The manual page "Environment of a Code Block" describes :prologue and
:epilogue header arguments, which are useful for applications like unit
tests and boilerplate code. No suggestion is made that these arguments
are only available for some languages.

In fact, any language that provides its own org-babel-expand-body needs
special code to handle these arguments - and emacs-lisp lacks it.

It seems to me that either:

1) these arguments should be added to each backend that lacks them
(emacs-lisp in particular), or
2) The documentation should indicate that they may not be supported in
every language.

At the moment I have the following workaround:

(advice-add #'org-babel-expand-body:emacs-lisp :around
            (lambda (oldfn body params)
              (let ((pro (cdr (assq :prologue params)))
                    (epi (cdr (assq :epilogue params))))
                (concat
                 (if pro (concat pro "\n") "")
                 (funcall oldfn body params)
                 (if epi (concat epi "\n") ""))))
            '((name . pe-advice)))


Emacs  : GNU Emacs 29.1 (build 2, x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version 3.24.33, cairo version 1.16.0)
 of 2023-07-30
Package: Org mode version 9.6.9 ( @ /home/jet/.config/emacs/elpa/org-9.6.9/)

current state:
==============
(setq
 org-link-elisp-confirm-function 'yes-or-no-p
 org-ditaa-jar-path "/usr/share/ditaa/ditaa.jar"
 org-bibtex-headline-format-function #[257 "\300 \236A\207" [:title] 3 "\n\n(fn ENTRY)"]
 org-persist-after-read-hook '(org-element--cache-persist-after-read)
 org-re-reveal-root "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/reveal.js@3.6.0"
 org-export-before-parsing-hook '(org-attach-expand-links)
 org-cycle-tab-first-hook '(org-babel-hide-result-toggle-maybe org-babel-header-arg-expand)
 org-archive-hook '(org-attach-archive-delete-maybe)
 org-ascii-format-drawer-function #[771 " \207" [] 4 "\n\n(fn NAME CONTENTS WIDTH)"]
 org-cycle-hook '(org-cycle-hide-archived-subtrees org-cycle-show-empty-lines org-cycle-optimize-window-after-visibility-change
                  org-cycle-display-inline-images)
 org-latex-listings-options '(("basicstyle" "\\footnotesize\\ttfamily") ("showstringspaces" "false") ("breaklines" "true"))
 org-persist-before-read-hook '(org-element--cache-persist-before-read)
 org-mode-hook '(#[0 "\301\211 \207" [imenu-create-index-function org-imenu-get-tree] 2] org-superstar-mode org-tempo-setup
                 (lambda nil (electric-indent-local-mode -1))
                 #[0 "\300\301\302\303\304$\207" [add-hook change-major-mode-hook org-fold-show-all append local] 5]
                 #[0 "\300\301\302\303\304$\207" [add-hook change-major-mode-hook org-babel-show-result-all append local] 5] org-babel-result-hide-spec
                 org-babel-hide-all-hashes org-eldoc-load)
 org-babel-load-languages '((emacs-lisp . t) (dot . t) (ditaa . t) (shell . t))
 org-latex-format-drawer-function #[514 "\207" [] 3 "\n\n(fn _ CONTENTS)"]
 org-latex-format-headline-function 'org-latex-format-headline-default-function
 org-confirm-shell-link-function 'yes-or-no-p
 org-html-format-drawer-function #[514 "\207" [] 3 "\n\n(fn NAME CONTENTS)"]
 outline-isearch-open-invisible-function 'outline-isearch-open-invisible
 org-latex-classes '(("beamer"
                      "\\documentclass[11pt,aspectratio=169]{beamer}\n                  \\usenavigationsymbolstemplate{} % no navigation bar\n                  \\beamertemplateballitem         % items have little balls"
                      ("\\section{%s}" . "\\section*{%s}") ("\\subsection{%s}" . "\\subsection*{%s}") ("\\subsubsection{%s}" . "\\subsubsection*{%s}"))
                     ("article" "\\documentclass[11pt]{article}" ("\\section{%s}" . "\\section*{%s}") ("\\subsection{%s}" . "\\subsection*{%s}")
                      ("\\subsubsection{%s}" . "\\subsubsection*{%s}") ("\\paragraph{%s}" . "\\paragraph*{%s}")
                      ("\\subparagraph{%s}" . "\\subparagraph*{%s}"))
                     ("report" "\\documentclass[11pt]{report}" ("\\part{%s}" . "\\part*{%s}") ("\\chapter{%s}" . "\\chapter*{%s}")
                      ("\\section{%s}" . "\\section*{%s}") ("\\subsection{%s}" . "\\subsection*{%s}") ("\\subsubsection{%s}" . "\\subsubsection*{%s}"))
