set the parameter @code{:htmlized-source} to @code{t}, it will produce @file{file.org.html} in the publishing directory@footnote{If the publishing directory is the same than the source directory, @file{file.org} will be exported as @file{file.org.org}, so probably don't want to do this.}. Other files like images only need to be copied to the publishing destination. For this you can use @code{org-publish-attachment}. For non-org files, you always need to specify the publishing function: @multitable @columnfractions 0.3 0.7 @item @code{:publishing-function} @tab Function executing the publication of a file. This may also be a list of functions, which will all be called in turn. @item @code{:htmlized-source} @tab non-@code{nil} means, publish htmlized source. @end multitable The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing at least a @code{:publishing-directory} property, the name of the file to be published and the path to the publishing directory of the output file. It should take the specified file, make the necessary transformation (if any) and place the result into the destination folder. @node Publishing options @subsection Options for the exporters @cindex options, for publishing The property list can be used to set export options during the publishing process. In most cases, these properties correspond to user variables in Org. While some properties are available for all export back-ends, most of them are back-end specific. The following sections list properties along with the variable they belong to. See the documentation string of these options for details. @vindex org-publish-project-alist When a property is given a value in @code{org-publish-project-alist}, its setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable (if any) during publishing. Options set within a file (@pxref{Export settings}), however, override everything. @subsubheading Generic properties @multitable {@code{:with-sub-superscript}} {@code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts}} @item @code{:archived-trees} @tab @code{org-export-with-archived-trees} @item @code{:exclude-tags} @tab @code{org-export-exclude-tags} @item @code{:headline-levels} @tab @code{org-export-headline-levels} @item @code{:language} @tab @code{org-export-default-language} @item @code{:preserve-breaks} @tab @code{org-export-preserve-breaks} @item @code{:section-numbers} @tab @code{org-export-with-section-numbers} @item @code{:select-tags} @tab @code{org-export-select-tags} @item @code{:with-author} @tab @code{org-export-with-author} @item @code{:with-broken-links} @tab @code{org-export-with-broken-links} @item @code{:with-clocks} @tab @code{org-export-with-clocks} @item @code{:with-creator} @tab @code{org-export-with-creator} @item @code{:with-date} @tab @code{org-export-with-date} @item @code{:with-drawers} @tab @code{org-export-with-drawers} @item @code{:with-email} @tab @code{org-export-with-email} @item @code{:with-emphasize} @tab @code{org-export-with-emphasize} @item @code{:with-fixed-width} @tab @code{org-export-with-fixed-width} @item @code{:with-footnotes} @tab @code{org-export-with-footnotes} @item @code{:with-latex} @tab @code{org-export-with-latex} @item @code{:with-planning} @tab @code{org-export-with-planning} @item @code{:with-priority} @tab @code{org-export-with-priority} @item @code{:with-properties} @tab @code{org-export-with-properties} @item @code{:with-special-strings} @tab @code{org-export-with-special-strings} @item @code{:with-sub-superscript} @tab @code{org-export-with-sub-superscripts} @item @code{:with-tables} @tab @code{org-export-with-tables} @item @code{:with-tags} @tab @code{org-export-with-tags} @item @code{:with-tasks} @tab @code{org-export-with-tasks} @item @code{:with-timestamps} @tab @code{org-export-with-timestamps} @item @code{:with-title} @tab @code{org-export-with-title} @item @code{:with-toc} @tab @code{org-export-with-toc} @item @code{:with-todo-keywords} @tab @code{org-export-with-todo-keywords} @end multitable @subsubheading ASCII specific properties @multitable {@code{:ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines}} {@code{org-ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines}} @item @code{:ascii-bullets} @tab @code{org-ascii-bullets} @item @code{:ascii-caption-above} @tab @code{org-ascii-caption-above} @item @code{:ascii-charset} @tab @code{org-ascii-charset} @item @code{:ascii-global-margin} @tab @code{org-ascii-global-margin} @item @code{:ascii-format-drawer-function} @tab @code{org-ascii-format-drawer-function} @item @code{:ascii-format-inlinetask-function} @tab @code{org-ascii-format-inlinetask-function} @item @code{:ascii-headline-spacing} @tab @code{org-ascii-headline-spacing} @item @code{:ascii-indented-line-width} @tab @code{org-ascii-indented-line-width} @item @code{:ascii-inlinetask-width} @tab @code{org-ascii-inlinetask-width} @item @code{:ascii-inner-margin} @tab @code{org-ascii-inner-margin} @item @code{:ascii-links-to-notes} @tab @code{org-ascii-links-to-notes} @item @code{:ascii-list-margin} @tab @code{org-ascii-list-margin} @item @code{:ascii-paragraph-spacing} @tab @code{org-ascii-paragraph-spacing} @item @code{:ascii-quote-margin} @tab @code{org-ascii-quote-margin} @item @code{:ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines} @tab @code{org-ascii-table-keep-all-vertical-lines} @item @code{:ascii-table-use-ascii-art} @tab @code{org-ascii-table-use-ascii-art} @item @code{:ascii-table-widen-columns} @tab @code{org-ascii-table-widen-columns} @item @code{:ascii-text-width} @tab @code{org-ascii-text-width} @item @code{:ascii-underline} @tab @code{org-ascii-underline} @item @code{:ascii-verbatim-format} @tab @code{org-ascii-verbatim-format} @end multitable @subsubheading Beamer specific properties @multitable {@code{:beamer-frame-default-options}} {@code{org-beamer-frame-default-options}} @item @code{:beamer-theme} @tab @code{org-beamer-theme} @item @code{:beamer-column-view-format} @tab @code{org-beamer-column-view-format} @item @code{:beamer-environments-extra} @tab @code{org-beamer-environments-extra} @item @code{:beamer-frame-default-options} @tab @code{org-beamer-frame-default-options} @item @code{:beamer-outline-frame-options} @tab @code{org-beamer-outline-frame-options} @item @code{:beamer-outline-frame-title} @tab @code{org-beamer-outline-frame-title} @item @code{:beamer-subtitle-format} @tab @code{org-beamer-subtitle-format} @end multitable @subsubheading HTML specific properties @multitable {@code{:html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column}} {@code{org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column}} @item @code{:html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors} @tab @code{org-html-allow-name-attribute-in-anchors} @item @code{:html-checkbox-type} @tab @code{org-html-checkbox-type} @item @code{:html-container} @tab @code{org-html-container-element} @item @code{:html-divs} @tab @code{org-html-divs} @item @code{:html-doctype} @tab @code{org-html-doctype} @item @code{:html-extension} @tab @code{org-html-extension} @item @code{:html-footnote-format} @tab @code{org-html-footnote-format} @item @code{:html-footnote-separator} @tab @code{org-html-footnote-separator} @item @code{:html-footnotes-section} @tab @code{org-html-footnotes-section} @item @code{:html-format-drawer-function} @tab @code{org-html-format-drawer-function} @item @code{:html-format-headline-function} @tab @code{org-html-format-headline-function} @item @code{:html-format-inlinetask-function} @tab @code{org-html-format-inlinetask-function} @item @code{:html-head-extra} @tab @code{org-html-head-extra} @item @code{:html-head-include-default-style} @tab @code{org-html-head-include-default-style} @item @code{:html-head-include-scripts} @tab @code{org-html-head-include-scripts} @item @code{:html-head} @tab @code{org-html-head} @item @code{:html-home/up-format} @tab @code{org-html-home/up-format} @item @code{:html-html5-fancy} @tab @code{org-html-html5-fancy} @item @code{:html-indent} @tab @code{org-html-indent} @item @code{:html-infojs-options} @tab @code{org-html-infojs-options} @item @code{:html-infojs-template} @tab @code{org-html-infojs-template} @item @code{:html-inline-image-rules} @tab @code{org-html-inline-image-rules} @item @code{:html-inline-images} @tab @code{org-html-inline-images} @item @code{:html-link-home} @tab @code{org-html-link-home} @item @code{:html-link-org-files-as-html} @tab @code{org-html-link-org-files-as-html} @item @code{:html-link-up} @tab @code{org-html-link-up} @item @code{:html-link-use-abs-url} @tab @code{org-html-link-use-abs-url} @item @code{:html-mathjax-options} @tab @code{org-html-mathjax-options} @item @code{:html-mathjax-template} @tab @code{org-html-mathjax-template} @item @code{:html-metadata-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-html-metadata-timestamp-format} @item @code{:html-postamble-format} @tab @code{org-html-postamble-format} @item @code{:html-postamble} @tab @code{org-html-postamble} @item @code{:html-preamble-format} @tab @code{org-html-preamble-format} @item @code{:html-preamble} @tab @code{org-html-preamble} @item @code{:html-table-align-individual-fields} @tab @code{org-html-table-align-individual-fields} @item @code{:html-table-attributes} @tab @code{org-html-table-default-attributes} @item @code{:html-table-caption-above} @tab @code{org-html-table-caption-above} @item @code{:html-table-data-tags} @tab @code{org-html-table-data-tags} @item @code{:html-table-header-tags} @tab @code{org-html-table-header-tags} @item @code{:html-table-row-tags} @tab @code{org-html-table-row-tags} @item @code{:html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column} @tab @code{org-html-table-use-header-tags-for-first-column} @item @code{:html-tag-class-prefix} @tab @code{org-html-tag-class-prefix} @item @code{:html-text-markup-alist} @tab @code{org-html-text-markup-alist} @item @code{:html-todo-kwd-class-prefix} @tab @code{org-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix} @item @code{:html-toplevel-hlevel} @tab @code{org-html-toplevel-hlevel} @item @code{:html-use-infojs} @tab @code{org-html-use-infojs} @item @code{:html-validation-link} @tab @code{org-html-validation-link} @item @code{:html-viewport} @tab @code{org-html-viewport} @item @code{:html-xml-declaration} @tab @code{org-html-xml-declaration} @end multitable @subsubheading @LaTeX{} specific properties @multitable {@code{:latex-link-with-unknown-path-format}} {@code{org-latex-link-with-unknown-path-format}} @item @code{:latex-active-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-latex-active-timestamp-format} @item @code{:latex-caption-above} @tab @code{org-latex-caption-above} @item @code{:latex-classes} @tab @code{org-latex-classes} @item @code{:latex-class} @tab @code{org-latex-default-class} @item @code{:latex-compiler} @tab @code{org-latex-compiler} @item @code{:latex-default-figure-position} @tab @code{org-latex-default-figure-position} @item @code{:latex-default-table-environment} @tab @code{org-latex-default-table-environment} @item @code{:latex-default-table-mode} @tab @code{org-latex-default-table-mode} @item @code{:latex-diary-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-latex-diary-timestamp-format} @item @code{:latex-footnote-defined-format} @tab @code{org-latex-footnote-defined-format} @item @code{:latex-footnote-separator} @tab @code{org-latex-footnote-separator} @item @code{:latex-format-drawer-function} @tab @code{org-latex-format-drawer-function} @item @code{:latex-format-headline-function} @tab @code{org-latex-format-headline-function} @item @code{:latex-format-inlinetask-function} @tab @code{org-latex-format-inlinetask-function} @item @code{:latex-hyperref-template} @tab @code{org-latex-hyperref-template} @item @code{:latex-image-default-height} @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-height} @item @code{:latex-image-default-option} @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-option} @item @code{:latex-image-default-width} @tab @code{org-latex-image-default-width} @item @code{:latex-inactive-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-latex-inactive-timestamp-format} @item @code{:latex-inline-image-rules} @tab @code{org-latex-inline-image-rules} @item @code{:latex-link-with-unknown-path-format} @tab @code{org-latex-link-with-unknown-path-format} @item @code{:latex-listings-langs} @tab @code{org-latex-listings-langs} @item @code{:latex-listings-options} @tab @code{org-latex-listings-options} @item @code{:latex-listings} @tab @code{org-latex-listings} @item @code{:latex-minted-langs} @tab @code{org-latex-minted-langs} @item @code{:latex-minted-options} @tab @code{org-latex-minted-options} @item @code{:latex-prefer-user-labels} @tab @code{org-latex-prefer-user-labels} @item @code{:latex-subtitle-format} @tab @code{org-latex-subtitle-format} @item @code{:latex-subtitle-separate} @tab @code{org-latex-subtitle-separate} @item @code{:latex-table-scientific-notation} @tab @code{org-latex-table-scientific-notation} @item @code{:latex-tables-booktabs} @tab @code{org-latex-tables-booktabs} @item @code{:latex-tables-centered} @tab @code{org-latex-tables-centered} @item @code{:latex-text-markup-alist} @tab @code{org-latex-text-markup-alist} @item @code{:latex-title-command} @tab @code{org-latex-title-command} @item @code{:latex-toc-command} @tab @code{org-latex-toc-command} @end multitable @subsubheading Markdown specific properties @multitable {@code{:md-headline-style}} {@code{org-md-headline-style}} @item @code{:md-headline-style} @tab @code{org-md-headline-style} @end multitable @subsubheading ODT specific properties @multitable {@code{:odt-format-inlinetask-function}} {@code{org-odt-format-inlinetask-function}} @item @code{:odt-content-template-file} @tab @code{org-odt-content-template-file} @item @code{:odt-display-outline-level} @tab @code{org-odt-display-outline-level} @item @code{:odt-fontify-srcblocks} @tab @code{org-odt-fontify-srcblocks} @item @code{:odt-format-drawer-function} @tab @code{org-odt-format-drawer-function} @item @code{:odt-format-headline-function} @tab @code{org-odt-format-headline-function} @item @code{:odt-format-inlinetask-function} @tab @code{org-odt-format-inlinetask-function} @item @code{:odt-inline-formula-rules} @tab @code{org-odt-inline-formula-rules} @item @code{:odt-inline-image-rules} @tab @code{org-odt-inline-image-rules} @item @code{:odt-pixels-per-inch} @tab @code{org-odt-pixels-per-inch} @item @code{:odt-styles-file} @tab @code{org-odt-styles-file} @item @code{:odt-table-styles} @tab @code{org-odt-table-styles} @item @code{:odt-use-date-fields} @tab @code{org-odt-use-date-fields} @end multitable @subsubheading Texinfo specific properties @multitable {@code{:texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format}} {@code{org-texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format}} @item @code{:texinfo-active-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-texinfo-active-timestamp-format} @item @code{:texinfo-classes} @tab @code{org-texinfo-classes} @item @code{:texinfo-class} @tab @code{org-texinfo-default-class} @item @code{:texinfo-def-table-markup} @tab @code{org-texinfo-def-table-markup} @item @code{:texinfo-diary-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-texinfo-diary-timestamp-format} @item @code{:texinfo-filename} @tab @code{org-texinfo-filename} @item @code{:texinfo-format-drawer-function} @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-drawer-function} @item @code{:texinfo-format-headline-function} @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-headline-function} @item @code{:texinfo-format-inlinetask-function} @tab @code{org-texinfo-format-inlinetask-function} @item @code{:texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format} @tab @code{org-texinfo-inactive-timestamp-format} @item @code{:texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format} @tab @code{org-texinfo-link-with-unknown-path-format} @item @code{:texinfo-node-description-column} @tab @code{org-texinfo-node-description-column} @item @code{:texinfo-table-scientific-notation} @tab @code{org-texinfo-table-scientific-notation} @item @code{:texinfo-tables-verbatim} @tab @code{org-texinfo-tables-verbatim} @item @code{:texinfo-text-markup-alist} @tab @code{org-texinfo-text-markup-alist} @end multitable @node Publishing links @subsection Links between published files @cindex links, publishing To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use something like @samp{[[file:foo.org][The foo]]} or simply @samp{file:foo.org} (@pxref{External links}). When published, this link becomes a link to @file{foo.html}. You can thus interlink the pages of your ``org web'' project and the links will work as expected when you publish them to HTML. If you also publish the Org source file and want to link to it, use an @code{http:} link instead of a @code{file:} link, because @code{file:} links are converted to link to the corresponding @file{html} file. You may also link to related files, such as images. Provided you are careful with relative file names, and provided you have also configured Org to upload the related files, these links will work too. See @ref{Complex example}, for an example of this usage. Eventually, links between published documents can contain some search options (@pxref{Search options}), which will be resolved to the appropriate location in the linked file. For example, once published to HTML, the following links all point to a dedicated anchor in @file{foo.html}. @example [[file:foo.org::*heading]] [[file:foo.org::#custom-id]] [[file:foo.org::target]] @end example @node Sitemap @subsection Generating a sitemap @cindex sitemap, of published pages The following properties may be used to control publishing of a map of files for a given project. @multitable @columnfractions 0.35 0.65 @item @code{:auto-sitemap} @tab When non-@code{nil}, publish a sitemap during @code{org-publish-current-project} or @code{org-publish-all}. @item @code{:sitemap-filename} @tab Filename for output of sitemap. Defaults to @file{sitemap.org} (which becomes @file{sitemap.html}). @item @code{:sitemap-title} @tab Title of sitemap page. Defaults to name of file. @item @code{:sitemap-function} @tab Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap. Defaults to @code{org-publish-org-sitemap}, which generates a plain list of links to all files in the project. @item @code{:sitemap-sort-folders} @tab Where folders should appear in the sitemap. Set this to @code{first} (default) or @code{last} to display folders first or last, respectively. Any other value will mix files and folders. @item @code{:sitemap-sort-files} @tab How the files are sorted in the site map. Set this to @code{alphabetically} (default), @code{chronologically} or @code{anti-chronologically}. @code{chronologically} sorts the files with older date first while @code{anti-chronologically} sorts the files with newer date first. @code{alphabetically} sorts the files alphabetically. The date of a file is retrieved with @code{org-publish-find-date}. @item @code{:sitemap-ignore-case} @tab Should sorting be case-sensitive? Default @code{nil}. @item @code{:sitemap-file-entry-format} @tab With this option one can tell how a sitemap's entry is formatted in the sitemap. This is a format string with some escape sequences: @code{%t} stands for the title of the file, @code{%a} stands for the author of the file and @code{%d} stands for the date of the file. The date is retrieved with the @code{org-publish-find-date} function and formatted with @code{org-publish-sitemap-date-format}. Default @code{%t}. @item @code{:sitemap-date-format} @tab Format string for the @code{format-time-string} function that tells how a sitemap entry's date is to be formatted. This property bypasses @code{org-publish-sitemap-date-format} which defaults to @code{%Y-%m-%d}. @item @code{:sitemap-sans-extension} @tab When non-@code{nil}, remove filenames' extensions from the generated sitemap. Useful to have cool URIs (see @uref{http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI}). Defaults to @code{nil}. @end multitable @node Generating an index @subsection Generating an index @cindex index, in a publishing project Org mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project. @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75 @item @code{:makeindex} @tab When non-@code{nil}, generate in index in the file @file{theindex.org} and publish it as @file{theindex.html}. @end multitable The file will be created when first publishing a project with the @code{:makeindex} set. The file only contains a statement @code{#+INCLUDE: "theindex.inc"}. You can then build around this include statement by adding a title, style information, etc. @node Uploading files @section Uploading files @cindex rsync @cindex unison For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as @command{rsync} or @command{unison}, it might be preferable not to use the built in @i{remote} publishing facilities of Org mode which rely heavily on Tramp. Tramp, while very useful and powerful, tends not to be so efficient for multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems under heavy usage. Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages. In addition to timestamp comparison, they also do content and permissions/attribute checks. For this reason you might prefer to publish your web to a local directory (possibly even @i{in place} with your Org files) and then use @file{unison} or @file{rsync} to do the synchronization with the remote host. Since Unison (for example) can be configured as to which files to transfer to a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the project publishing definition. Simply keep all files in the correct location, process your Org files with @code{org-publish} and let the synchronization tool do the rest. You do not need, in this scenario, to include attachments such as @file{jpg}, @file{css} or @file{gif} files in the project definition since the 3rd party tool syncs them. Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote one, so that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects. If you set @code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag} to @code{nil}, you gain the main benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source example files you might include with @code{#+INCLUDE:}. The timestamp mechanism in Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have been modified. @node Sample configuration @section Sample configuration Below we provide two example configurations. The first one is a simple project publishing only a set of Org files. The second example is more complex, with a multi-component project. @menu * Simple example:: One-component publishing * Complex example:: A multi-component publishing example @end menu @node Simple example @subsection Example: simple publishing configuration This example publishes a set of Org files to the @file{public_html} directory on the local machine. @lisp (setq org-publish-project-alist '(("org" :base-directory "~/org/" :publishing-directory "~/public_html" :section-numbers nil :with-toc nil :html-head ""))) @end lisp @node Complex example @subsection Example: complex publishing configuration This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and style sheets. The publishing directory is remote and private files are excluded. To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file paths. For example, if your Org files are kept in @file{~/org} and your publishable images in @file{~/images}, you would link to an image with @c @example file:../images/myimage.png @end example @c On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the same. You can accomplish this by setting up an "images" folder in the right place on the web server, and publishing images to it. @lisp (setq org-publish-project-alist '(("orgfiles" :base-directory "~/org/" :base-extension "org" :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/notebook/" :publishing-function org-html-publish-to-html :exclude "PrivatePage.org" ;; regexp :headline-levels 3 :section-numbers nil :with-toc nil :html-head "" :html-preamble t) ("images" :base-directory "~/images/" :base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png" :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/images/" :publishing-function org-publish-attachment) ("other" :base-directory "~/other/" :base-extension "css\\|el" :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/other/" :publishing-function org-publish-attachment) ("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other")))) @end lisp @node Triggering publication @section Triggering publication Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands: @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-e P x,org-publish} Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong to it. @orgcmd{C-c C-e P p,org-publish-current-project} Publish the project containing the current file. @orgcmd{C-c C-e P f,org-publish-current-file} Publish only the current file. @orgcmd{C-c C-e P a,org-publish-all} Publish every project. @end table @vindex org-publish-use-timestamps-flag Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed. The above functions normally only publish changed files. You can override this and force publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any of the commands above, or by customizing the variable @code{org-publish-use-timestamps-flag}. This may be necessary in particular if files include other files via @code{#+SETUPFILE:} or @code{#+INCLUDE:}. @node Working with source code @chapter Working with source code @cindex Schulte, Eric @cindex Davison, Dan @cindex source code, working with Source code can be included in Org mode documents using a @samp{src} block, e.g.: @example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp (defun org-xor (a b) "Exclusive or." (if a (not b) b)) #+END_SRC @end example Org mode provides a number of features for working with live source code, including editing of code blocks in their native major-mode, evaluation of code blocks, converting code blocks into source files (known as @dfn{tangling} in literate programming), and exporting code blocks and their results in several formats. This functionality was contributed by Eric Schulte and Dan Davison, and was originally named Org-babel. The following sections describe Org mode's code block handling facilities. @menu * Structure of code blocks:: Code block syntax described * Editing source code:: Language major-mode editing * Exporting code blocks:: Export contents and/or results * Extracting source code:: Create pure source code files * Evaluating code blocks:: Place results of evaluation in the Org mode buffer * Library of Babel:: Use and contribute to a library of useful code blocks * Languages:: List of supported code block languages * Header arguments:: Configure code block functionality * Results of evaluation:: How evaluation results are handled * Noweb reference syntax:: Literate programming in Org mode * Key bindings and useful functions:: Work quickly with code blocks * Batch execution:: Call functions from the command line @end menu @node Structure of code blocks @section Structure of code blocks @cindex code block, structure @cindex source code, block structure @cindex #+NAME @cindex #+BEGIN_SRC Live code blocks can be specified with a @samp{src} block or inline.@footnote{Note that @samp{src} blocks may be inserted using Org mode's @ref{Easy templates} system} The structure of a @samp{src} block is @example #+NAME: #+BEGIN_SRC
