On Thursday, 27 Jul 2017 at 16:16, Tyler Morgan wrote:

[...]

> The resulting LaTeX no longer includes a label attribute, which means
> that all of the references I have made to this figure in the text are
> now undefined. I know that defining a LaTeX caption overwrites the
> org-mode caption field, but I’m not sure why it also removes the
> #+NAME (or #+LABEL, which I have also tried) from the figure.

Because the label is intrinsically associated with the caption (this is
a LaTeX feature and nothing to do with org), not the figure itself.  It
is the caption that creates the number for the reference.  A figure may
contain more than one image, for instance.

Either simply add \label{fig:figure1} to the caption you are specifying
or, if it is that you want to have the table of contents entry, use this
format for the caption:

#+caption[short title]: long caption

which should work, according to the manual (untested).

HTH,
eric

-- 
: Eric S Fraga via Emacs 26.0.50, Org release_9.0.9-573-g09e612