                     ("book" "\\documentclass[11pt]{book}" ("\\part{%s}" . "\\part*{%s}") ("\\chapter{%s}" . "\\chapter*{%s}")
                      ("\\section{%s}" . "\\section*{%s}") ("\\subsection{%s}" . "\\subsection*{%s}") ("\\subsubsection{%s}" . "\\subsubsection*{%s}"))
                     )
 org-agenda-before-write-hook '(org-agenda-add-entry-text)
 org-latex-packages-alist '(("" "moresize") ("" "fancyvrb") ("" "inconsolata") ("" "tikz") ("" "color") ("" "listings"))
 org-src-mode-hook '(org-src-babel-configure-edit-buffer org-src-mode-configure-edit-buffer)
 org-confirm-elisp-link-function 'yes-or-no-p
 org-latex-src-block-backend t
 org-ditaa-eps-jar-path "/home/jet/.config/emacs/elpa/contrib/scripts/DitaaEps.jar"
 org-structure-template-alist '(("n" . "notes") ("a" . "export ascii") ("c" . "center") ("C" . "comment") ("e" . "example") ("E" . "export")
                                ("h" . "export html") ("l" . "export latex") ("q" . "quote") ("s" . "src") ("v" . "verse"))
 org-speed-command-hook '(org-speed-command-activate org-babel-speed-command-activate)
 org-html-format-inlinetask-function 'org-html-format-inlinetask-default-function
 org-ascii-format-inlinetask-function 'org-ascii-format-inlinetask-default
 org-export-backends '(ascii html icalendar latex md confluence re-reveal)
 org-confirm-babel-evaluate nil
 org-fold-core-isearch-open-function 'org-fold--isearch-reveal
 org-re-reveal-title-slide "<h2>%t</h2><h2>%a</h2><h2>%d</h2>"
 org-latex-format-inlinetask-function 'org-latex-format-inlinetask-default-function
 org-persist-before-write-hook '(org-element--cache-persist-before-write)
 org-tab-first-hook '(org-babel-hide-result-toggle-maybe org-babel-header-arg-expand)
 org-link-shell-confirm-function 'yes-or-no-p
 org-babel-pre-tangle-hook '(save-buffer)
 org-agenda-loop-over-headlines-in-active-region nil
 org-occur-hook '(org-first-headline-recenter)
 org-metadown-hook '(org-babel-pop-to-session-maybe)
 org-link-parameters '(("attachment" :follow org-attach-follow :complete org-attach-complete-link) ("eww" :follow org-eww-open :store org-eww-store-link)
                       ("rmail" :follow org-rmail-open :store org-rmail-store-link) ("mhe" :follow org-mhe-open :store org-mhe-store-link)
                       ("irc" :follow org-irc-visit :store org-irc-store-link :export org-irc-export)
                       ("info" :follow org-info-open :export org-info-export :store org-info-store-link :insert-description
                        org-info-description-as-command)
                       ("gnus" :follow org-gnus-open :store org-gnus-store-link)
                       ("docview" :follow org-docview-open :export org-docview-export :store org-docview-store-link)
                       ("bibtex" :follow org-bibtex-open :store org-bibtex-store-link)
                       ("bbdb" :follow org-bbdb-open :export org-bbdb-export :complete org-bbdb-complete-link :store org-bbdb-store-link)
                       ("w3m" :store org-w3m-store-link) ("doi" :follow org-link-doi-open :export org-link-doi-export) ("id" :follow org-id-open)
                       ("file+sys") ("file+emacs") ("shell" :follow org-link--open-shell)
                       ("news" :follow #[514 "\301\300\302 Q \"\207" ["news" browse-url ":"] 6 "\n\n(fn URL ARG)"])
                       ("mailto" :follow #[514 "\301\300\302 Q \"\207" ["mailto" browse-url ":"] 6 "\n\n(fn URL ARG)"])
                       ("https" :follow #[514 "\301\300\302 Q \"\207" ["https" browse-url ":"] 6 "\n\n(fn URL ARG)"])
                       ("http" :follow #[514 "\301\300\302 Q \"\207" ["http" browse-url ":"] 6 "\n\n(fn URL ARG)"])
                       ("ftp" :follow #[514 "\301\300\302 Q \"\207" ["ftp" browse-url ":"] 6 "\n\n(fn URL ARG)"])
                       ("help" :follow org-link--open-help :store org-link--store-help) ("file" :complete org-link-complete-file)
                       ("elisp" :follow org-link--open-elisp))
 org-html-format-headline-function 'org-html-format-headline-default-function
 org-metaup-hook '(org-babel-load-in-session-maybe)
 org-tab-before-tab-emulation-hook '(org-tempo-complete-tag)
 )