#+END_SRC @end example The @code{#+NAME:} line is optional, and can be used to name the code block. Live code blocks require that a language be specified on the @code{#+BEGIN_SRC} line. Switches and header arguments are optional. @cindex source code, inline Live code blocks can also be specified inline using @example src_@{@} @end example or @example src_[
]@{@} @end example @table @code @item <#+NAME: name> This line associates a name with the code block. This is similar to the @code{#+NAME: Name} lines that can be used to name tables in Org mode files. Referencing the name of a code block makes it possible to evaluate the block from other places in the file, from other files, or from Org mode table formulas (see @ref{The spreadsheet}). Names are assumed to be unique and the behavior of Org mode when two or more blocks share the same name is undefined. @cindex #+NAME @item The language of the code in the block (see @ref{Languages}). @cindex source code, language @item Optional switches control code block export (see the discussion of switches in @ref{Literal examples}) @cindex source code, switches @item
Optional header arguments control many aspects of evaluation, export and tangling of code blocks (see @ref{Header arguments}). Header arguments can also be set on a per-buffer or per-subtree basis using properties. @item source code, header arguments @item Source code in the specified language. @end table @node Editing source code @section Editing source code @cindex code block, editing @cindex source code, editing @vindex org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay @vindex org-edit-src-turn-on-auto-save @kindex C-c ' Use @kbd{C-c '} to edit the current code block. This brings up a language major-mode edit buffer containing the body of the code block. Manually saving this buffer with @key{C-x C-s} will write the contents back to the Org buffer. You can also set @code{org-edit-src-auto-save-idle-delay} to save the base buffer after some idle delay, or @code{org-edit-src-turn-on-auto-save} to auto-save this buffer into a separate file using @code{auto-save-mode}. Use @kbd{C-c '} again to exit. The @code{org-src-mode} minor mode will be active in the edit buffer. The following variables can be used to configure the behavior of the edit buffer. See also the customization group @code{org-edit-structure} for further configuration options. @table @code @item org-src-lang-modes If an Emacs major-mode named @code{-mode} exists, where @code{} is the language named in the header line of the code block, then the edit buffer will be placed in that major-mode. This variable can be used to map arbitrary language names to existing major modes. @item org-src-window-setup Controls the way Emacs windows are rearranged when the edit buffer is created. @item org-src-preserve-indentation @cindex indentation, in source blocks By default, the value is @code{nil}, which means that code blocks evaluated during export or tangled are indented according to context, possibly altering leading sequences of spaces and tab characters in the process. When non-@code{nil}, indentation is relative to left column, and therefore, not modified during export or tangling. This variable is especially useful for tangling languages such as Python, in which whitespace indentation in the output is critical. @item org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer By default, Org will ask before returning to an open edit buffer. Set this variable to @code{nil} to switch without asking. @end table To turn on native code fontification in the @emph{Org} buffer, configure the variable @code{org-src-fontify-natively}. You can also change the appearance of source blocks by customizing the @code{org-block} face or for specific languages, by defining @code{org-block-LANGUAGE} faces. The following example shades the background of ``ordinary'' blocks while allowing Emacs Lisp source blocks to have a special color. @lisp (require 'color) (set-face-attribute 'org-block nil :background (color-darken-name (face-attribute 'default :background) 3)) (defface org-block-emacs-lisp '((t (:background "#EEE2FF"))) "Face for Emacs Lisp src blocks") @end lisp @node Exporting code blocks @section Exporting code blocks @cindex code block, exporting @cindex source code, exporting It is possible to export the @emph{code} of code blocks, the @emph{results} of code block evaluation, @emph{both} the code and the results of code block evaluation, or @emph{none}. For most languages, the default exports code. However, for some languages (e.g., @code{ditaa}) the default exports the results of code block evaluation. For information on exporting code block bodies, see @ref{Literal examples}. For information on exporting parts of Org documents, see @ref{Exporting}. The @code{:exports} header argument can be used to specify export behavior (note that these arguments are only relevant for code blocks, not inline code): @subsubheading Header arguments: @table @code @cindex @code{:exports}, src header argument @item :exports code The default in most languages. The body of the code block is exported, as described in @ref{Literal examples}. @item :exports results The code block will be evaluated each time to buffer is exported, and the results will be placed in the Org mode buffer for export, either updating previous results of the code block located anywhere in the buffer or, if no previous results exist, placing the results immediately after the code block. The body of the code block will not be exported. @item :exports both Both the code block and its results will be exported. @item :exports none Neither the code block nor its results will be exported. @end table It is possible to inhibit the evaluation of code blocks during export. Setting the @code{org-export-babel-evaluate} variable to @code{nil} will ensure that no code blocks are evaluated as part of the export process. This can be useful in situations where potentially untrusted Org mode files are exported in an automated fashion, for example when Org mode is used as the markup language for a wiki. It is also possible to set this variable to @code{inline-only}. In that case, only inline code blocks will be evaluated, in order to insert their results. Non-inline code blocks are assumed to have their results already inserted in the buffer by manual evaluation. This setting is useful to avoid expensive recalculations during export, not to provide security. Code blocks in commented subtrees (@pxref{Comment lines}) are never evaluated on export. However, code blocks in subtrees excluded from export (@pxref{Export settings}) may be evaluated on export. @node Extracting source code @section Extracting source code @cindex tangling @cindex source code, extracting @cindex code block, extracting source code Creating pure source code files by extracting code from source blocks is referred to as ``tangling''---a term adopted from the literate programming community. During ``tangling'' of code blocks their bodies are expanded using @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} which can expand both variable and ``noweb'' style references (see @ref{Noweb reference syntax}). @subsubheading Header arguments @table @code @cindex @code{:tangle}, src header argument @item :tangle no The default. The code block is not included in the tangled output. @item :tangle yes Include the code block in the tangled output. The output file name is the name of the org file with the extension @samp{.org} replaced by the extension for the block language. @item :tangle filename Include the code block in the tangled output to file @samp{filename}. @end table @kindex C-c C-v t @subsubheading Functions @table @code @item org-babel-tangle Tangle the current file. Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v t}. With prefix argument only tangle the current code block. @item org-babel-tangle-file Choose a file to tangle. Bound to @kbd{C-c C-v f}. @end table @subsubheading Hooks @table @code @item org-babel-post-tangle-hook This hook is run from within code files tangled by @code{org-babel-tangle}. Example applications could include post-processing, compilation or evaluation of tangled code files. @end table @subsubheading Jumping between code and Org When tangling code from an Org-mode buffer to a source code file, you'll frequently find yourself viewing the file of tangled source code (e.g., many debuggers point to lines of the source code file). It is useful to be able to navigate from the tangled source to the Org-mode buffer from which the code originated. The @code{org-babel-tangle-jump-to-org} function provides this jumping from code to Org-mode functionality. Two header arguments are required for jumping to work, first the @code{padline} (@ref{padline}) option must be set to true (the default setting), second the @code{comments} (@ref{comments}) header argument must be set to @code{link}, which will insert comments into the source code buffer which point back to the original Org-mode file. @node Evaluating code blocks @section Evaluating code blocks @cindex code block, evaluating @cindex source code, evaluating @cindex #+RESULTS Code blocks can be evaluated@footnote{Whenever code is evaluated there is a potential for that code to do harm. Org mode provides safeguards to ensure that code is only evaluated after explicit confirmation from the user. For information on these safeguards (and on how to disable them) see @ref{Code evaluation security}.} and the results of evaluation optionally placed in the Org mode buffer. The results of evaluation are placed following a line that begins by default with @code{#+RESULTS} and optionally a cache identifier and/or the name of the evaluated code block. The default value of @code{#+RESULTS} can be changed with the customizable variable @code{org-babel-results-keyword}. By default, the evaluation facility is only enabled for Lisp code blocks specified as @code{emacs-lisp}. See @ref{Languages} to enable other supported languages. See @ref{Structure of code blocks} for information on the syntax used to define a code block. @kindex C-c C-c There are a number of ways to evaluate code blocks. The simplest is to press @kbd{C-c C-c} or @kbd{C-c C-v e} with the point on a code block@footnote{The option @code{org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c} can be used to remove code evaluation from the @kbd{C-c C-c} key binding.}. This will call the @code{org-babel-execute-src-block} function to evaluate the block and insert its results into the Org mode buffer. @cindex #+CALL It is also possible to evaluate named code blocks from anywhere@footnote{Actually, the constructs call_() and src_@{@} are not evaluated when they appear in a keyword line (i.e. lines starting with @code{#+KEYWORD:}, @pxref{In-buffer settings}).} in an Org mode buffer or an Org mode table. These named code blocks can be located in the current Org mode buffer or in the ``Library of Babel'' (@pxref{Library of Babel}). Named code blocks can be evaluated with a separate @code{#+CALL:} line or inline within a block of text. In both cases the result is wrapped according to the value of @code{org-babel-inline-result-wrap}, which by default is @code{"=%s="} for markup that produces verbatim text. The syntax of the @code{#+CALL:} line is @example #+CALL: () #+CALL: []() @end example The syntax for inline evaluation of named code blocks is @example ... call_() ... ... call_[]()[] ... @end example @table @code @item The name of the code block to be evaluated (see @ref{Structure of code blocks}). @item Arguments specified in this section will be passed to the code block. These arguments use standard function call syntax, rather than header argument syntax. For example, a @code{#+CALL:} line that passes the number four to a code block named @code{double}, which declares the header argument @code{:var n=2}, would be written as @code{#+CALL: double(n=4)}. @item Inside header arguments are passed through and applied to the named code block. These arguments use header argument syntax rather than standard function call syntax. Inside header arguments affect how the code block is evaluated. For example, @code{[:results output]} will collect the results of everything printed to @code{STDOUT} during execution of the code block. @item End header arguments are applied to the calling instance and do not affect evaluation of the named code block. They affect how the results are incorporated into the Org mode buffer and how the call line is exported. For example, @code{:results html} will insert the results of the call line evaluation in the Org buffer, wrapped in a @code{BEGIN_EXPORT html} block. For more examples of passing header arguments to @code{#+CALL:} lines see @ref{Header arguments in function calls}. @end table @node Library of Babel @section Library of Babel @cindex babel, library of @cindex source code, library @cindex code block, library The ``Library of Babel'' consists of code blocks that can be called from any Org mode file. Code blocks defined in the ``Library of Babel'' can be called remotely as if they were in the current Org mode buffer (see @ref{Evaluating code blocks} for information on the syntax of remote code block evaluation). The central repository of code blocks in the ``Library of Babel'' is housed in an Org mode file located in the @samp{doc} directory of Org mode. Users can add code blocks they believe to be generally useful to their ``Library of Babel.'' The code blocks can be stored in any Org mode file and then loaded into the library with @code{org-babel-lob-ingest}. @kindex C-c C-v i Code blocks located in any Org mode file can be loaded into the ``Library of Babel'' with the @code{org-babel-lob-ingest} function, bound to @kbd{C-c C-v i}. @node Languages @section Languages @cindex babel, languages @cindex source code, languages @cindex code block, languages Code blocks in the following languages are supported. @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 @headitem @b{Language} @tab @b{Identifier} @tab @b{Language} @tab @b{Identifier} @item Asymptote @tab asymptote @tab Awk @tab awk @item C @tab C @tab C++ @tab C++ @item Clojure @tab clojure @tab CSS @tab css @item D @tab d @tab ditaa @tab ditaa @item Graphviz @tab dot @tab Emacs Calc @tab calc @item Emacs Lisp @tab emacs-lisp @tab Fortran @tab fortran @item gnuplot @tab gnuplot @tab Haskell @tab haskell @item Java @tab java @tab Javascript @tab js @item LaTeX @tab latex @tab Ledger @tab ledger @item Lisp @tab lisp @tab Lilypond @tab lilypond @item MATLAB @tab matlab @tab Mscgen @tab mscgen @item Objective Caml @tab ocaml @tab Octave @tab octave @item Org mode @tab org @tab Oz @tab oz @item Perl @tab perl @tab Plantuml @tab plantuml @item Processing.js @tab processing @tab Python @tab python @item R @tab R @tab Ruby @tab ruby @item Sass @tab sass @tab Scheme @tab scheme @item GNU Screen @tab screen @tab Sed @tab sed @item shell @tab sh @tab SQL @tab sql @item SQLite @tab sqlite @tab @tab @end multitable Language-specific documentation is available for some languages. If available, it can be found at @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages.html}. The option @code{org-babel-load-languages} controls which languages are enabled for evaluation (by default only @code{emacs-lisp} is enabled). This variable can be set using the customization interface or by adding code like the following to your emacs configuration. The following disables @code{emacs-lisp} evaluation and enables evaluation of @code{R} code blocks. @lisp (org-babel-do-load-languages 'org-babel-load-languages '((emacs-lisp . nil) (R . t))) @end lisp It is also possible to enable support for a language by loading the related elisp file with @code{require}. The following adds support for evaluating @code{clojure} code blocks. @lisp (require 'ob-clojure) @end lisp @node Header arguments @section Header arguments @cindex code block, header arguments @cindex source code, block header arguments Code block functionality can be configured with header arguments. This section provides an overview of the use of header arguments, and then describes each header argument in detail. @menu * Using header arguments:: Different ways to set header arguments * Specific header arguments:: List of header arguments @end menu @node Using header arguments @subsection Using header arguments The values of header arguments can be set in several way. When the header arguments in each layer have been determined, they are combined in order from the first, least specific (having the lowest priority) up to the last, most specific (having the highest priority). A header argument with a higher priority replaces the same header argument specified at lower priority. @menu * System-wide header arguments:: Set global default values * Language-specific header arguments:: Set default values by language * Header arguments in Org mode properties:: Set default values for a buffer or heading * Language-specific header arguments in Org mode properties:: Set language-specific default values for a buffer or heading * Code block specific header arguments:: The most common way to set values * Header arguments in function calls:: The most specific level @end menu @node System-wide header arguments @subsubheading System-wide header arguments @vindex org-babel-default-header-args System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by adapting the @code{org-babel-default-header-args} variable: @cindex @code{:session}, src header argument @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument @cindex @code{:exports}, src header argument @cindex @code{:cache}, src header argument @cindex @code{:noweb}, src header argument @example :session => "none" :results => "replace" :exports => "code" :cache => "no" :noweb => "no" @end example For example, the following example could be used to set the default value of @code{:noweb} header arguments to @code{yes}. This would have the effect of expanding @code{:noweb} references by default when evaluating source code blocks. @lisp (setq org-babel-default-header-args (cons '(:noweb . "yes") (assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args))) @end lisp @node Language-specific header arguments @subsubheading Language-specific header arguments Each language can define its own set of default header arguments in variable @code{org-babel-default-header-args:}, where @code{} is the name of the language. See the language-specific documentation available online at @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel}. @node Header arguments in Org mode properties @subsubheading Header arguments in Org mode properties Buffer-wide header arguments may be specified as properties through the use of @code{#+PROPERTY:} lines placed anywhere in an Org mode file (see @ref{Property syntax}). For example the following would set @code{session} to @code{*R*} (only for R code blocks), and @code{results} to @code{silent} for every code block in the buffer, ensuring that all execution took place in the same session, and no results would be inserted into the buffer. @example #+PROPERTY: header-args:R :session *R* #+PROPERTY: header-args :results silent @end example Header arguments read from Org mode properties can also be set on a per-subtree basis using property drawers (see @ref{Property syntax}). @vindex org-use-property-inheritance When properties are used to set default header arguments, they are always looked up with inheritance, regardless of the value of @code{org-use-property-inheritance}. Properties are evaluated as seen by the outermost call or source block. In the following example the value of the @code{:cache} header argument will default to @code{yes} in all code blocks in the subtree rooted at the following heading: @example * outline header :PROPERTIES: :header-args: :cache yes :END: @end example @kindex C-c C-x p @vindex org-babel-default-header-args Properties defined in this way override the properties set in @code{org-babel-default-header-args} and are applied for all activated languages. It is convenient to use the @code{org-set-property} function bound to @kbd{C-c C-x p} to set properties in Org mode documents. @node Language-specific header arguments in Org mode properties @subsubheading Language-specific header arguments in Org mode properties Language-specific header arguments are also read from properties @code{header-args:} where @code{} is the name of the language targeted. As an example @example * Heading :PROPERTIES: :header-args:clojure: :session *clojure-1* :header-args:R: :session *R* :END: ** Subheading :PROPERTIES: :header-args:clojure: :session *clojure-2* :END: @end example would independently set a default session header argument for R and clojure for calls and source blocks under subtree ``Heading'' and change to a different clojure setting for evaluations under subtree ``Subheading'', while the R session is inherited from ``Heading'' and therefore unchanged. @node Code block specific header arguments @subsubheading Code block specific header arguments The most common way to assign values to header arguments is at the code block level. This can be done by listing a sequence of header arguments and their values as part of the @code{#+BEGIN_SRC} line. Properties set in this way override both the values of @code{org-babel-default-header-args} and header arguments specified as properties. In the following example, the @code{:results} header argument is set to @code{silent}, meaning the results of execution will not be inserted in the buffer, and the @code{:exports} header argument is set to @code{code}, meaning only the body of the code block will be preserved on export to HTML or @LaTeX{}. @example #+NAME: factorial #+BEGIN_SRC haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0 fac 0 = 1 fac n = n * fac (n-1) #+END_SRC @end example Similarly, it is possible to set header arguments for inline code blocks @example src_haskell[:exports both]@{fac 5@} @end example Code block header arguments can span multiple lines using @code{#+HEADER:} or @code{#+HEADERS:} lines preceding a code block or nested between the @code{#+NAME:} line and the @code{#+BEGIN_SRC} line of a named code block. @cindex #+HEADER: @cindex #+HEADERS: Multi-line header arguments on an un-named code block: @example #+HEADERS: :var data1=1 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data2=2 (message "data1:%S, data2:%S" data1 data2) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : data1:1, data2:2 @end example Multi-line header arguments on a named code block: @example #+NAME: named-block #+HEADER: :var data=2 #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp (message "data:%S" data) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: named-block : data:2 @end example @node Header arguments in function calls @subsubheading Header arguments in function calls At the most specific level, header arguments for ``Library of Babel'' or @code{#+CALL:} lines can be set as shown in the two examples below. For more information on the structure of @code{#+CALL:} lines see @ref{Evaluating code blocks}. The following will apply the @code{:exports results} header argument to the evaluation of the @code{#+CALL:} line. @example #+CALL: factorial(n=5) :exports results @end example The following will apply the @code{:session special} header argument to the evaluation of the @code{factorial} code block. @example #+CALL: factorial[:session special](n=5) @end example @node Specific header arguments @subsection Specific header arguments Header arguments consist of an initial colon followed by the name of the argument in lowercase letters. The following header arguments are defined: @menu * var:: Pass arguments to code blocks * results:: Specify the type of results and how they will be collected and handled * file:: Specify a path for file output * file-desc:: Specify a description for file results * file-ext:: Specify an extension for file output * output-dir:: Specify a directory to write file output to * dir:: Specify the default (possibly remote) directory for code block execution * exports:: Export code and/or results * tangle:: Toggle tangling and specify file name * mkdirp:: Toggle creation of parent directories of target files during tangling * comments:: Toggle insertion of comments in tangled code files * padline:: Control insertion of padding lines in tangled code files * no-expand:: Turn off variable assignment and noweb expansion during tangling * session:: Preserve the state of code evaluation * noweb:: Toggle expansion of noweb references * noweb-ref:: Specify block's noweb reference resolution target * noweb-sep:: String used to separate noweb references * cache:: Avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks * sep:: Delimiter for writing tabular results outside Org * hlines:: Handle horizontal lines in tables * colnames:: Handle column names in tables * rownames:: Handle row names in tables * shebang:: Make tangled files executable * tangle-mode:: Set permission of tangled files * eval:: Limit evaluation of specific code blocks * wrap:: Mark source block evaluation results * post:: Post processing of code block results * prologue:: Text to prepend to code block body * epilogue:: Text to append to code block body @end menu Additional header arguments are defined on a language-specific basis, see @ref{Languages}. @node var @subsubsection @code{:var} @cindex @code{:var}, src header argument The @code{:var} header argument is used to pass arguments to code blocks. The specifics of how arguments are included in a code block vary by language; these are addressed in the language-specific documentation. However, the syntax used to specify arguments is the same across all languages. In every case, variables require a default value when they are declared. The values passed to arguments can either be literal values, references, or Emacs Lisp code (see @ref{var, Emacs Lisp evaluation of variables}). References include anything in the Org mode file that takes a @code{#+NAME:} or @code{#+RESULTS:} line: tables, lists, @code{#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE} blocks, other code blocks and the results of other code blocks. Note: When a reference is made to another code block, the referenced block will be evaluated unless it has current cached results (see @ref{cache}). Argument values can be indexed in a manner similar to arrays (see @ref{var, Indexable variable values}). The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using the @code{:var} header argument. @example :var name=assign @end example The argument, @code{assign}, can either be a literal value, such as a string @samp{"string"} or a number @samp{9}, or a reference to a table, a list, a literal example, another code block (with or without arguments), or the results of evaluating another code block. Here are examples of passing values by reference: @table @dfn @item table an Org mode table named with either a @code{#+NAME:} line @example #+NAME: example-table | 1 | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | #+NAME: table-length #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var table=example-table (length table) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: table-length : 4 @end example @item list a simple list named with a @code{#+NAME:} line (note that nesting is not carried through to the source code block) @example #+NAME: example-list - simple - not - nested - list #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=example-list (print x) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: | simple | list | @end example @item code block without arguments a code block name (from the example above), as assigned by @code{#+NAME:}, optionally followed by parentheses @example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var length=table-length() (* 2 length) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : 8 @end example @item code block with arguments a code block name, as assigned by @code{#+NAME:}, followed by parentheses and optional arguments passed within the parentheses following the code block name using standard function call syntax @example #+NAME: double #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=8 (* 2 input) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: double : 16 #+NAME: squared #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1) (* input input) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: squared : 4 @end example @item literal example a literal example block named with a @code{#+NAME:} line @example #+NAME: literal-example #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE A literal example on two lines #+END_EXAMPLE #+NAME: read-literal-example #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=literal-example (concatenate 'string x " for you.") #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: read-literal-example : A literal example : on two lines for you. @end example @end table @subsubheading Indexable variable values It is possible to reference portions of variable values by ``indexing'' into the variables. Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting back from the end. If an index is separated by @code{,}s then each subsequent section will index into the next deepest nesting or dimension of the value. Note that this indexing occurs @emph{before} other table related header arguments like @code{:hlines}, @code{:colnames} and @code{:rownames} are applied. The following example assigns the last cell of the first row the table @code{example-table} to the variable @code{data}: @example #+NAME: example-table | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1] data #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : a @end example Ranges of variable values can be referenced using two integers separated by a @code{:}, in which case the entire inclusive range is referenced. For example the following assigns the middle three rows of @code{example-table} to @code{data}. @example #+NAME: example-table | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | | 5 | 3 | #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3] data #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | @end example Additionally, an empty index, or the single character @code{*}, are both interpreted to mean the entire range and as such are equivalent to @code{0:-1}, as shown in the following example in which the entire first column is referenced. @example #+NAME: example-table | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0] data #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | @end example It is possible to index into the results of code blocks as well as tables. Any number of dimensions can be indexed. Dimensions are separated from one another by commas, as shown in the following example. @example #+NAME: 3D #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp '(((1 2 3) (4 5 6) (7 8 9)) ((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18)) ((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27))) #+END_SRC #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1] data #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: | 11 | 14 | 17 | @end example @subsubheading Emacs Lisp evaluation of variables Emacs lisp code can be used to initialize variable values. When a variable value starts with @code{(}, @code{[}, @code{'} or @code{`} it will be evaluated as Emacs Lisp and the result of the evaluation will be assigned as the variable value. The following example demonstrates use of this evaluation to reliably pass the file-name of the Org mode buffer to a code block---note that evaluation of header arguments is guaranteed to take place in the original Org mode file, while there is no such guarantee for evaluation of the code block body. @example #+BEGIN_SRC sh :var filename=(buffer-file-name) :exports both wc -w $filename #+END_SRC @end example Note that values read from tables and lists will not be evaluated as Emacs Lisp, as shown in the following example. @example #+NAME: table | (a b c) | #+HEADERS: :var data=table[0,0] #+BEGIN_SRC perl $data #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : (a b c) @end example @node results @subsubsection @code{:results} @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument There are four classes of @code{:results} header argument. Only one option per class may be supplied per code block. @itemize @bullet @item @b{collection} header arguments specify how the results should be collected from the code block @item @b{type} header arguments specify what type of result the code block will return---which has implications for how they will be processed before insertion into the Org mode buffer @item @b{format} header arguments specify what type of result the code block will return---which has implications for how they will be inserted into the Org mode buffer @item @b{handling} header arguments specify how the results of evaluating the code block should be handled. @end itemize @subsubheading Collection The following options are mutually exclusive, and specify how the results should be collected from the code block. @itemize @bullet @item @code{value} This is the default. The result is the value of the last statement in the code block. This header argument places the evaluation in functional mode. Note that in some languages, e.g., Python, use of this result type requires that a @code{return} statement be included in the body of the source code block. E.g., @code{:results value}. @item @code{output} The result is the collection of everything printed to STDOUT during the execution of the code block. This header argument places the evaluation in scripting mode. E.g., @code{:results output}. @end itemize @subsubheading Type The following options are mutually exclusive and specify what type of results the code block will return. By default, results are inserted as either a table or scalar depending on their value. @itemize @bullet @item @code{table}, @code{vector} The results should be interpreted as an Org mode table. If a single value is returned, it will be converted into a table with one row and one column. E.g., @code{:results value table}. @item @code{list} The results should be interpreted as an Org mode list. If a single scalar value is returned it will be converted into a list with only one element. @item @code{scalar}, @code{verbatim} The results should be interpreted literally---they will not be converted into a table. The results will be inserted into the Org mode buffer as quoted text. E.g., @code{:results value verbatim}. @item @code{file} The results will be interpreted as the path to a file, and will be inserted into the Org mode buffer as a file link. E.g., @code{:results value file}. @end itemize @subsubheading Format The following options are mutually exclusive and specify what type of results the code block will return. By default, results are inserted according to the type as specified above. @itemize @bullet @item @code{raw} The results are interpreted as raw Org mode code and are inserted directly into the buffer. If the results look like a table they will be aligned as such by Org mode. E.g., @code{:results value raw}. @item @code{org} The results are will be enclosed in a @code{BEGIN_SRC org} block. They are not comma-escaped by default but they will be if you hit @kbd{TAB} in the block and/or if you export the file. E.g., @code{:results value org}. @item @code{html} Results are assumed to be HTML and will be enclosed in a @code{BEGIN_EXPORT html} block. E.g., @code{:results value html}. @item @code{latex} Results assumed to be @LaTeX{} and are enclosed in a @code{BEGIN_EXPORT latex} block. E.g., @code{:results value latex}. @item @code{code} Result are assumed to be parsable code and are enclosed in a code block. E.g., @code{:results value code}. @item @code{pp} The result is converted to pretty-printed code and is enclosed in a code block. This option currently supports Emacs Lisp, Python, and Ruby. E.g., @code{:results value pp}. @item @code{drawer} The result is wrapped in a RESULTS drawer. This can be useful for inserting @code{raw} or @code{org} syntax results in such a way that their extent is known and they can be automatically removed or replaced. @end itemize @subsubheading Handling The following results options indicate what happens with the results once they are collected. @itemize @bullet @item @code{silent} The results will be echoed in the minibuffer but will not be inserted into the Org mode buffer. E.g., @code{:results output silent}. @item @code{replace} The default value. Any existing results will be removed, and the new results will be inserted into the Org mode buffer in their place. E.g., @code{:results output replace}. @item @code{append} If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will be appended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be inserted as with @code{replace}. @item @code{prepend} If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will be prepended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be inserted as with @code{replace}. @end itemize @node file @subsubsection @code{:file} @cindex @code{:file}, src header argument The header argument @code{:file} is used to specify an external file in which to save code block results. After code block evaluation an Org mode style @code{[[file:]]} link (see @ref{Link format}) to the file will be inserted into the Org mode buffer. Some languages including R, gnuplot, dot, and ditaa provide special handling of the @code{:file} header argument automatically wrapping the code block body in the boilerplate code required to save output to the specified file. This is often useful for saving graphical output of a code block to the specified file. The argument to @code{:file} should be either a string specifying the path to a file, or a list of two strings in which case the first element of the list should be the path to a file and the second a description for the link. @node file-desc @subsubsection @code{:file-desc} The value of the @code{:file-desc} header argument is used to provide a description for file code block results which are inserted as Org mode links (see @ref{Link format}). If the @code{:file-desc} header argument is given with no value the link path will be placed in both the ``link'' and the ``description'' portion of the Org mode link. @node file-ext @subsubsection @code{:file-ext} @cindex @code{:file-ext}, src header argument The value of the @code{:file-ext} header argument is used to provide an extension to write the file output to. It is combined with the @code{#+NAME:} of the source block and the value of the @ref{output-dir} header argument to generate a complete file name. This header arg will be overridden by @code{:file}, and thus has no effect when the latter is specified. @node output-dir @subsubsection @code{:output-dir} @cindex @code{:output-dir}, src header argument The value of the @code{:output-dir} header argument is used to provide a directory to write the file output to. It may specify an absolute directory (beginning with @code{/}) or a relative directory (without @code{/}). It can be combined with the @code{#+NAME:} of the source block and the value of the @ref{file-ext} header argument to generate a complete file name, or used along with a @ref{file} header arg. @node dir @subsubsection @code{:dir} and remote execution @cindex @code{:dir}, src header argument While the @code{:file} header argument can be used to specify the path to the output file, @code{:dir} specifies the default directory during code block execution. If it is absent, then the directory associated with the current buffer is used. In other words, supplying @code{:dir path} temporarily has the same effect as changing the current directory with @kbd{M-x cd path RET}, and then not supplying @code{:dir}. Under the surface, @code{:dir} simply sets the value of the Emacs variable @code{default-directory}. When using @code{:dir}, you should supply a relative path for file output (e.g., @code{:file myfile.jpg} or @code{:file results/myfile.jpg}) in which case that path will be interpreted relative to the default directory. In other words, if you want your plot to go into a folder called @file{Work} in your home directory, you could use @example #+BEGIN_SRC R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l") #+END_SRC @end example @subsubheading Remote execution A directory on a remote machine can be specified using tramp file syntax, in which case the code will be evaluated on the remote machine. An example is @example #+BEGIN_SRC R :file plot.png :dir /dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu: plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE)) #+END_SRC @end example Text results will be returned to the local Org mode buffer as usual, and file output will be created on the remote machine with relative paths interpreted relative to the remote directory. An Org mode link to the remote file will be created. So, in the above example a plot will be created on the remote machine, and a link of the following form will be inserted in the org buffer: @example [[file:/scp:dand@@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]] @end example Most of this functionality follows immediately from the fact that @code{:dir} sets the value of the Emacs variable @code{default-directory}, thanks to Tramp. @subsubheading Further points @itemize @bullet @item If @code{:dir} is used in conjunction with @code{:session}, although it will determine the starting directory for a new session as expected, no attempt is currently made to alter the directory associated with an existing session. @item @code{:dir} should typically not be used to create files during export with @code{:exports results} or @code{:exports both}. The reason is that, in order to retain portability of exported material between machines, during export links inserted into the buffer will @emph{not} be expanded against @code{default directory}. Therefore, if @code{default-directory} is altered using @code{:dir}, it is probable that the file will be created in a location to which the link does not point. @end itemize @node exports @subsubsection @code{:exports} @cindex @code{:exports}, src header argument The @code{:exports} header argument specifies what should be included in HTML or @LaTeX{} exports of the Org mode file. Note that the @code{:exports} option is only relevant for code blocks, not inline code. @itemize @bullet @item @code{code} The default. The body of code is included into the exported file. E.g., @code{:exports code}. @item @code{results} The result of evaluating the code is included in the exported file. E.g., @code{:exports results}. @item @code{both} Both the code and results are included in the exported file. E.g., @code{:exports both}. @item @code{none} Nothing is included in the exported file. E.g., @code{:exports none}. @end itemize @node tangle @subsubsection @code{:tangle} @cindex @code{:tangle}, src header argument The @code{:tangle} header argument specifies whether or not the code block should be included in tangled extraction of source code files. @itemize @bullet @item @code{tangle} The code block is exported to a source code file named after the full path (including the directory) and file name (w/o extension) of the Org mode file. E.g., @code{:tangle yes}. @item @code{no} The default. The code block is not exported to a source code file. E.g., @code{:tangle no}. @item other Any other string passed to the @code{:tangle} header argument is interpreted as a path (directory and file name relative to the directory of the Org mode file) to which the block will be exported. E.g., @code{:tangle path}. @end itemize @node mkdirp @subsubsection @code{:mkdirp} @cindex @code{:mkdirp}, src header argument The @code{:mkdirp} header argument can be used to create parent directories of tangled files when missing. This can be set to @code{yes} to enable directory creation or to @code{no} to inhibit directory creation. @node comments @subsubsection @code{:comments} @cindex @code{:comments}, src header argument By default code blocks are tangled to source-code files without any insertion of comments beyond those which may already exist in the body of the code block. The @code{:comments} header argument can be set as follows to control the insertion of extra comments into the tangled code file. @itemize @bullet @item @code{no} The default. No extra comments are inserted during tangling. @item @code{link} The code block is wrapped in comments which contain pointers back to the original Org file from which the code was tangled. @item @code{yes} A synonym for ``link'' to maintain backwards compatibility. @item @code{org} Include text from the Org mode file as a comment. The text is picked from the leading context of the tangled code and is limited by the nearest headline or source block as the case may be. @item @code{both} Turns on both the ``link'' and ``org'' comment options. @item @code{noweb} Turns on the ``link'' comment option, and additionally wraps expanded noweb references in the code block body in link comments. @end itemize @node padline @subsubsection @code{:padline} @cindex @code{:padline}, src header argument Control in insertion of padding lines around code block bodies in tangled code files. The default value is @code{yes} which results in insertion of newlines before and after each tangled code block. The following arguments are accepted. @itemize @bullet @item @code{yes} Insert newlines before and after each code block body in tangled code files. @item @code{no} Do not insert any newline padding in tangled output. @end itemize @node no-expand @subsubsection @code{:no-expand} @cindex @code{:no-expand}, src header argument By default, code blocks are expanded with @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} during tangling. This has the effect of assigning values to variables specified with @code{:var} (see @ref{var}), and of replacing ``noweb'' references (see @ref{Noweb reference syntax}) with their targets. The @code{:no-expand} header argument can be used to turn off this behavior. Note: The @code{:no-expand} header argument has no impact on export, i.e. code blocks will irrespective of this header argument expanded for execution. @node session @subsubsection @code{:session} @cindex @code{:session}, src header argument The @code{:session} header argument starts a (possibly named) session for an interpreted language where the interpreter’s state is preserved. All code blocks sharing the same name are exectuted by the same interpreter process. By default, a session is not started. @itemize @bullet @item @code{none} The default. Each block is evaluated in its own interpreter process, which is terminated after the evaluation. @item @code{other} Any other string passed to the @code{:session} header argument will give the session a name. For example, @code{:session mysession}. If @code{:session} is given but no name string is specified, the session is named according to the language used in the block. All blocks with the same session name share the same session. Using different session names enables concurrent sessions (even for the same interpreted language, if the language supports multiple sessions). @end itemize @node noweb @subsubsection @code{:noweb} @cindex @code{:noweb}, src header argument The @code{:noweb} header argument controls expansion of ``noweb'' syntax references (see @ref{Noweb reference syntax}) when the code block is evaluated, tangled, or exported. The @code{:noweb} header argument can have one of the five values: @code{no}, @code{yes}, @code{tangle}, or @code{no-export} @code{strip-export}. @itemize @bullet @item @code{no} The default. ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will not be expanded before the code block is evaluated, tangled or exported. @item @code{yes} ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the code block is evaluated, tangled or exported. @item @code{tangle} ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the code block is tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will not be expanded when the code block is evaluated or exported. @item @code{no-export} ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the block is evaluated or tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will not be expanded when the code block is exported. @item @code{strip-export} ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the block is evaluated or tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will be removed when the code block is exported. @item @code{eval} ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will only be expanded before the block is evaluated. @end itemize @subsubheading Noweb prefix lines Noweb insertions are now placed behind the line prefix of the @code{<>}. This behavior is illustrated in the following example. Because the @code{<>} noweb reference appears behind the SQL comment syntax, each line of the expanded noweb reference will be commented. This code block: @example -- <> @end example expands to: @example -- this is the -- multi-line body of example @end example Note that noweb replacement text that does not contain any newlines will not be affected by this change, so it is still possible to use inline noweb references. @node noweb-ref @subsubsection @code{:noweb-ref} @cindex @code{:noweb-ref}, src header argument When expanding ``noweb'' style references, the bodies of all code block with @emph{either} a block name matching the reference name @emph{or} a @code{:noweb-ref} header argument matching the reference name will be concatenated together to form the replacement text. By setting this header argument at the subtree or file level, simple code block concatenation may be achieved. For example, when tangling the following Org mode file, the bodies of code blocks will be concatenated into the resulting pure code file@footnote{(The example needs property inheritance to be turned on for the @code{noweb-ref} property, see @ref{Property inheritance}).}. @example #+BEGIN_SRC sh :tangle yes :noweb yes :shebang #!/bin/sh <> #+END_SRC * the mount point of the fullest disk :PROPERTIES: :noweb-ref: fullest-disk :END: ** query all mounted disks #+BEGIN_SRC sh df \ #+END_SRC ** strip the header row #+BEGIN_SRC sh |sed '1d' \ #+END_SRC ** sort by the percent full #+BEGIN_SRC sh |awk '@{print $5 " " $6@}'|sort -n |tail -1 \ #+END_SRC ** extract the mount point #+BEGIN_SRC sh |awk '@{print $2@}' #+END_SRC @end example The @code{:noweb-sep} (see @ref{noweb-sep}) header argument holds the string used to separate accumulate noweb references like those above. By default a newline is used. @node noweb-sep @subsubsection @code{:noweb-sep} @cindex @code{:noweb-sep}, src header argument The @code{:noweb-sep} header argument holds the string used to separate accumulate noweb references (see @ref{noweb-ref}). By default a newline is used. @node cache @subsubsection @code{:cache} @cindex @code{:cache}, src header argument The @code{:cache} header argument controls the use of in-buffer caching of the results of evaluating code blocks. It can be used to avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks. When the cache is active, a source block is not re-evaluated if a result for it is present in the buffer and neither the header arguments (including the value of @code{:var} references) nor the text of the block itself has changed since the result was computed. The feature helps avoid re-running long calculations. However, there are edge cases and you should not rely on the cache to behave reliably in all circumstances. The caching feature works best when a babel block is a pure function of its arguments (@pxref{var}). That is, the function always returns the same results when given the same arguments, and does not touch external resources (like the filesystem or the language’s RNG) in any way.@footnote{The documentation of the knitr reproducible research package for the R language has some good discussion of issues that may arise when using the cache in such a context. See @uref{http://yihui.name/knitr/demo/cache/}, especially the sections ``Even more stuff for cache?'' and ``Reproducibility with RNG''. (Obviously, you will have to abstract away from the knitr implementation details which the documentation also discusses.)} Note that the @code{:cache} header argument will attempt to cache results when the @code{:session} header argument is used, even though the results of the code block execution stored in the session may lead to unexpected results. Noweb references (@pxref{Noweb reference syntax}) are currently not expanded when calculating whether the text of the code block has changed. Perhaps in principle they ought to be, but this could introduce unexpected complexity. See @uref{http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.emacs.orgmode/79046}. The @code{:cache} header argument can have one of two values: @code{yes} or @code{no}. @itemize @bullet @item @code{no} The default. No caching takes place, and the code block will be evaluated every time it is called. @item @code{yes} Every time the code block is run a SHA1 hash of the code and arguments passed to the block will be generated. This hash is packed into the @code{#+RESULTS:} line and will be checked on subsequent executions of the code block. If the code block has not changed since the last time it was evaluated, it will not be re-evaluated. @end itemize Code block caches notice if the value of a variable argument to the code block has changed. If this is the case, the cache is invalidated and the code block is re-run. In the following example, @code{caller} will not be re-run unless the results of @code{random} have changed since it was last run. @example #+NAME: random #+BEGIN_SRC R :cache yes runif(1) #+END_SRC #+RESULTS[a2a72cd647ad44515fab62e144796432793d68e1]: random 0.4659510825295 #+NAME: caller #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=random :cache yes x #+END_SRC #+RESULTS[bec9c8724e397d5df3b696502df3ed7892fc4f5f]: caller 0.254227238707244 @end example @node sep @subsubsection @code{:sep} @cindex @code{:sep}, src header argument The @code{:sep} header argument can be used to control the delimiter used when writing tabular results out to files external to Org mode. This is used either when opening tabular results of a code block by calling the @code{org-open-at-point} function bound to @kbd{C-c C-o} on the code block, or when writing code block results to an external file (see @ref{file}) header argument. By default, when @code{:sep} is not specified output tables are tab delimited. @node hlines @subsubsection @code{:hlines} @cindex @code{:hlines}, src header argument Tables are frequently represented with one or more horizontal lines, or hlines. The @code{:hlines} argument to a code block accepts the values @code{yes} or @code{no}, with a default value of @code{no}. @itemize @bullet @item @code{no} Strips horizontal lines from the input table. In most languages this is the desired effect because an @code{hline} symbol is interpreted as an unbound variable and raises an error. Setting @code{:hlines no} or relying on the default value yields the following results. @example #+NAME: many-cols | a | b | c | |---+---+---| | d | e | f | |---+---+---| | g | h | i | #+NAME: echo-table #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols return tab #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: echo-table | a | b | c | | d | e | f | | g | h | i | @end example @item @code{yes} Leaves hlines in the table. Setting @code{:hlines yes} has this effect. @example #+NAME: many-cols | a | b | c | |---+---+---| | d | e | f | |---+---+---| | g | h | i | #+NAME: echo-table #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes return tab #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: echo-table | a | b | c | |---+---+---| | d | e | f | |---+---+---| | g | h | i | @end example @end itemize @node colnames @subsubsection @code{:colnames} @cindex @code{:colnames}, src header argument The @code{:colnames} header argument accepts the values @code{yes}, @code{no}, or @code{nil} for unassigned. The default value is @code{nil}. Note that the behavior of the @code{:colnames} header argument may differ across languages. @itemize @bullet @item @code{nil} If an input table looks like it has column names (because its second row is an hline), then the column names will be removed from the table before processing, then reapplied to the results. @example #+NAME: less-cols | a | |---| | b | | c | #+NAME: echo-table-again #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=less-cols return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab] #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: echo-table-again | a | |----| | b* | | c* | @end example Please note that column names are not removed before the table is indexed using variable indexing @xref{var, Indexable variable values}. @item @code{no} No column name pre-processing takes place @item @code{yes} Column names are removed and reapplied as with @code{nil} even if the table does not ``look like'' it has column names (i.e., the second row is not an hline) @end itemize @node rownames @subsubsection @code{:rownames} @cindex @code{:rownames}, src header argument The @code{:rownames} header argument can take on the values @code{yes} or @code{no}, with a default value of @code{no}. Note that Emacs Lisp code blocks ignore the @code{:rownames} header argument entirely given the ease with which tables with row names may be handled directly in Emacs Lisp. @itemize @bullet @item @code{no} No row name pre-processing will take place. @item @code{yes} The first column of the table is removed from the table before processing, and is then reapplied to the results. @example #+NAME: with-rownames | one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | #+NAME: echo-table-once-again #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab] #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: echo-table-once-again | one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | | two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | @end example Please note that row names are not removed before the table is indexed using variable indexing @xref{var, Indexable variable values}. @end itemize @node shebang @subsubsection @code{:shebang} @cindex @code{:shebang}, src header argument Setting the @code{:shebang} header argument to a string value (e.g., @code{:shebang "#!/bin/bash"}) causes the string to be inserted as the first line of any tangled file holding the code block, and the file permissions of the tangled file are set to make it executable. @node tangle-mode @subsubsection @code{:tangle-mode} @cindex @code{:tangle-mode}, src header argument The @code{tangle-mode} header argument controls the permission set on tangled files. The value of this header argument will be passed to @code{set-file-modes}. For example, to set a tangled file as read only use @code{:tangle-mode (identity #o444)}, or to set a tangled file as executable use @code{:tangle-mode (identity #o755)}. Blocks with @code{shebang} (@ref{shebang}) header arguments will automatically be made executable unless the @code{tangle-mode} header argument is also used. The behavior is undefined if multiple code blocks with different values for the @code{tangle-mode} header argument are tangled to the same file. @node eval @subsubsection @code{:eval} @cindex @code{:eval}, src header argument The @code{:eval} header argument can be used to limit the evaluation of specific code blocks. The @code{:eval} header argument can be useful for protecting against the evaluation of dangerous code blocks or to ensure that evaluation will require a query regardless of the value of the @code{org-confirm-babel-evaluate} variable. The possible values of @code{:eval} and their effects are shown below. @table @code @item never or no The code block will not be evaluated under any circumstances. @item query Evaluation of the code block will require a query. @item never-export or no-export The code block will not be evaluated during export but may still be called interactively. @item query-export Evaluation of the code block during export will require a query. @end table If this header argument is not set then evaluation is determined by the value of the @code{org-confirm-babel-evaluate} variable see @ref{Code evaluation security}. @node wrap @subsubsection @code{:wrap} @cindex @code{:wrap}, src header argument The @code{:wrap} header argument is used to mark the results of source block evaluation. The header argument can be passed a string that will be appended to @code{#+BEGIN_} and @code{#+END_}, which will then be used to wrap the results. If not string is specified then the results will be wrapped in a @code{#+BEGIN/END_RESULTS} block. @node post @subsubsection @code{:post} @cindex @code{:post}, src header argument The @code{:post} header argument is used to post-process the results of a code block execution. When a post argument is given, the results of the code block will temporarily be bound to the @code{*this*} variable. This variable may then be included in header argument forms such as those used in @ref{var} header argument specifications allowing passing of results to other code blocks, or direct execution via Emacs Lisp. Additional header arguments may be passed to the @code{:post}-function. The following two examples illustrate the usage of the @code{:post} header argument. The first example shows how to attach a attribute-line via @code{:post}. @example #+name: attr_wrap #+begin_src sh :var data="" :var width="\\textwidth" :results output echo "#+ATTR_LATEX: :width $width" echo "$data" #+end_src #+header: :file /tmp/it.png #+begin_src dot :post attr_wrap(width="5cm", data=*this*) :results drawer digraph@{ a -> b; b -> c; c -> a; @} #+end_src #+RESULTS: :RESULTS: #+ATTR_LATEX :width 5cm [[file:/tmp/it.png]] :END: @end example The second examples shows how to use @code{:post} together with the @code{:colnames} header argument. @example #+name: round-tbl #+begin_src emacs-lisp :var tbl="" fmt="%.3f" (mapcar (lambda (row) (mapcar (lambda (cell) (if (numberp cell) (format fmt cell) cell)) row)) tbl) #+end_src #+begin_src R :colnames yes :post round-tbl[:colnames yes](*this*) set.seed(42) data.frame(foo=rnorm(1)) #+end_src #+RESULTS: | foo | |-------| | 1.371 | @end example @node prologue @subsubsection @code{:prologue} @cindex @code{:prologue}, src header argument The value of the @code{prologue} header argument will be prepended to the code block body before execution. For example, @code{:prologue "reset"} may be used to reset a gnuplot session before execution of a particular code block, or the following configuration may be used to do this for all gnuplot code blocks. Also see @ref{epilogue}. @lisp (add-to-list 'org-babel-default-header-args:gnuplot '((:prologue . "reset"))) @end lisp @node epilogue @subsubsection @code{:epilogue} @cindex @code{:epilogue}, src header argument The value of the @code{epilogue} header argument will be appended to the code block body before execution. Also see @ref{prologue}. @node Results of evaluation @section Results of evaluation @cindex code block, results of evaluation @cindex source code, results of evaluation The way in which results are handled depends on whether a session is invoked, as well as on whether @code{:results value} or @code{:results output} is used. The following table shows the table possibilities. For a full listing of the possible results header arguments see @ref{results}. @multitable @columnfractions 0.26 0.33 0.41 @item @tab @b{Non-session} @tab @b{Session} @item @code{:results value} @tab value of last expression @tab value of last expression @item @code{:results output} @tab contents of STDOUT @tab concatenation of interpreter output @end multitable Note: With @code{:results value}, the result in both @code{:session} and non-session is returned to Org mode as a table (a one- or two-dimensional vector of strings or numbers) when appropriate. @subsection Non-session @subsubsection @code{:results value} @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument This is the default. Internally, the value is obtained by wrapping the code in a function definition in the external language, and evaluating that function. Therefore, code should be written as if it were the body of such a function. In particular, note that Python does not automatically return a value from a function unless a @code{return} statement is present, and so a @samp{return} statement will usually be required in Python. This is the only one of the four evaluation contexts in which the code is automatically wrapped in a function definition. @subsubsection @code{:results output} @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument The code is passed to the interpreter as an external process, and the contents of the standard output stream are returned as text. (In certain languages this also contains the error output stream; this is an area for future work.) @subsection Session @subsubsection @code{:results value} @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument The code is passed to an interpreter running as an interactive Emacs inferior process. Only languages which provide tools for interactive evaluation of code have session support, so some language (e.g., C and ditaa) do not support the @code{:session} header argument, and in other languages (e.g., Python and Haskell) which have limitations on the code which may be entered into interactive sessions, those limitations apply to the code in code blocks using the @code{:session} header argument as well. Unless the @code{:results output} option is supplied (see below) the result returned is the result of the last evaluation performed by the interpreter. (This is obtained in a language-specific manner: the value of the variable @code{_} in Python and Ruby, and the value of @code{.Last.value} in R). @subsubsection @code{:results output} @cindex @code{:results}, src header argument The code is passed to the interpreter running as an interactive Emacs inferior process. The result returned is the concatenation of the sequence of (text) output from the interactive interpreter. Notice that this is not necessarily the same as what would be sent to @code{STDOUT} if the same code were passed to a non-interactive interpreter running as an external process. For example, compare the following two blocks: @example #+BEGIN_SRC python :results output print "hello" 2 print "bye" #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : hello : bye @end example In non-session mode, the ``2'' is not printed and does not appear. @example #+BEGIN_SRC python :results output :session print "hello" 2 print "bye" #+END_SRC #+RESULTS: : hello : 2 : bye @end example But in @code{:session} mode, the interactive interpreter receives input ``2'' and prints out its value, ``2''. (Indeed, the other print statements are unnecessary here). @node Noweb reference syntax @section Noweb reference syntax @cindex code block, noweb reference @cindex syntax, noweb @cindex source code, noweb reference The ``noweb'' (see @uref{http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/}) Literate Programming system allows named blocks of code to be referenced by using the familiar Noweb syntax: @example <> @end example When a code block is tangled or evaluated, whether or not ``noweb'' references are expanded depends upon the value of the @code{:noweb} header argument. If @code{:noweb yes}, then a Noweb reference is expanded before evaluation. If @code{:noweb no}, the default, then the reference is not expanded before evaluation. See the @ref{noweb-ref} header argument for a more flexible way to resolve noweb references. It is possible to include the @emph{results} of a code block rather than the body. This is done by appending parenthesis to the code block name which may optionally contain arguments to the code block as shown below. @example <> @end example Note: the default value, @code{:noweb no}, was chosen to ensure that correct code is not broken in a language, such as Ruby, where @code{<>} is a syntactically valid construct. If @code{<>} is not syntactically valid in languages that you use, then please consider setting the default value. Note: if noweb tangling is slow in large Org mode files consider setting the @code{org-babel-use-quick-and-dirty-noweb-expansion} variable to @code{t}. This will result in faster noweb reference resolution at the expense of not correctly resolving inherited values of the @code{:noweb-ref} header argument. @node Key bindings and useful functions @section Key bindings and useful functions @cindex code block, key bindings Many common Org mode key sequences are re-bound depending on the context. Within a code block, the following key bindings are active: @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75 @kindex C-c C-c @item @kbd{C-c C-c} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-src-block} @kindex C-c C-o @item @kbd{C-c C-o} @tab @code{org-babel-open-src-block-result} @kindex M-up @item @kbd{M-@key{up}} @tab @code{org-babel-load-in-session} @kindex M-down @item @kbd{M-@key{down}} @tab @code{org-babel-switch-to-session} @end multitable In an Org mode buffer, the following key bindings are active: @multitable @columnfractions 0.45 0.55 @kindex C-c C-v p @kindex C-c C-v C-p @item @kbd{C-c C-v p} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-p} @tab @code{org-babel-previous-src-block} @kindex C-c C-v n @kindex C-c C-v C-n @item @kbd{C-c C-v n} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-n} @tab @code{org-babel-next-src-block} @kindex C-c C-v e @kindex C-c C-v C-e @item @kbd{C-c C-v e} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-e} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-maybe} @kindex C-c C-v o @kindex C-c C-v C-o @item @kbd{C-c C-v o} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-o} @tab @code{org-babel-open-src-block-result} @kindex C-c C-v v @kindex C-c C-v C-v @item @kbd{C-c C-v v} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-v} @tab @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} @kindex C-c C-v u @kindex C-c C-v C-u @item @kbd{C-c C-v u} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-u} @tab @code{org-babel-goto-src-block-head} @kindex C-c C-v g @kindex C-c C-v C-g @item @kbd{C-c C-v g} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-g} @tab @code{org-babel-goto-named-src-block} @kindex C-c C-v r @kindex C-c C-v C-r @item @kbd{C-c C-v r} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-r} @tab @code{org-babel-goto-named-result} @kindex C-c C-v b @kindex C-c C-v C-b @item @kbd{C-c C-v b} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-b} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-buffer} @kindex C-c C-v s @kindex C-c C-v C-s @item @kbd{C-c C-v s} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-s} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-subtree} @kindex C-c C-v d @kindex C-c C-v C-d @item @kbd{C-c C-v d} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-d} @tab @code{org-babel-demarcate-block} @kindex C-c C-v t @kindex C-c C-v C-t @item @kbd{C-c C-v t} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-t} @tab @code{org-babel-tangle} @kindex C-c C-v f @kindex C-c C-v C-f @item @kbd{C-c C-v f} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-f} @tab @code{org-babel-tangle-file} @kindex C-c C-v c @kindex C-c C-v C-c @item @kbd{C-c C-v c} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-c} @tab @code{org-babel-check-src-block} @kindex C-c C-v j @kindex C-c C-v C-j @item @kbd{C-c C-v j} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-j} @tab @code{org-babel-insert-header-arg} @kindex C-c C-v l @kindex C-c C-v C-l @item @kbd{C-c C-v l} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-l} @tab @code{org-babel-load-in-session} @kindex C-c C-v i @kindex C-c C-v C-i @item @kbd{C-c C-v i} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-i} @tab @code{org-babel-lob-ingest} @kindex C-c C-v I @kindex C-c C-v C-I @item @kbd{C-c C-v I} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-I} @tab @code{org-babel-view-src-block-info} @kindex C-c C-v z @kindex C-c C-v C-z @item @kbd{C-c C-v z} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-z} @tab @code{org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code} @kindex C-c C-v a @kindex C-c C-v C-a @item @kbd{C-c C-v a} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-a} @tab @code{org-babel-sha1-hash} @kindex C-c C-v h @kindex C-c C-v C-h @item @kbd{C-c C-v h} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-h} @tab @code{org-babel-describe-bindings} @kindex C-c C-v x @kindex C-c C-v C-x @item @kbd{C-c C-v x} @ @ @r{or} @ @ @kbd{C-c C-v C-x} @tab @code{org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer} @end multitable @c When possible these key bindings were extended to work when the control key is @c kept pressed, resulting in the following additional key bindings. @c @multitable @columnfractions 0.25 0.75 @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-a} @tab @code{org-babel-sha1-hash} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-b} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-buffer} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-f} @tab @code{org-babel-tangle-file} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-l} @tab @code{org-babel-lob-ingest} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-p} @tab @code{org-babel-expand-src-block} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-s} @tab @code{org-babel-execute-subtree} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-t} @tab @code{org-babel-tangle} @c @item @kbd{C-c C-v C-z} @tab @code{org-babel-switch-to-session} @c @end multitable @node Batch execution @section Batch execution @cindex code block, batch execution @cindex source code, batch execution It is possible to call functions from the command line. This shell script calls @code{org-babel-tangle} on every one of its arguments. Be sure to adjust the paths to fit your system. @example #!/bin/sh # -*- mode: shell-script -*- # # tangle files with org-mode # DIR=`pwd` FILES="" # wrap each argument in the code required to call tangle on it for i in $@@; do FILES="$FILES \"$i\"" done emacs -Q --batch \ --eval "(progn (require 'org)(require 'ob)(require 'ob-tangle) (mapc (lambda (file) (find-file (expand-file-name file \"$DIR\")) (org-babel-tangle) (kill-buffer)) '($FILES)))" 2>&1 |grep -i tangled @end example @node Miscellaneous @chapter Miscellaneous @menu * Completion:: M-TAB knows what you need * Easy templates:: Quick insertion of structural elements * Speed keys:: Electric commands at the beginning of a headline * Code evaluation security:: Org mode files evaluate inline code * Customization:: Adapting Org to your taste * In-buffer settings:: Overview of the #+KEYWORDS * The very busy C-c C-c key:: When in doubt, press C-c C-c * Clean view:: Getting rid of leading stars in the outline * TTY keys:: Using Org on a tty * Interaction:: Other Emacs packages * org-crypt:: Encrypting Org files @end menu @node Completion @section Completion @cindex completion, of @TeX{} symbols @cindex completion, of TODO keywords @cindex completion, of dictionary words @cindex completion, of option keywords @cindex completion, of tags @cindex completion, of property keys @cindex completion, of link abbreviations @cindex @TeX{} symbol completion @cindex TODO keywords completion @cindex dictionary word completion @cindex option keyword completion @cindex tag completion @cindex link abbreviations, completion of Org supports in-buffer completion. This type of completion does not make use of the minibuffer. You simply type a few letters into the buffer and use the key to complete text right there. @table @kbd @kindex M-@key{TAB} @item M-@key{TAB} Complete word at point @itemize @bullet @item At the beginning of a headline, complete TODO keywords. @item After @samp{\}, complete @TeX{} symbols supported by the exporter. @item After @samp{*}, complete headlines in the current buffer so that they can be used in search links like @samp{[[*find this headline]]}. @item After @samp{:} in a headline, complete tags. The list of tags is taken from the variable @code{org-tag-alist} (possibly set through the @samp{#+TAGS} in-buffer option, @pxref{Setting tags}), or it is created dynamically from all tags used in the current buffer. @item After @samp{:} and not in a headline, complete property keys. The list of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in the current buffer. @item After @samp{[}, complete link abbreviations (@pxref{Link abbreviations}). @item After @samp{#+}, complete the special keywords like @samp{TYP_TODO} or @samp{OPTIONS} which set file-specific options for Org mode. When the option keyword is already complete, pressing @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} again will insert example settings for this keyword. @item In the line after @samp{#+STARTUP: }, complete startup keywords, i.e., valid keys for this line. @item Elsewhere, complete dictionary words using Ispell. @end itemize @end table @node Easy templates @section Easy templates @cindex template insertion @cindex insertion, of templates Org mode supports insertion of empty structural elements (like @code{#+BEGIN_SRC} and @code{#+END_SRC} pairs) with just a few key strokes. This is achieved through a native template expansion mechanism. Note that Emacs has several other template mechanisms which could be used in a similar way, for example @file{yasnippet}. To insert a structural element, type a @samp{<}, followed by a template selector and @kbd{@key{TAB}}. Completion takes effect only when the above keystrokes are typed on a line by itself. The following template selectors are currently supported. @multitable @columnfractions 0.1 0.9 @item @kbd{s} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_SRC ... #+END_SRC} @item @kbd{e} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_EXAMPLE ... #+END_EXAMPLE} @item @kbd{q} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_QUOTE ... #+END_QUOTE} @item @kbd{v} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_VERSE ... #+END_VERSE} @item @kbd{c} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_CENTER ... #+END_CENTER} @item @kbd{l} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT latex ... #+END_EXPORT} @item @kbd{L} @tab @code{#+LATEX:} @item @kbd{h} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT html ... #+END_EXPORT} @item @kbd{H} @tab @code{#+HTML:} @item @kbd{a} @tab @code{#+BEGIN_EXPORT ascii ... #+END_EXPORT} @item @kbd{A} @tab @code{#+ASCII:} @item @kbd{i} @tab @code{#+INDEX:} line @item @kbd{I} @tab @code{#+INCLUDE:} line @end multitable For example, on an empty line, typing "Customization} menu. Many settings can also be activated on a per-file basis, by putting special lines into the buffer (@pxref{In-buffer settings}). @node In-buffer settings @section Summary of in-buffer settings @cindex in-buffer settings @cindex special keywords Org mode uses special lines in the buffer to define settings on a per-file basis. These lines start with a @samp{#+} followed by a keyword, a colon, and then individual words defining a setting. Several setting words can be in the same line, but you can also have multiple lines for the keyword. While these settings are described throughout the manual, here is a summary. After changing any of these lines in the buffer, press @kbd{C-c C-c} with the cursor still in the line to activate the changes immediately. Otherwise they become effective only when the file is visited again in a new Emacs session. @vindex org-archive-location @table @kbd @item #+ARCHIVE: %s_done:: This line sets the archive location for the agenda file. It applies for all subsequent lines until the next @samp{#+ARCHIVE} line, or the end of the file. The first such line also applies to any entries before it. The corresponding variable is @code{org-archive-location}. @item #+CATEGORY: This line sets the category for the agenda file. The category applies to the whole document. @item #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM ... @cindex property, COLUMNS Set the default format for columns view. This format applies when columns view is invoked in locations where no @code{COLUMNS} property applies. @item #+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 ... @vindex org-table-formula-constants @vindex org-table-formula Set file-local values for constants to be used in table formulas. This line sets the local variable @code{org-table-formula-constants-local}. The global version of this variable is @code{org-table-formula-constants}. @item #+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3: Set tags that can be inherited by any entry in the file, including the top-level entries. @item #+LINK: linkword replace @vindex org-link-abbrev-alist These lines (several are allowed) specify link abbreviations. @xref{Link abbreviations}. The corresponding variable is @code{org-link-abbrev-alist}. @item #+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default @vindex org-highest-priority @vindex org-lowest-priority @vindex org-default-priority This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities. All three must be either letters A--Z or numbers 0--9. The highest priority must have a lower ASCII number than the lowest priority. @item #+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the current buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of a property. @cindex #+SETUPFILE @item #+SETUPFILE: file This line defines a file that holds more in-buffer setup. Normally this is entirely ignored. Only when the buffer is parsed for option-setting lines (i.e., when starting Org mode for a file, when pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} in a settings line, or when exporting), then the contents of this file are parsed as if they had been included in the buffer. In particular, the file can be any other Org mode file with internal setup. You can visit the file the cursor is in the line with @kbd{C-c '}. @item #+STARTUP: @cindex #+STARTUP This line sets options to be used at startup of Org mode, when an Org file is being visited. The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the outline tree. The corresponding variable for global default settings is @code{org-startup-folded}, with a default value @code{t}, which means @code{overview}. @vindex org-startup-folded @cindex @code{overview}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{content}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showall}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showeverything}, STARTUP keyword @example overview @r{top-level headlines only} content @r{all headlines} showall @r{no folding of any entries} showeverything @r{show even drawer contents} @end example @vindex org-startup-indented @cindex @code{indent}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{noindent}, STARTUP keyword Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable @code{org-startup-indented} @example indent @r{start with @code{org-indent-mode} turned on} noindent @r{start with @code{org-indent-mode} turned off} @end example @vindex org-startup-align-all-tables Then there are options for aligning tables upon visiting a file. This is useful in files containing narrowed table columns. The corresponding variable is @code{org-startup-align-all-tables}, with a default value @code{nil}. @cindex @code{align}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{noalign}, STARTUP keyword @example align @r{align all tables} noalign @r{don't align tables on startup} @end example @vindex org-startup-with-inline-images When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically displayed. The corresponding variable is @code{org-startup-with-inline-images}, with a default value @code{nil} to avoid delays when visiting a file. @cindex @code{inlineimages}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{noinlineimages}, STARTUP keyword @example inlineimages @r{show inline images} noinlineimages @r{don't show inline images on startup} @end example @vindex org-startup-with-latex-preview When visiting a file, @LaTeX{} fragments can be converted to images automatically. The variable @code{org-startup-with-latex-preview} which controls this behavior, is set to @code{nil} by default to avoid delays on startup. @cindex @code{latexpreview}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nolatexpreview}, STARTUP keyword @example latexpreview @r{preview @LaTeX{} fragments} nolatexpreview @r{don't preview @LaTeX{} fragments} @end example @vindex org-log-done @vindex org-log-note-clock-out @vindex org-log-repeat Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock intervals can be configured using these options (see variables @code{org-log-done}, @code{org-log-note-clock-out} and @code{org-log-repeat}) @cindex @code{logdone}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognotedone}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologdone}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognoteclock-out}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nolognoteclock-out}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logrepeat}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognoterepeat}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologrepeat}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logreschedule}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognotereschedule}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologreschedule}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logredeadline}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognoteredeadline}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologredeadline}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logrefile}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{lognoterefile}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologrefile}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logdrawer}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologdrawer}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{logstatesreversed}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nologstatesreversed}, STARTUP keyword @example logdone @r{record a timestamp when an item is marked DONE} lognotedone @r{record timestamp and a note when DONE} nologdone @r{don't record when items are marked DONE} logrepeat @r{record a time when reinstating a repeating item} lognoterepeat @r{record a note when reinstating a repeating item} nologrepeat @r{do not record when reinstating repeating item} lognoteclock-out @r{record a note when clocking out} nolognoteclock-out @r{don't record a note when clocking out} logreschedule @r{record a timestamp when scheduling time changes} lognotereschedule @r{record a note when scheduling time changes} nologreschedule @r{do not record when a scheduling date changes} logredeadline @r{record a timestamp when deadline changes} lognoteredeadline @r{record a note when deadline changes} nologredeadline @r{do not record when a deadline date changes} logrefile @r{record a timestamp when refiling} lognoterefile @r{record a note when refiling} nologrefile @r{do not record when refiling} logdrawer @r{store log into drawer} nologdrawer @r{store log outside of drawer} logstatesreversed @r{reverse the order of states notes} nologstatesreversed @r{do not reverse the order of states notes} @end example @vindex org-hide-leading-stars @vindex org-odd-levels-only Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline headings, and for indenting outlines. The corresponding variables are @code{org-hide-leading-stars} and @code{org-odd-levels-only}, both with a default setting @code{nil} (meaning @code{showstars} and @code{oddeven}). @cindex @code{hidestars}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{showstars}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{odd}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{even}, STARTUP keyword @example hidestars @r{make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible.} showstars @r{show all stars starting a headline} indent @r{virtual indentation according to outline level} noindent @r{no virtual indentation according to outline level} odd @r{allow only odd outline levels (1,3,...)} oddeven @r{allow all outline levels} @end example @vindex org-put-time-stamp-overlays @vindex org-time-stamp-overlay-formats To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables @code{org-put-time-stamp-overlays} and @code{org-time-stamp-overlay-formats}), use @cindex @code{customtime}, STARTUP keyword @example customtime @r{overlay custom time format} @end example @vindex constants-unit-system The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable @code{constants-unit-system}). @cindex @code{constcgs}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{constSI}, STARTUP keyword @example constcgs @r{@file{constants.el} should use the c-g-s unit system} constSI @r{@file{constants.el} should use the SI unit system} @end example @vindex org-footnote-define-inline @vindex org-footnote-auto-label @vindex org-footnote-auto-adjust To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords. The corresponding variables are @code{org-footnote-define-inline}, @code{org-footnote-auto-label}, and @code{org-footnote-auto-adjust}. @cindex @code{fninline}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nofninline}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnlocal}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnprompt}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnauto}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnconfirm}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnplain}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{fnadjust}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nofnadjust}, STARTUP keyword @example fninline @r{define footnotes inline} fnnoinline @r{define footnotes in separate section} fnlocal @r{define footnotes near first reference, but not inline} fnprompt @r{prompt for footnote labels} fnauto @r{create @code{[fn:1]}-like labels automatically (default)} fnconfirm @r{offer automatic label for editing or confirmation} fnplain @r{create @code{[1]}-like labels automatically} fnadjust @r{automatically renumber and sort footnotes} nofnadjust @r{do not renumber and sort automatically} @end example @cindex org-hide-block-startup To hide blocks on startup, use these keywords. The corresponding variable is @code{org-hide-block-startup}. @cindex @code{hideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{nohideblocks}, STARTUP keyword @example hideblocks @r{Hide all begin/end blocks on startup} nohideblocks @r{Do not hide blocks on startup} @end example @cindex org-pretty-entities The display of entities as UTF-8 characters is governed by the variable @code{org-pretty-entities} and the keywords @cindex @code{entitiespretty}, STARTUP keyword @cindex @code{entitiesplain}, STARTUP keyword @example entitiespretty @r{Show entities as UTF-8 characters where possible} entitiesplain @r{Leave entities plain} @end example @item #+TAGS: TAG1(c1) TAG2(c2) @vindex org-tag-alist These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid tags in this file, and (potentially) the corresponding @emph{fast tag selection} keys. The corresponding variable is @code{org-tag-alist}. @cindex #+TBLFM @item #+TBLFM: This line contains the formulas for the table directly above the line. Table can have multiple lines containing @samp{#+TBLFM:}. Note that only the first line of @samp{#+TBLFM:} will be applied when you recalculate the table. For more details see @ref{Using multiple #+TBLFM lines} in @ref{Editing and debugging formulas}. @item #+TITLE:, #+AUTHOR:, #+EMAIL:, #+LANGUAGE:, #+DATE:, @itemx #+OPTIONS:, #+BIND:, @itemx #+SELECT_TAGS:, #+EXCLUDE_TAGS: These lines provide settings for exporting files. For more details see @ref{Export settings}. @item #+TODO: #+SEQ_TODO: #+TYP_TODO: @vindex org-todo-keywords These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the current file. The corresponding variable is @code{org-todo-keywords}. @end table @node The very busy C-c C-c key @section The very busy C-c C-c key @kindex C-c C-c @cindex C-c C-c, overview The key @kbd{C-c C-c} has many purposes in Org, which are all mentioned scattered throughout this manual. One specific function of this key is to add @emph{tags} to a headline (@pxref{Tags}). In many other circumstances it means something like @emph{``Hey Org, look here and update according to what you see here''}. Here is a summary of what this means in different contexts. @itemize @minus @item If there are highlights in the buffer from the creation of a sparse tree, or from clock display, remove these highlights. @item If the cursor is in one of the special @code{#+KEYWORD} lines, this triggers scanning the buffer for these lines and updating the information. @item If the cursor is inside a table, realign the table. This command works even if the automatic table editor has been turned off. @item If the cursor is on a @code{#+TBLFM} line, re-apply the formulas to the entire table. @item If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file it. With a prefix argument, file it, without further interaction, to the default location. @item If the cursor is on a @code{<<>>}, update radio targets and corresponding links in this buffer. @item If the cursor is in a property line or at the start or end of a property drawer, offer property commands. @item If the cursor is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding definition, and @emph{vice versa}. @item If the cursor is on a statistics cookie, update it. @item If the cursor is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status of the checkbox. @item If the cursor is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the ordered list. @item If the cursor is on the @code{#+BEGIN} line of a dynamic block, the block is updated. @item If the cursor is at a timestamp, fix the day name in the timestamp. @end itemize @node Clean view @section A cleaner outline view @cindex hiding leading stars @cindex dynamic indentation @cindex odd-levels-only outlines @cindex clean outline view Some people find it noisy and distracting that the Org headlines start with a potentially large number of stars, and that text below the headlines is not indented. While this is no problem when writing a @emph{book-like} document where the outline headings are really section headings, in a more @emph{list-oriented} outline, indented structure is a lot cleaner: @example @group * Top level headline | * Top level headline ** Second level | * Second level *** 3rd level | * 3rd level some text | some text *** 3rd level | * 3rd level more text | more text * Another top level headline | * Another top level headline @end group @end example @noindent This kind of view can be achieved dynamically at display time using @code{org-indent-mode}. In this minor mode, all lines are prefixed for display with the necessary amount of space@footnote{@code{org-indent-mode} also sets the @code{wrap-prefix} property, such that @code{visual-line-mode} (or purely setting @code{word-wrap}) wraps long lines (including headlines) correctly indented.}. Also headlines are prefixed with additional stars, so that the amount of indentation shifts by two@footnote{See the variable @code{org-indent-indentation-per-level}.} spaces per level. All headline stars but the last one are made invisible using the @code{org-hide} face@footnote{Turning on @code{org-indent-mode} sets @code{org-hide-leading-stars} to @code{t} and @code{org-adapt-indentation} to @code{nil}.}; see below under @samp{2.} for more information on how this works. You can turn on @code{org-indent-mode} for all files by customizing the variable @code{org-startup-indented}, or you can turn it on for individual files using @example #+STARTUP: indent @end example If you want a similar effect in an earlier version of Emacs and/or Org, or if you want the indentation to be hard space characters so that the plain text file looks as similar as possible to the Emacs display, Org supports you in the following way: @enumerate @item @emph{Indentation of text below headlines}@* You may indent text below each headline to make the left boundary line up with the headline, like @example *** 3rd level more text, now indented @end example @vindex org-adapt-indentation Org supports this with paragraph filling, line wrapping, and structure editing@footnote{See also the variable @code{org-adapt-indentation}.}, preserving or adapting the indentation as appropriate. @item @vindex org-hide-leading-stars @emph{Hiding leading stars}@* You can modify the display in such a way that all leading stars become invisible. To do this in a global way, configure the variable @code{org-hide-leading-stars} or change this on a per-file basis with @example #+STARTUP: hidestars #+STARTUP: showstars @end example With hidden stars, the tree becomes: @example @group * Top level headline * Second level * 3rd level ... @end group @end example @noindent @vindex org-hide @r{(face)} The leading stars are not truly replaced by whitespace, they are only fontified with the face @code{org-hide} that uses the background color as font color. If you are not using either white or black background, you may have to customize this face to get the wanted effect. Another possibility is to set this font such that the extra stars are @i{almost} invisible, for example using the color @code{grey90} on a white background. @item @vindex org-odd-levels-only Things become cleaner still if you skip all the even levels and use only odd levels 1, 3, 5..., effectively adding two stars to go from one outline level to the next@footnote{When you need to specify a level for a property search or refile targets, @samp{LEVEL=2} will correspond to 3 stars, etc.}. In this way we get the outline view shown at the beginning of this section. In order to make the structure editing and export commands handle this convention correctly, configure the variable @code{org-odd-levels-only}, or set this on a per-file basis with one of the following lines: @example #+STARTUP: odd #+STARTUP: oddeven @end example You can convert an Org file from single-star-per-level to the double-star-per-level convention with @kbd{M-x org-convert-to-odd-levels RET} in that file. The reverse operation is @kbd{M-x org-convert-to-oddeven-levels}. @end enumerate @node TTY keys @section Using Org on a tty @cindex tty key bindings Because Org contains a large number of commands, by default many of Org's core commands are bound to keys that are generally not accessible on a tty, such as the cursor keys (@key{left}, @key{right}, @key{up}, @key{down}), @key{TAB} and @key{RET}, in particular when used together with modifiers like @key{Meta} and/or @key{Shift}. To access these commands on a tty when special keys are unavailable, the following alternative bindings can be used. The tty bindings below will likely be more cumbersome; you may find for some of the bindings below that a customized workaround suits you better. For example, changing a timestamp is really only fun with @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} keys, whereas on a tty you would rather use @kbd{C-c .} to re-insert the timestamp. @multitable @columnfractions 0.15 0.2 0.1 0.2 @item @b{Default} @tab @b{Alternative 1} @tab @b{Speed key} @tab @b{Alternative 2} @item @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} @tab @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}} @tab @kbd{C} @tab @item @kbd{M-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x l} @tab @kbd{l} @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{left}} @item @kbd{M-S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x L} @tab @kbd{L} @tab @item @kbd{M-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x r} @tab @kbd{r} @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{right}} @item @kbd{M-S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x R} @tab @kbd{R} @tab @item @kbd{M-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x u} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{up}} @item @kbd{M-S-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x U} @tab @kbd{U} @tab @item @kbd{M-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x d} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{down}} @item @kbd{M-S-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x D} @tab @kbd{D} @tab @item @kbd{S-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x c} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{M-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x m} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @kbd{@key{Esc} @key{RET}} @item @kbd{M-S-@key{RET}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x M} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{left}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{right}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{S-@key{up}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{up}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{S-@key{down}} @tab @kbd{C-c @key{down}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{C-S-@key{left}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{left}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @item @kbd{C-S-@key{right}} @tab @kbd{C-c C-x @key{right}} @tab @kbd{ } @tab @end multitable @node Interaction @section Interaction with other packages @cindex packages, interaction with other Org lives in the world of GNU Emacs and interacts in various ways with other code out there. @menu * Cooperation:: Packages Org cooperates with * Conflicts:: Packages that lead to conflicts @end menu @node Cooperation @subsection Packages that Org cooperates with @table @asis @cindex @file{calc.el} @cindex Gillespie, Dave @item @file{calc.el} by Dave Gillespie Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet functionality in its tables (@pxref{The spreadsheet}). Another possibility for interaction between the two packages is using Calc for embedded calculations. @xref{Embedded Mode, , Embedded Mode, calc, GNU Emacs Calc Manual}. @item @file{constants.el} by Carsten Dominik @cindex @file{constants.el} @cindex Dominik, Carsten @vindex org-table-formula-constants In a table formula (@pxref{The spreadsheet}), it is possible to use names for natural constants or units. Instead of defining your own constants in the variable @code{org-table-formula-constants}, install the @file{constants} package which defines a large number of constants and units, and lets you use unit prefixes like @samp{M} for @samp{Mega}, etc. You will need version 2.0 of this package, available at @url{http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools}. Org checks for the function @code{constants-get}, which has to be autoloaded in your setup. See the installation instructions in the file @file{constants.el}. @item @file{cdlatex.el} by Carsten Dominik @cindex @file{cdlatex.el} @cindex Dominik, Carsten Org mode can make use of the CD@LaTeX{} package to efficiently enter @LaTeX{} fragments into Org files. See @ref{CDLaTeX mode}. @item @file{imenu.el} by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg @cindex @file{imenu.el} Imenu allows menu access to an index of items in a file. Org mode supports Imenu---all you need to do to get the index is the following: @lisp (add-hook 'org-mode-hook (lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu"))) @end lisp @vindex org-imenu-depth By default the index is two levels deep---you can modify the depth using the option @code{org-imenu-depth}. @item @file{speedbar.el} by Eric M. Ludlam @cindex @file{speedbar.el} @cindex Ludlam, Eric M. Speedbar is a package that creates a special frame displaying files and index items in files. Org mode supports Speedbar and allows you to drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar. It also allows you to restrict the scope of agenda commands to a file or a subtree by using the command @kbd{<} in the Speedbar frame. @cindex @file{table.el} @item @file{table.el} by Takaaki Ota @kindex C-c C-c @cindex table editor, @file{table.el} @cindex @file{table.el} @cindex Ota, Takaaki Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and row-spanning, and alignment can be created using the Emacs table package by Takaaki Ota. Org mode will recognize these tables and export them properly. Because of interference with other Org mode functionality, you unfortunately cannot edit these tables directly in the buffer. Instead, you need to use the command @kbd{C-c '} to edit them, similar to source code snippets. @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c ',org-edit-special} Edit a @file{table.el} table. Works when the cursor is in a table.el table. @c @orgcmd{C-c ~,org-table-create-with-table.el} Insert a @file{table.el} table. If there is already a table at point, this command converts it between the @file{table.el} format and the Org mode format. See the documentation string of the command @code{org-convert-table} for the restrictions under which this is possible. @end table @end table @node Conflicts @subsection Packages that lead to conflicts with Org mode @table @asis @cindex @code{shift-selection-mode} @vindex org-support-shift-select In Emacs, @code{shift-selection-mode} is on by default, meaning that cursor motions combined with the shift key should start or enlarge regions. This conflicts with the use of @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} commands in Org to change timestamps, TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types if the cursor is at such a location. By default, @kbd{S-@key{cursor}} commands outside special contexts don't do anything, but you can customize the variable @code{org-support-shift-select}. Org mode then tries to accommodate shift selection by (i) using it outside of the special contexts where special commands apply, and by (ii) extending an existing active region even if the cursor moves across a special context. @item @file{CUA.el} by Kim. F. Storm @cindex @file{CUA.el} @cindex Storm, Kim. F. @vindex org-replace-disputed-keys For the same reason, key bindings in Org also conflict with the @kbd{S-} keys used by CUA mode. If you prefer to leave these keys to a different package while working in Org mode, configure the variable @code{org-replace-disputed-keys}. When set, Org will move the following key bindings in Org files, and in the agenda buffer (but not during date selection). @example S-UP @result{} M-p S-DOWN @result{} M-n S-LEFT @result{} M-- S-RIGHT @result{} M-+ C-S-LEFT @result{} M-S-- C-S-RIGHT @result{} M-S-+ @end example @vindex org-disputed-keys Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember. If you want to have other replacement keys, look at the variable @code{org-disputed-keys}. @item @file{ecomplete.el} by Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen @email{larsi@@gnus.org} @cindex @file{ecomplete.el} Ecomplete provides ``electric'' address completion in address header lines in message buffers. Sadly Orgtbl mode cuts ecompletes power supply: No completion happens when Orgtbl mode is enabled in message buffers while entering text in address header lines. If one wants to use ecomplete one should @emph{not} follow the advice to automagically turn on Orgtbl mode in message buffers (see @ref{Orgtbl mode}), but instead---after filling in the message headers---turn on Orgtbl mode manually when needed in the messages body. @item @file{filladapt.el} by Kyle Jones @cindex @file{filladapt.el} Org mode tries to do the right thing when filling paragraphs, list items and other elements. Many users reported they had problems using both @file{filladapt.el} and Org mode, so a safe thing to do is to disable it like this: @lisp (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-off-filladapt-mode) @end lisp @item @file{yasnippet.el} @cindex @file{yasnippet.el} The way Org mode binds the @key{TAB} key (binding to @code{[tab]} instead of @code{"\t"}) overrules YASnippet's access to this key. The following code fixed this problem: @lisp (add-hook 'org-mode-hook (lambda () (org-set-local 'yas/trigger-key [tab]) (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-or-maybe-expand))) @end lisp The latest version of yasnippet doesn't play well with Org mode. If the above code does not fix the conflict, start by defining the following function: @lisp (defun yas/org-very-safe-expand () (let ((yas/fallback-behavior 'return-nil)) (yas/expand))) @end lisp Then, tell Org mode what to do with the new function: @lisp (add-hook 'org-mode-hook (lambda () (make-variable-buffer-local 'yas/trigger-key) (setq yas/trigger-key [tab]) (add-to-list 'org-tab-first-hook 'yas/org-very-safe-expand) (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field))) @end lisp @item @file{windmove.el} by Hovav Shacham @cindex @file{windmove.el} This package also uses the @kbd{S-} keys, so everything written in the paragraph above about CUA mode also applies here. If you want make the windmove function active in locations where Org mode does not have special functionality on @kbd{S-@key{cursor}}, add this to your configuration: @lisp ;; Make windmove work in org-mode: (add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up) (add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left) (add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down) (add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right) @end lisp @item @file{viper.el} by Michael Kifer @cindex @file{viper.el} @kindex C-c / Viper uses @kbd{C-c /} and therefore makes this key not access the corresponding Org mode command @code{org-sparse-tree}. You need to find another key for this command, or override the key in @code{viper-vi-global-user-map} with @lisp (define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree) @end lisp @end table @node org-crypt @section org-crypt.el @cindex @file{org-crypt.el} @cindex @code{org-decrypt-entry} Org-crypt will encrypt the text of an entry, but not the headline, or properties. Org-crypt uses the Emacs EasyPG library to encrypt and decrypt files. Any text below a headline that has a @samp{:crypt:} tag will be automatically be encrypted when the file is saved. If you want to use a different tag just customize the @code{org-crypt-tag-matcher} setting. To use org-crypt it is suggested that you have the following in your @file{.emacs}: @lisp (require 'org-crypt) (org-crypt-use-before-save-magic) (setq org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance (quote ("crypt"))) (setq org-crypt-key nil) ;; GPG key to use for encryption ;; Either the Key ID or set to nil to use symmetric encryption. (setq auto-save-default nil) ;; Auto-saving does not cooperate with org-crypt.el: so you need ;; to turn it off if you plan to use org-crypt.el quite often. ;; Otherwise, you'll get an (annoying) message each time you ;; start Org. ;; To turn it off only locally, you can insert this: ;; ;; # -*- buffer-auto-save-file-name: nil; -*- @end lisp Excluding the crypt tag from inheritance prevents already encrypted text being encrypted again. @node Hacking @appendix Hacking @cindex hacking This appendix covers some areas where users can extend the functionality of Org. @menu * Hooks:: How to reach into Org's internals * Add-on packages:: Available extensions * Adding hyperlink types:: New custom link types * Adding export back-ends:: How to write new export back-ends * Context-sensitive commands:: How to add functionality to such commands * Tables in arbitrary syntax:: Orgtbl for @LaTeX{} and other programs * Dynamic blocks:: Automatically filled blocks * Special agenda views:: Customized views * Speeding up your agendas:: Tips on how to speed up your agendas * Extracting agenda information:: Post-processing of agenda information * Using the property API:: Writing programs that use entry properties * Using the mapping API:: Mapping over all or selected entries @end menu @node Hooks @section Hooks @cindex hooks Org has a large number of hook variables that can be used to add functionality. This appendix about hacking is going to illustrate the use of some of them. A complete list of all hooks with documentation is maintained by the Worg project and can be found at @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-configs/org-hooks.php}. @node Add-on packages @section Add-on packages @cindex add-on packages A large number of add-on packages have been written by various authors. These packages are not part of Emacs, but they are distributed as contributed packages with the separate release available at @uref{http://orgmode.org}. See the @file{contrib/README} file in the source code directory for a list of contributed files. You may also find some more information on the Worg page: @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/}. @node Adding hyperlink types @section Adding hyperlink types @cindex hyperlinks, adding new types Org has a large number of hyperlink types built-in (@pxref{Hyperlinks}). If you would like to add new link types, Org provides an interface for doing so. Let's look at an example file, @file{org-man.el}, that will add support for creating links like @samp{[[man:printf][The printf manpage]]} to show Unix manual pages inside Emacs: @lisp ;;; org-man.el - Support for links to manpages in Org (require 'org) (org-add-link-type "man" 'org-man-open) (add-hook 'org-store-link-functions 'org-man-store-link) (defcustom org-man-command 'man "The Emacs command to be used to display a man page." :group 'org-link :type '(choice (const man) (const woman))) (defun org-man-open (path) "Visit the manpage on PATH. PATH should be a topic that can be thrown at the man command." (funcall org-man-command path)) (defun org-man-store-link () "Store a link to a manpage." (when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode)) ;; This is a man page, we do make this link (let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name)) (link (concat "man:" page)) (description (format "Manpage for %s" page))) (org-store-link-props :type "man" :link link :description description)))) (defun org-man-get-page-name () "Extract the page name from the buffer name." ;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'. (if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name)) (match-string 1 (buffer-name)) (error "Cannot create link to this man page"))) (provide 'org-man) ;;; org-man.el ends here @end lisp @noindent You would activate this new link type in @file{.emacs} with @lisp (require 'org-man) @end lisp @noindent Let's go through the file and see what it does. @enumerate @item It does @code{(require 'org)} to make sure that @file{org.el} has been loaded. @item The next line calls @code{org-add-link-type} to define a new link type with prefix @samp{man}. The call also contains the name of a function that will be called to follow such a link. @item @vindex org-store-link-functions The next line adds a function to @code{org-store-link-functions}, in order to allow the command @kbd{C-c l} to record a useful link in a buffer displaying a man page. @end enumerate The rest of the file defines the necessary variables and functions. First there is a customization variable that determines which Emacs command should be used to display man pages. There are two options, @code{man} and @code{woman}. Then the function to follow a link is defined. It gets the link path as an argument---in this case the link path is just a topic for the manual command. The function calls the value of @code{org-man-command} to display the man page. Finally the function @code{org-man-store-link} is defined. When you try to store a link with @kbd{C-c l}, this function will be called to try to make a link. The function must first decide if it is supposed to create the link for this buffer type; we do this by checking the value of the variable @code{major-mode}. If not, the function must exit and return the value @code{nil}. If yes, the link is created by getting the manual topic from the buffer name and prefixing it with the string @samp{man:}. Then it must call the command @code{org-store-link-props} and set the @code{:type} and @code{:link} properties. Optionally you can also set the @code{:description} property to provide a default for the link description when the link is later inserted into an Org buffer with @kbd{C-c C-l}. When it makes sense for your new link type, you may also define a function @code{org-PREFIX-complete-link} that implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a link with @kbd{C-c C-l}. Such a function should not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix. @node Adding export back-ends @section Adding export back-ends @cindex Export, writing back-ends Org 8.0 comes with a completely rewritten export engine which makes it easy to write new export back-ends, either from scratch, or by deriving them from existing ones. Your two entry points are respectively @code{org-export-define-backend} and @code{org-export-define-derived-backend}. To grok these functions, you should first have a look at @file{ox-latex.el} (for how to define a new back-end from scratch) and @file{ox-beamer.el} (for how to derive a new back-end from an existing one. When creating a new back-end from scratch, the basic idea is to set the name of the back-end (as a symbol) and an alist of elements and export functions. On top of this, you will need to set additional keywords like @code{:menu-entry} (to display the back-end in the export dispatcher), and @code{:options-alist} (to let the user set export options that are specific to this back-end.) Deriving a new back-end is similar, except that you need to set @code{:translate-alist} to an alist of export functions that should be used instead of the parent back-end functions. For a complete reference documentation, see @url{http://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-export-reference.html, the Org Export Reference on Worg}. @node Context-sensitive commands @section Context-sensitive commands @cindex context-sensitive commands, hooks @cindex add-ons, context-sensitive commands @vindex org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c-hook Org has several commands that act differently depending on context. The most important example is the @kbd{C-c C-c} (@pxref{The very busy C-c C-c key}). Also the @kbd{M-cursor} and @kbd{M-S-cursor} keys have this property. Add-ons can tap into this functionality by providing a function that detects special context for that add-on and executes functionality appropriate for the context. Here is an example from Dan Davison's @file{org-R.el} which allows you to evaluate commands based on the @file{R} programming language @footnote{@file{org-R.el} has been replaced by the Org mode functionality described in @ref{Working with source code} and is now obsolete.}. For this package, special contexts are lines that start with @code{#+R:} or @code{#+RR:}. @lisp (defun org-R-apply-maybe () "Detect if this is context for org-R and execute R commands." (if (save-excursion (beginning-of-line 1) (looking-at "#\\+RR?:")) (progn (call-interactively 'org-R-apply) t) ;; to signal that we took action nil)) ;; to signal that we did not (add-hook 'org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c-hook 'org-R-apply-maybe) @end lisp The function first checks if the cursor is in such a line. If that is the case, @code{org-R-apply} is called and the function returns @code{t} to signal that action was taken, and @kbd{C-c C-c} will stop looking for other contexts. If the function finds it should do nothing locally, it returns @code{nil} so that other, similar functions can have a try. @node Tables in arbitrary syntax @section Tables and lists in arbitrary syntax @cindex tables, in other modes @cindex lists, in other modes @cindex Orgtbl mode Since Orgtbl mode can be used as a minor mode in arbitrary buffers, a frequent feature request has been to make it work with native tables in specific languages, for example @LaTeX{}. However, this is extremely hard to do in a general way, would lead to a customization nightmare, and would take away much of the simplicity of the Orgtbl mode table editor. This appendix describes a different approach. We keep the Orgtbl mode table in its native format (the @i{source table}), and use a custom function to @i{translate} the table to the correct syntax, and to @i{install} it in the right location (the @i{target table}). This puts the burden of writing conversion functions on the user, but it allows for a very flexible system. Bastien added the ability to do the same with lists, in Orgstruct mode. You can use Org's facilities to edit and structure lists by turning @code{orgstruct-mode} on, then locally exporting such lists in another format (HTML, @LaTeX{} or Texinfo.) @menu * Radio tables:: Sending and receiving radio tables * A @LaTeX{} example:: Step by step, almost a tutorial * Translator functions:: Copy and modify * Radio lists:: Sending and receiving lists @end menu @node Radio tables @subsection Radio tables @cindex radio tables To define the location of the target table, you first need to create two lines that are comments in the current mode, but contain magic words @code{BEGIN/END RECEIVE ORGTBL} for Orgtbl mode to find. Orgtbl mode will insert the translated table between these lines, replacing whatever was there before. For example in C mode where comments are between @code{/* ... */}: @example /* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */ /* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */ @end example @noindent Just above the source table, we put a special line that tells Orgtbl mode how to translate this table and where to install it. For example: @cindex #+ORGTBL @example #+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments... @end example @noindent @code{table_name} is the reference name for the table that is also used in the receiver lines. @code{translation_function} is the Lisp function that does the translation. Furthermore, the line can contain a list of arguments (alternating key and value) at the end. The arguments will be passed as a property list to the translation function for interpretation. A few standard parameters are already recognized and acted upon before the translation function is called: @table @code @item :skip N Skip the first N lines of the table. Hlines do count as separate lines for this parameter! @item :skipcols (n1 n2 ...) List of columns that should be skipped. If the table has a column with calculation marks, that column is automatically discarded as well. Please note that the translator function sees the table @emph{after} the removal of these columns, the function never knows that there have been additional columns. @end table @noindent The one problem remaining is how to keep the source table in the buffer without disturbing the normal workings of the file, for example during compilation of a C file or processing of a @LaTeX{} file. There are a number of different solutions: @itemize @bullet @item The table could be placed in a block comment if that is supported by the language. For example, in C mode you could wrap the table between @samp{/*} and @samp{*/} lines. @item Sometimes it is possible to put the table after some kind of @i{END} statement, for example @samp{\bye} in @TeX{} and @samp{\end@{document@}} in @LaTeX{}. @item You can just comment the table line-by-line whenever you want to process the file, and uncomment it whenever you need to edit the table. This only sounds tedious---the command @kbd{M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment RET} makes this comment-toggling very easy, in particular if you bind it to a key. @end itemize @node A @LaTeX{} example @subsection A @LaTeX{} example of radio tables @cindex @LaTeX{}, and Orgtbl mode The best way to wrap the source table in @LaTeX{} is to use the @code{comment} environment provided by @file{comment.sty}. It has to be activated by placing @code{\usepackage@{comment@}} into the document header. Orgtbl mode can insert a radio table skeleton@footnote{By default this works only for @LaTeX{}, HTML, and Texinfo. Configure the variable @code{orgtbl-radio-table-templates} to install templates for other modes.} with the command @kbd{M-x orgtbl-insert-radio-table RET}. You will be prompted for a table name, let's say we use @samp{salesfigures}. You will then get the following template: @cindex #+ORGTBL, SEND @example % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures \begin@{comment@} #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex | | | \end@{comment@} @end example @noindent @vindex @LaTeX{}-verbatim-environments The @code{#+ORGTBL: SEND} line tells Orgtbl mode to use the function @code{orgtbl-to-latex} to convert the table into @LaTeX{} and to put it into the receiver location with name @code{salesfigures}. You may now fill in the table---feel free to use the spreadsheet features@footnote{If the @samp{#+TBLFM} line contains an odd number of dollar characters, this may cause problems with font-lock in @LaTeX{} mode. As shown in the example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside the @code{comment} environment that is used to balance the dollar expressions. If you are using AUC@TeX{} with the font-latex library, a much better solution is to add the @code{comment} environment to the variable @code{LaTeX-verbatim-environments}.}: @example % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures \begin@{comment@} #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day | |-------+------+---------+---------| | Jan | 23 | 55 | 2.4 | | Feb | 21 | 16 | 0.8 | | March | 22 | 278 | 12.6 | #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f % $ (optional extra dollar to keep font-lock happy, see footnote) \end@{comment@} @end example @noindent When you are done, press @kbd{C-c C-c} in the table to get the converted table inserted between the two marker lines. Now let's assume you want to make the table header by hand, because you want to control how columns are aligned, etc. In this case we make sure that the table translator skips the first 2 lines of the source table, and tell the command to work as a @i{splice}, i.e., to not produce header and footer commands of the target table: @example \begin@{tabular@}@{lrrr@} Month & \multicolumn@{1@}@{c@}@{Days@} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\ % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures \end@{tabular@} % \begin@{comment@} #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2 | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day | |-------+------+---------+---------| | Jan | 23 | 55 | 2.4 | | Feb | 21 | 16 | 0.8 | | March | 22 | 278 | 12.6 | #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f \end@{comment@} @end example The @LaTeX{} translator function @code{orgtbl-to-latex} is already part of Orgtbl mode. By default, it uses a @code{tabular} environment to typeset the table and marks horizontal lines with @code{\hline}. You can control the output through several parameters (see also @pxref{Translator functions}), including the following ones : @table @code @item :splice nil/t When non-@code{nil}, return only table body lines, don't wrap them into a tabular environment. Default is @code{nil}. @item :fmt fmt A format to be used to wrap each field, it should contain @code{%s} for the original field value. For example, to wrap each field value in dollars, you could use @code{:fmt "$%s$"}. This may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for example @code{:fmt (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%")}. A function of one argument can be used in place of the strings; the function must return a formatted string. @item :efmt efmt Use this format to print numbers with exponentials. The format should have @code{%s} twice for inserting mantissa and exponent, for example @code{"%s\\times10^@{%s@}"}. This may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for example @code{:efmt (2 "$%s\\times10^@{%s@}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^@{%s@}$")}. After @code{efmt} has been applied to a value, @code{fmt} will also be applied. Similar to @code{fmt}, functions of two arguments can be supplied instead of strings. By default, no special formatting is applied. @end table @node Translator functions @subsection Translator functions @cindex HTML, and Orgtbl mode @cindex translator function Orgtbl mode has several translator functions built-in: @code{orgtbl-to-csv} (comma-separated values), @code{orgtbl-to-tsv} (TAB-separated values) @code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-html}, @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo}, @code{orgtbl-to-unicode} and @code{orgtbl-to-orgtbl}. These all use a generic translator, @code{orgtbl-to-generic}, which, in turn, can delegate translations to various export back-ends (@pxref{Export back-ends}). In particular, properties passed into the function (i.e., the ones set by the @samp{ORGTBL SEND} line) take precedence over translations defined in the function. So if you would like to use the @LaTeX{} translator, but wanted the line endings to be @samp{\\[2mm]} instead of the default @samp{\\}, you could just overrule the default with @example #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]" @end example For a new language, you can use the generic function to write your own converter function. For example, if you have a language where a table is started with @samp{!BTBL!}, ended with @samp{!ETBL!}, and where table lines are started with @samp{!BL!}, ended with @samp{!EL!}, and where the field separator is a TAB, you could define your generic translator like this: @lisp (defun orgtbl-to-language (table params) "Convert the orgtbl-mode TABLE to language." (orgtbl-to-generic table (org-combine-plists '(:tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!" :lstart "!BL!" :lend "!EL!" :sep "\t") params))) @end lisp @noindent Please check the documentation string of the function @code{orgtbl-to-generic} for a full list of parameters understood by that function, and remember that you can pass each of them into @code{orgtbl-to-latex}, @code{orgtbl-to-texinfo}, and any other function using the generic function. Of course you can also write a completely new function doing complicated things the generic translator cannot do. A translator function takes two arguments. The first argument is the table, a list of lines, each line either the symbol @code{hline} or a list of fields. The second argument is the property list containing all parameters specified in the @samp{#+ORGTBL: SEND} line. The function must return a single string containing the formatted table. If you write a generally useful translator, please post it on @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org} so that others can benefit from your work. @node Radio lists @subsection Radio lists @cindex radio lists @cindex org-list-insert-radio-list Sending and receiving radio lists works exactly the same way as sending and receiving radio tables (@pxref{Radio tables}). As for radio tables, you can insert radio list templates in HTML, @LaTeX{} and Texinfo modes by calling @code{org-list-insert-radio-list}. Here are the differences with radio tables: @cindex #+ORGLST @itemize @minus @item Orgstruct mode must be active. @item Use the @code{ORGLST} keyword instead of @code{ORGTBL}. @item @kbd{C-c C-c} will work when pressed on the first item of the list. @end itemize Built-in translators functions are : @code{org-list-to-latex}, @code{org-list-to-html} and @code{org-list-to-texinfo}. They all use the generic translator @code{org-list-to-generic}. Please check its documentation for a list of supported parameters, which can be used to control more accurately how the list should be rendered. Here is a @LaTeX{} example. Let's say that you have this in your @LaTeX{} file: @example % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy % END RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy \begin@{comment@} #+ORGLST: SEND to-buy org-list-to-latex - a new house - a new computer + a new keyboard + a new mouse - a new life \end@{comment@} @end example Pressing @kbd{C-c C-c} on @code{a new house} and will insert the converted @LaTeX{} list between the two marker lines. @node Dynamic blocks @section Dynamic blocks @cindex dynamic blocks Org documents can contain @emph{dynamic blocks}. These are specially marked regions that are updated by some user-written function. A good example for such a block is the clock table inserted by the command @kbd{C-c C-x C-r} (@pxref{Clocking work time}). Dynamic blocks are enclosed by a BEGIN-END structure that assigns a name to the block and can also specify parameters for the function producing the content of the block. @cindex #+BEGIN:dynamic block @example #+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ... #+END: @end example Dynamic blocks are updated with the following commands @table @kbd @orgcmd{C-c C-x C-u,org-dblock-update} Update dynamic block at point. @orgkey{C-u C-c C-x C-u} Update all dynamic blocks in the current file. @end table Updating a dynamic block means to remove all the text between BEGIN and END, parse the BEGIN line for parameters and then call the specific writer function for this block to insert the new content. If you want to use the original content in the writer function, you can use the extra parameter @code{:content}. For a block with name @code{myblock}, the writer function is @code{org-dblock-write:myblock} with as only parameter a property list with the parameters given in the begin line. Here is a trivial example of a block that keeps track of when the block update function was last run: @example #+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M" #+END: @end example @noindent The corresponding block writer function could look like this: @lisp (defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params) (let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y"))) (insert "Last block update at: " (format-time-string fmt)))) @end lisp If you want to make sure that all dynamic blocks are always up-to-date, you could add the function @code{org-update-all-dblocks} to a hook, for example @code{before-save-hook}. @code{org-update-all-dblocks} is written in a way such that it does nothing in buffers that are not in @code{org-mode}. You can narrow the current buffer to the current dynamic block (like any other block) with @code{org-narrow-to-block}. @node Special agenda views @section Special agenda views @cindex agenda views, user-defined @vindex org-agenda-skip-function @vindex org-agenda-skip-function-global Org provides a special hook that can be used to narrow down the selection made by these agenda views: @code{agenda}, @code{agenda*}@footnote{The @code{agenda*} view is the same as @code{agenda} except that it only considers @emph{appointments}, i.e., scheduled and deadline items that have a time specification @code{[h]h:mm} in their time-stamps.}, @code{todo}, @code{alltodo}, @code{tags}, @code{tags-todo}, @code{tags-tree}. You may specify a function that is used at each match to verify if the match should indeed be part of the agenda view, and if not, how much should be skipped. You can specify a global condition that will be applied to all agenda views, this condition would be stored in the variable @code{org-agenda-skip-function-global}. More commonly, such a definition is applied only to specific custom searches, using @code{org-agenda-skip-function}. Let's say you want to produce a list of projects that contain a WAITING tag anywhere in the project tree. Let's further assume that you have marked all tree headings that define a project with the TODO keyword PROJECT@. In this case you would run a TODO search for the keyword PROJECT, but skip the match unless there is a WAITING tag anywhere in the subtree belonging to the project line. To achieve this, you must write a function that searches the subtree for the tag. If the tag is found, the function must return @code{nil} to indicate that this match should not be skipped. If there is no such tag, return the location of the end of the subtree, to indicate that search should continue from there. @lisp (defun my-skip-unless-waiting () "Skip trees that are not waiting" (let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t)))) (if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t) nil ; tag found, do not skip subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree @end lisp Now you may use this function in an agenda custom command, for example like this: @lisp (org-add-agenda-custom-command '("b" todo "PROJECT" ((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting) (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: ")))) @end lisp @vindex org-agenda-overriding-header Note that this also binds @code{org-agenda-overriding-header} to get a meaningful header in the agenda view. @vindex org-odd-levels-only @vindex org-agenda-skip-function A general way to create custom searches is to base them on a search for entries with a certain level limit. If you want to study all entries with your custom search function, simply do a search for @samp{LEVEL>0}@footnote{Note that, when using @code{org-odd-levels-only}, a level number corresponds to order in the hierarchy, not to the number of stars.}, and then use @code{org-agenda-skip-function} to select the entries you really want to have. You may also put a Lisp form into @code{org-agenda-skip-function}. In particular, you may use the functions @code{org-agenda-skip-entry-if} and @code{org-agenda-skip-subtree-if} in this form, for example: @table @code @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled) Skip current entry if it has been scheduled. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notscheduled) Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'deadline) Skip current entry if it has a deadline. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'scheduled 'deadline) Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo '("TODO" "WAITING")) Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'todo 'done) Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'timestamp) Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline or scheduled. @anchor{x-agenda-skip-entry-regexp} @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'regexp "regular expression") Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the entry. @item (org-agenda-skip-entry-if 'notregexp "regular expression") Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches. @item (org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp "regular expression") Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree. @end table Therefore we could also have written the search for WAITING projects like this, even without defining a special function: @lisp (org-add-agenda-custom-command '("b" todo "PROJECT" ((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if 'regexp ":waiting:")) (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: ")))) @end lisp @node Speeding up your agendas @section Speeding up your agendas @cindex agenda views, optimization When your Org files grow in both number and size, agenda commands may start to become slow. Below are some tips on how to speed up the agenda commands. @enumerate @item Reduce the number of Org agenda files: this will reduce the slowdown caused by accessing a hard drive. @item Reduce the number of DONE and archived headlines: this way the agenda does not need to skip them. @item @vindex org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks Inhibit the dimming of blocked tasks: @lisp (setq org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks nil) @end lisp @item @vindex org-startup-folded @vindex org-agenda-inhibit-startup Inhibit agenda files startup options: @lisp (setq org-agenda-inhibit-startup nil) @end lisp @item @vindex org-agenda-show-inherited-tags @vindex org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance Disable tag inheritance in agenda: @lisp (setq org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance nil) @end lisp @end enumerate You can set these options for specific agenda views only. See the docstrings of these variables for details on why they affect the agenda generation, and this @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/agenda-optimization.html, dedicated Worg page} for further explanations. @node Extracting agenda information @section Extracting agenda information @cindex agenda, pipe @cindex Scripts, for agenda processing @vindex org-agenda-custom-commands Org provides commands to access agenda information for the command line in Emacs batch mode. This extracted information can be sent directly to a printer, or it can be read by a program that does further processing of the data. The first of these commands is the function @code{org-batch-agenda}, that produces an agenda view and sends it as ASCII text to STDOUT@. The command takes a single string as parameter. If the string has length 1, it is used as a key to one of the commands you have configured in @code{org-agenda-custom-commands}, basically any key you can use after @kbd{C-c a}. For example, to directly print the current TODO list, you could use @example emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr @end example If the parameter is a string with 2 or more characters, it is used as a tags/TODO match string. For example, to print your local shopping list (all items with the tag @samp{shop}, but excluding the tag @samp{NewYork}), you could use @example emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs \ -eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr @end example @noindent You may also modify parameters on the fly like this: @example emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs \ -eval '(org-batch-agenda "a" \ org-agenda-span (quote month) \ org-agenda-include-diary nil \ org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))' \ | lpr @end example @noindent which will produce a 30-day agenda, fully restricted to the Org file @file{~/org/projects.org}, not even including the diary. If you want to process the agenda data in more sophisticated ways, you can use the command @code{org-batch-agenda-csv} to get a comma-separated list of values for each agenda item. Each line in the output will contain a number of fields separated by commas. The fields in a line are: @example category @r{The category of the item} head @r{The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY} type @r{The type of the agenda entry, can be} todo @r{selected in TODO match} tagsmatch @r{selected in tags match} diary @r{imported from diary} deadline @r{a deadline} scheduled @r{scheduled} timestamp @r{appointment, selected by timestamp} closed @r{entry was closed on date} upcoming-deadline @r{warning about nearing deadline} past-scheduled @r{forwarded scheduled item} block @r{entry has date block including date} todo @r{The TODO keyword, if any} tags @r{All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons} date @r{The relevant date, like 2007-2-14} time @r{The time, like 15:00-16:50} extra @r{String with extra planning info} priority-l @r{The priority letter if any was given} priority-n @r{The computed numerical priority} @end example @noindent Time and date will only be given if a timestamp (or deadline/scheduled) led to the selection of the item. A CSV list like this is very easy to use in a post-processing script. For example, here is a Perl program that gets the TODO list from Emacs/Org and prints all the items, preceded by a checkbox: @example #!/usr/bin/perl # define the Emacs command to run $cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'"; # run it and capture the output $agenda = qx@{$cmd 2>/dev/null@}; # loop over all lines foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) @{ # get the individual values ($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra, $priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line); # process and print print "[ ] $head\n"; @} @end example @node Using the property API @section Using the property API @cindex API, for properties @cindex properties, API Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with properties. @defun org-entry-properties &optional pom which Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker POM.@* This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline, scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the entry. The return value is an alist. Keys may occur multiple times if the property key was used several times.@* POM may also be @code{nil}, in which case the current entry is used. If WHICH is @code{nil} or @code{all}, get all properties. If WHICH is @code{special} or @code{standard}, only get that subclass. @end defun @vindex org-use-property-inheritance @findex org-insert-property-drawer @defun org-entry-get pom property &optional inherit Get value of @code{PROPERTY} for entry at point-or-marker @code{POM}@. By default, this only looks at properties defined locally in the entry. If @code{INHERIT} is non-@code{nil} and the entry does not have the property, then also check higher levels of the hierarchy. If @code{INHERIT} is the symbol @code{selective}, use inheritance if and only if the setting of @code{org-use-property-inheritance} selects @code{PROPERTY} for inheritance. @end defun @defun org-entry-delete pom property Delete the property @code{PROPERTY} from entry at point-or-marker POM. @end defun @defun org-entry-put pom property value Set @code{PROPERTY} to @code{VALUE} for entry at point-or-marker POM. @end defun @defun org-buffer-property-keys &optional include-specials Get all property keys in the current buffer. @end defun @defun org-insert-property-drawer Insert a property drawer for the current entry. @end defun @defun org-entry-put-multivalued-property pom property &rest values Set @code{PROPERTY} at point-or-marker @code{POM} to @code{VALUES}@. @code{VALUES} should be a list of strings. They will be concatenated, with spaces as separators. @end defun @defun org-entry-get-multivalued-property pom property Treat the value of the property @code{PROPERTY} as a whitespace-separated list of values and return the values as a list of strings. @end defun @defun org-entry-add-to-multivalued-property pom property value Treat the value of the property @code{PROPERTY} as a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that @code{VALUE} is in this list. @end defun @defun org-entry-remove-from-multivalued-property pom property value Treat the value of the property @code{PROPERTY} as a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that @code{VALUE} is @emph{not} in this list. @end defun @defun org-entry-member-in-multivalued-property pom property value Treat the value of the property @code{PROPERTY} as a whitespace-separated list of values and check if @code{VALUE} is in this list. @end defun @defopt org-property-allowed-value-functions Hook for functions supplying allowed values for a specific property. The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property, and return a flat list of allowed values. If @samp{:ETC} is one of the values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values to be entered. The functions must return @code{nil} if they are not responsible for this property. @end defopt @node Using the mapping API @section Using the mapping API @cindex API, for mapping @cindex mapping entries, API Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries satisfying certain criteria. Internally, this functionality is used to produce agenda views, but there is also an API that can be used to execute arbitrary functions for each or selected entries. The main entry point for this API is: @defun org-map-entries func &optional match scope &rest skip Call @code{FUNC} at each headline selected by @code{MATCH} in @code{SCOPE}. @code{FUNC} is a function or a Lisp form. The function will be called without arguments, with the cursor positioned at the beginning of the headline. The return values of all calls to the function will be collected and returned as a list. The call to @code{FUNC} will be wrapped into a save-excursion form, so @code{FUNC} does not need to preserve point. After evaluation, the cursor will be moved to the end of the line (presumably of the headline of the processed entry) and search continues from there. Under some circumstances, this may not produce the wanted results. For example, if you have removed (e.g., archived) the current (sub)tree it could mean that the next entry will be skipped entirely. In such cases, you can specify the position from where search should continue by making @code{FUNC} set the variable @code{org-map-continue-from} to the desired buffer position. @code{MATCH} is a tags/property/todo match as it is used in the agenda match view. Only headlines that are matched by this query will be considered during the iteration. When @code{MATCH} is @code{nil} or @code{t}, all headlines will be visited by the iteration. @code{SCOPE} determines the scope of this command. It can be any of: @example nil @r{the current buffer, respecting the restriction if any} tree @r{the subtree started with the entry at point} region @r{The entries within the active region, if any} file @r{the current buffer, without restriction} file-with-archives @r{the current buffer, and any archives associated with it} agenda @r{all agenda files} agenda-with-archives @r{all agenda files with any archive files associated with them} (file1 file2 ...) @r{if this is a list, all files in the list will be scanned} @end example @noindent The remaining args are treated as settings for the skipping facilities of the scanner. The following items can be given here: @vindex org-agenda-skip-function @example archive @r{skip trees with the archive tag} comment @r{skip trees with the COMMENT keyword} function or Lisp form @r{will be used as value for @code{org-agenda-skip-function},} @r{so whenever the function returns t, FUNC} @r{will not be called for that entry and search will} @r{continue from the point where the function leaves it} @end example @end defun The function given to that mapping routine can really do anything you like. It can use the property API (@pxref{Using the property API}) to gather more information about the entry, or in order to change metadata in the entry. Here are a couple of functions that might be handy: @defun org-todo &optional arg Change the TODO state of the entry. See the docstring of the functions for the many possible values for the argument @code{ARG}. @end defun @defun org-priority &optional action Change the priority of the entry. See the docstring of this function for the possible values for @code{ACTION}. @end defun @defun org-toggle-tag tag &optional onoff Toggle the tag @code{TAG} in the current entry. Setting @code{ONOFF} to either @code{on} or @code{off} will not toggle tag, but ensure that it is either on or off. @end defun @defun org-promote Promote the current entry. @end defun @defun org-demote Demote the current entry. @end defun Here is a simple example that will turn all entries in the current file with a tag @code{TOMORROW} into TODO entries with the keyword @code{UPCOMING}. Entries in comment trees and in archive trees will be ignored. @lisp (org-map-entries '(org-todo "UPCOMING") "+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment) @end lisp The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword @code{WAITING}, in all agenda files. @lisp (length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda)) @end lisp @node MobileOrg @appendix MobileOrg @cindex iPhone @cindex MobileOrg @i{MobileOrg} is the name of the mobile companion app for Org mode, currently available for iOS and for Android. @i{MobileOrg} offers offline viewing and capture support for an Org mode system rooted on a ``real'' computer. It also allows you to record changes to existing entries. The @uref{https://github.com/MobileOrg/, iOS implementation} for the @i{iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad} series of devices, was started by Richard Moreland and is now in the hands Sean Escriva. Android users should check out @uref{http://wiki.github.com/matburt/mobileorg-android/, MobileOrg Android} by Matt Jones. The two implementations are not identical but offer similar features. This appendix describes the support Org has for creating agenda views in a format that can be displayed by @i{MobileOrg}, and for integrating notes captured and changes made by @i{MobileOrg} into the main system. For changing tags and TODO states in MobileOrg, you should have set up the customization variables @code{org-todo-keywords} and @code{org-tag-alist} to cover all important tags and TODO keywords, even if individual files use only part of these. MobileOrg will also offer you states and tags set up with in-buffer settings, but it will understand the logistics of TODO state @i{sets} (@pxref{Per-file keywords}) and @i{mutually exclusive} tags (@pxref{Setting tags}) only for those set in these variables. @menu * Setting up the staging area:: Where to interact with the mobile device * Pushing to MobileOrg:: Uploading Org files and agendas * Pulling from MobileOrg:: Integrating captured and flagged items @end menu @node Setting up the staging area @section Setting up the staging area MobileOrg needs to interact with Emacs through a directory on a server. If you are using a public server, you should consider encrypting the files that are uploaded to the server. This can be done with Org mode 7.02 and with @i{MobileOrg 1.5} (iPhone version), and you need an @file{openssl} installation on your system. To turn on encryption, set a password in @i{MobileOrg} and, on the Emacs side, configure the variable @code{org-mobile-use-encryption}@footnote{If you can safely store the password in your Emacs setup, you might also want to configure @code{org-mobile-encryption-password}. Please read the docstring of that variable. Note that encryption will apply only to the contents of the @file{.org} files. The file names themselves will remain visible.}. The easiest way to create that directory is to use a free @uref{http://dropbox.com,Dropbox.com} account@footnote{If you cannot use Dropbox, or if your version of MobileOrg does not support it, you can use a webdav server. For more information, check out the documentation of MobileOrg and also this @uref{http://orgmode.org/worg/org-faq.html#mobileorg_webdav, FAQ entry}.}. When MobileOrg first connects to your Dropbox, it will create a directory @i{MobileOrg} inside the Dropbox. After the directory has been created, tell Emacs about it: @lisp (setq org-mobile-directory "~/Dropbox/MobileOrg") @end lisp Org mode has commands to put files for @i{MobileOrg} into that directory, and to read captured notes from there. @node Pushing to MobileOrg @section Pushing to MobileOrg This operation copies all files currently listed in @code{org-mobile-files} to the directory @code{org-mobile-directory}. By default this list contains all agenda files (as listed in @code{org-agenda-files}), but additional files can be included by customizing @code{org-mobile-files}. File names will be staged with paths relative to @code{org-directory}, so all files should be inside this directory@footnote{Symbolic links in @code{org-directory} need to have the same name as their targets.}. The push operation also creates a special Org file @file{agendas.org} with all custom agenda view defined by the user@footnote{While creating the agendas, Org mode will force ID properties on all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely identified if @i{MobileOrg} flags them for further action. If you do not want to get these properties in so many entries, you can set the variable @code{org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items} to @code{nil}. Org mode will then rely on outline paths, in the hope that these will be unique enough.}. Finally, Org writes the file @file{index.org}, containing links to all other files. @i{MobileOrg} first reads this file from the server, and then downloads all agendas and Org files listed in it. To speed up the download, MobileOrg will only read files whose checksums@footnote{Checksums are stored automatically in the file @file{checksums.dat}} have changed. @node Pulling from MobileOrg @section Pulling from MobileOrg When @i{MobileOrg} synchronizes with the server, it not only pulls the Org files for viewing. It also appends captured entries and pointers to flagged and changed entries to the file @file{mobileorg.org} on the server. Org has a @emph{pull} operation that integrates this information into an inbox file and operates on the pointers to flagged entries. Here is how it works: @enumerate @item Org moves all entries found in @file{mobileorg.org}@footnote{@file{mobileorg.org} will be empty after this operation.} and appends them to the file pointed to by the variable @code{org-mobile-inbox-for-pull}. Each captured entry and each editing event will be a top-level entry in the inbox file. @item After moving the entries, Org will attempt to implement the changes made in @i{MobileOrg}. Some changes are applied directly and without user interaction. Examples are all changes to tags, TODO state, headline and body text that can be cleanly applied. Entries that have been flagged for further action will receive a tag @code{:FLAGGED:}, so that they can be easily found again. When there is a problem finding an entry or applying the change, the pointer entry will remain in the inbox and will be marked with an error message. You need to later resolve these issues by hand. @item Org will then generate an agenda view with all flagged entries. The user should then go through these entries and do whatever actions are necessary. If a note has been stored while flagging an entry in @i{MobileOrg}, that note will be displayed in the echo area when the cursor is on the corresponding agenda line. @table @kbd @kindex ? @item ? Pressing @kbd{?} in that special agenda will display the full flagging note in another window and also push it onto the kill ring. So you could use @kbd{? z C-y C-c C-c} to store that flagging note as a normal note in the entry. Pressing @kbd{?} twice in succession will offer to remove the @code{:FLAGGED:} tag along with the recorded flagging note (which is stored in a property). In this way you indicate that the intended processing for this flagged entry is finished. @end table @end enumerate @kindex C-c a ? If you are not able to process all flagged entries directly, you can always return to this agenda view@footnote{Note, however, that there is a subtle difference. The view created automatically by @kbd{M-x org-mobile-pull RET} is guaranteed to search all files that have been addressed by the last pull. This might include a file that is not currently in your list of agenda files. If you later use @kbd{C-c a ?} to regenerate the view, only the current agenda files will be searched.} using @kbd{C-c a ?}. @node History and acknowledgments @appendix History and acknowledgments @cindex acknowledgments @cindex history @cindex thanks @section From Carsten Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of the Emacs Outline mode. I was trying to organize my notes and projects, and using Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go. However, having to remember eleven different commands with two or three keys per command, only to hide and show parts of the outline tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me. Also, when using outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the tree, organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans. @emph{Visibility cycling} and @emph{structure editing} were originally implemented in the package @file{outline-magic.el}, but quickly moved to the more general @file{org.el}. As this environment became comfortable for project planning, the next step was adding @emph{TODO entries}, basic @emph{timestamps}, and @emph{table support}. These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org still has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning functionality directly into a notes file. Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to @email{emacs-orgmode@@gnu.org} have provided a constant stream of bug reports, feedback, new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code. Many thanks to everyone who has helped to improve this package. I am trying to keep here a list of the people who had significant influence in shaping one or more aspects of Org. The list may not be complete, if I have forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and let me know. Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order: @table @i @item Bastien Guerry Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of them integrated into the core by now), including the @LaTeX{} exporter and the plain list parser. His support during the early days was central to the success of this project. Bastien also invented Worg, helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and sponsored hosting costs for the orgmode.org website. Bastien stepped in as maintainer of Org between 2011 and 2013, at a time when I desparately needed a break. @item Eric Schulte and Dan Davison Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org-babel system, which turns Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating code and doing literate programming and reproducible research. This has become one of Org's killer features that define what Org is today. @item John Wiegley John has contributed a number of great ideas and patches directly to Org, including the attachment system (@file{org-attach.el}), integration with Apple Mail (@file{org-mac-message.el}), hierarchical dependencies of TODO items, habit tracking (@file{org-habits.el}), and encryption (@file{org-crypt.el}). Also, the capture system is really an extended copy of his great @file{remember.el}. @item Sebastian Rose Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the pitiful work of an ignorant amateur. Sebastian has pushed this part of Org onto a much higher level. He also wrote @file{org-info.js}, a Java script for displaying web pages derived from Org using an Info-like or a folding interface with single-key navigation. @end table @noindent See below for the full list of contributions! Again, please let me know what I am missing here! @section From Bastien I (Bastien) have been maintaining Org between 2011 and 2013. This appendix would not be complete without adding a few more acknowledgements and thanks. I am first grateful to Carsten for his trust while handing me over the maintainership of Org. His unremitting support is what really helped me getting more confident over time, with both the community and the code. When I took over maintainership, I knew I would have to make Org more collaborative than ever, as I would have to rely on people that are more knowledgeable than I am on many parts of the code. Here is a list of the persons I could rely on, they should really be considered co-maintainers, either of the code or the community: @table @i @item Eric Schulte Eric is maintaining the Babel parts of Org. His reactivity here kept me away from worrying about possible bugs here and let me focus on other parts. @item Nicolas Goaziou Nicolas is maintaining the consistency of the deepest parts of Org. His work on @file{org-element.el} and @file{ox.el} has been outstanding, and it opened the doors for many new ideas and features. He rewrote many of the old exporters to use the new export engine, and helped with documenting this major change. More importantly (if that's possible), he has been more than reliable during all the work done for Org 8.0, and always very reactive on the mailing list. @item Achim Gratz Achim rewrote the building process of Org, turning some @emph{ad hoc} tools into a flexible and conceptually clean process. He patiently coped with the many hiccups that such a change can create for users. @item Nick Dokos The Org mode mailing list would not be such a nice place without Nick, who patiently helped users so many times. It is impossible to overestimate such a great help, and the list would not be so active without him. @end table I received support from so many users that it is clearly impossible to be fair when shortlisting a few of them, but Org's history would not be complete if the ones above were not mentioned in this manual. @section List of contributions @itemize @bullet @item @i{Russel Adams} came up with the idea for drawers. @item @i{Suvayu Ali} has steadily helped on the mailing list, providing useful feedback on many features and several patches. @item @i{Luis Anaya} wrote @file{ox-man.el}. @item @i{Thomas Baumann} wrote @file{org-bbdb.el} and @file{org-mhe.el}. @item @i{Michael Brand} helped by reporting many bugs and testing many features. He also implemented the distinction between empty fields and 0-value fields in Org's spreadsheets. @item @i{Christophe Bataillon} created the great unicorn logo that we use on the Org mode website. @item @i{Alex Bochannek} provided a patch for rounding timestamps. @item @i{Jan Böcker} wrote @file{org-docview.el}. @item @i{Brad Bozarth} showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org mode files. @item @i{Tom Breton} wrote @file{org-choose.el}. @item @i{Charles Cave}'s suggestion sparked the implementation of templates for Remember, which are now templates for capture. @item @i{Pavel Chalmoviansky} influenced the agenda treatment of items with specified time. @item @i{Gregory Chernov} patched support for Lisp forms into table calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by porting @file{nouline.el} to XEmacs. @item @i{Sacha Chua} suggested copying some linking code from Planner, and helped make Org pupular through her blog. @item @i{Toby S. Cubitt} contributed to the code for clock formats. @item @i{Baoqiu Cui} contributed the first DocBook exporter. In Org 8.0, we go a different route: you can now export to Texinfo and export the @file{.texi} file to DocBook using @code{makeinfo}. @item @i{Eddward DeVilla} proposed and tested checkbox statistics. He also came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API for them. @item @i{Nick Dokos} tracked down several nasty bugs. @item @i{Kees Dullemond} used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so inspired some of the early development, including HTML export. He also asked for a way to narrow wide table columns. @item @i{Jason Dunsmore} has been maintaining the Org-Mode server at Rackspace for several years now. He also sponsored the hosting costs until Rackspace started to host us for free. @item @i{Thomas S. Dye} contributed documentation on Worg and helped integrating the Org-Babel documentation into the manual. @item @i{Christian Egli} converted the documentation into Texinfo format, inspired the agenda, patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter, and wrote @file{org-taskjuggler.el}, which has been rewritten by Nicolas Goaziou as @file{ox-taskjuggler.el} for Org 8.0. @item @i{David Emery} provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported HTML agendas. @item @i{Sean Escriva} took over MobileOrg development on the iPhone platform. @item @i{Nic Ferrier} contributed mailcap and XOXO support. @item @i{Miguel A. Figueroa-Villanueva} implemented hierarchical checkboxes. @item @i{John Foerch} figured out how to make incremental search show context around a match in a hidden outline tree. @item @i{Raimar Finken} wrote @file{org-git-line.el}. @item @i{Mikael Fornius} works as a mailing list moderator. @item @i{Austin Frank} works as a mailing list moderator. @item @i{Eric Fraga} drove the development of BEAMER export with ideas and testing. @item @i{Barry Gidden} did proofreading the manual in preparation for the book publication through Network Theory Ltd. @item @i{Niels Giesen} had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees. @item @i{Nicolas Goaziou} rewrote much of the plain list code. He also wrote @file{org-element.el} and @file{org-export.el}, which was a huge step forward in implementing a clean framework for Org exporters. @item @i{Kai Grossjohann} pointed out key-binding conflicts with other packages. @item @i{Brian Gough} of Network Theory Ltd publishes the Org mode manual as a book. @item @i{Bernt Hansen} has driven much of the support for auto-repeating tasks, task state change logging, and the clocktable. His clear explanations have been critical when we started to adopt the Git version control system. @item @i{Manuel Hermenegildo} has contributed various ideas, small fixes and patches. @item @i{Phil Jackson} wrote @file{org-irc.el}. @item @i{Scott Jaderholm} proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between folded entries, and column view for properties. @item @i{Matt Jones} wrote @i{MobileOrg Android}. @item @i{Tokuya Kameshima} wrote @file{org-wl.el} and @file{org-mew.el}. @item @i{Jonathan Leech-Pepin} wrote @file{ox-texinfo.el}. @item @i{Shidai Liu} ("Leo") asked for embedded @LaTeX{} and tested it. He also provided frequent feedback and some patches. @item @i{Matt Lundin} has proposed last-row references for table formulas and named invisible anchors. He has also worked a lot on the FAQ. @item @i{David Maus} wrote @file{org-atom.el}, maintains the issues file for Org, and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent replies, small fixes and patches. @item @i{Jason F. McBrayer} suggested agenda export to CSV format. @item @i{Max Mikhanosha} came up with the idea of refiling and sticky agendas. @item @i{Dmitri Minaev} sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file basis. @item @i{Stefan Monnier} provided a patch to keep the Emacs-Lisp compiler happy. @item @i{Richard Moreland} wrote @i{MobileOrg} for the iPhone. @item @i{Rick Moynihan} proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree. @item @i{Todd Neal} provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms. @item @i{Greg Newman} refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form. @item @i{Tim O'Callaghan} suggested in-file links, search options for general file links, and TAGS. @item @i{Osamu Okano} wrote @file{orgcard2ref.pl}, a Perl program to create a text version of the reference card. @item @i{Takeshi Okano} translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial into Japanese. @item @i{Oliver Oppitz} suggested multi-state TODO items. @item @i{Scott Otterson} sparked the introduction of descriptive text for links, among other things. @item @i{Pete Phillips} helped during the development of the TAGS feature, and provided frequent feedback. @item @i{Francesco Pizzolante} provided patches that helped speeding up the agenda generation. @item @i{Martin Pohlack} provided the code snippet to bundle character insertion into bundles of 20 for undo. @item @i{Rackspace.com} is hosting our website for free. Thank you Rackspace! @item @i{T.V. Raman} reported bugs and suggested improvements. @item @i{Matthias Rempe} (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality control. @item @i{Paul Rivier} provided the basic implementation of named footnotes. He also acted as mailing list moderator for some time. @item @i{Kevin Rogers} contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts. @item @i{Frank Ruell} solved the mystery of the @code{keymapp nil} bug, a conflict with @file{allout.el}. @item @i{Jason Riedy} generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl tables with extensive patches. @item @i{Philip Rooke} created the Org reference card, provided lots of feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation. @item @i{Christian Schlauer} proposed angular brackets around links, among other things. @item @i{Christopher Schmidt} reworked @code{orgstruct-mode} so that users can enjoy folding in non-org buffers by using Org headlines in comments. @item @i{Paul Sexton} wrote @file{org-ctags.el}. @item Linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus was first inspired by @i{Tom Shannon}'s @file{organizer-mode.el}. @item @i{Ilya Shlyakhter} proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in literal examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines. @item @i{Stathis Sideris} wrote the @file{ditaa.jar} ASCII to PNG converter that is now packaged into Org's @file{contrib} directory. @item @i{Daniel Sinder} came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking subtrees. @item @i{Dale Smith} proposed link abbreviations. @item @i{James TD Smith} has contributed a large number of patches for useful tweaks and features. @item @i{Adam Spiers} asked for global linking commands, inspired the link extension system, added support for mairix, and proposed the mapping API. @item @i{Ulf Stegemann} created the table to translate special symbols to HTML, @LaTeX{}, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII. @item @i{Andy Stewart} contributed code to @file{org-w3m.el}, to copy HTML content with links transformation to Org syntax. @item @i{David O'Toole} wrote @file{org-publish.el} and drafted the manual chapter about publishing. @item @i{Jambunathan K} contributed the ODT exporter and rewrote the HTML exporter. @item @i{Sebastien Vauban} reported many issues with @LaTeX{} and BEAMER export and enabled source code highlighting in Gnus. @item @i{Stefan Vollmar} organized a video-recorded talk at the Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology. He also inspired the creation of a concept index for HTML export. @item @i{Jürgen Vollmer} contributed code generating the table of contents in HTML output. @item @i{Samuel Wales} has provided important feedback and bug reports. @item @i{Chris Wallace} provided a patch implementing the @samp{QUOTE} keyword. @item @i{David Wainberg} suggested archiving, and improvements to the linking system. @item @i{Carsten Wimmer} suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in linking to Gnus. @item @i{Roland Winkler} requested additional key bindings to make Org work on a tty. @item @i{Piotr Zielinski} wrote @file{org-mouse.el}, proposed agenda blocks and contributed various ideas and code snippets. @end itemize @node GNU Free Documentation License @appendix GNU Free Documentation License @include doclicense.texi @node Main Index @unnumbered Concept index @printindex cp @node Key Index @unnumbered Key index @printindex ky @node Command and Function Index @unnumbered Command and function index @printindex fn @node Variable Index @unnumbered Variable index This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones that are mentioned in the manual. For a more complete list, use @kbd{M-x org-customize @key{RET}} and then click yourself through the tree. @printindex vr @bye @c Local variables: @c fill-column: 77 @c indent-tabs-mode: nil @c paragraph-start: "\\|^@[a-zA-Z]*[ \n]\\|^@x?org\\(key\\|cmd\\)\\|\f\\|[ ]*$" @c paragraph-separate: "\\|^@[a-zA-Z]*[ \n]\\|^@x?org\\(key\\|cmd\\)\\|[ \f]*$" @c End: @c LocalWords: webdavhost pre