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#+title: The Org Manual
#+subtitle:  Release {{{version}}}
#+author:    The Org Mode Developers
#+language:  en


#+texinfo: @insertcopying

* Introduction
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Getting started.
:END:
#+cindex: introduction

** Summary
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Brief summary of what Org does.
:END:
#+cindex: summary

Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and project
planning with a fast and effective plain-text markup language.  It
also is an authoring system with unique support for literate
programming and reproducible research.

Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to
keep the content of large files well structured.  Visibility cycling
and structure editing help to work with the tree.  Tables are easily
created with a built-in table editor.  Plain text URL-like links
connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any
files related to the projects.

Org develops organizational tasks around notes files that contain
lists or information about projects as plain text.  Project planning
and task management make use of metadata which is part of an outline
node.  Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in
queries and create dynamic /agenda views/ that also integrate the
Emacs calendar and diary.  Org can be used to implement many different
project planning schemes, such as David Allen's GTD system.

Org files can serve as a single source authoring system with export to
many different formats such as HTML, LaTeX, Open Document, and
Markdown.  New export backends can be derived from existing ones, or
defined from scratch.

Org files can include source code blocks, which makes Org uniquely
suited for authoring technical documents with code examples.  Org
source code blocks are fully functional; they can be evaluated in
place and their results can be captured in the file.  This makes it
possible to create a single file reproducible research compendium.

Org keeps simple things simple.  When first fired up, it should feel
like a straightforward, easy to use outliner.  Complexity is not
imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when needed.
Org is a toolbox.  Many users actually run only a---very
personal---fraction of Org's capabilities, and know that there is more
whenever they need it.

All of this is achieved with strictly plain text files, the most
portable and future-proof file format.  Org runs in Emacs.  Emacs is
one of the most widely ported programs, so that Org mode is available
on every major platform.

#+cindex: FAQ
There is a website for Org which provides links to the newest version
of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions
(FAQ), links to tutorials, etc.  This page is located at
[[https://orgmode.org]].

#+cindex: print edition
An earlier version (7.3) of this manual is available as a [[http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/][paperback
book from Network Theory Ltd.]].

** Installation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Installing Org.
:END:
#+cindex: installation

Org is included in all recent distributions of GNU Emacs, so you
probably do not need to install it.  Most users will simply activate
Org and begin exploring its many features.

If, for one reason or another, you want to install Org on top of this
pre-packaged version, you can use the Emacs package system or clone
Org's git repository.

We *strongly recommend* sticking to a single installation method.

*** Using Emacs packaging system
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Recent Emacs distributions include a packaging system which lets you
install Elisp libraries.  You can install Org from the "package menu",
with {{{kbd(M-x list-packages)}}}.  See [[info:emacs::Package Menu][Package Menu]].

#+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
#+begin_quote
You need to do this in a session where no =.org= file has been
visited, i.e., where no Org built-in function have been loaded.
Otherwise autoload Org functions will mess up the installation.
#+end_quote

*** Using Org's git repository
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

You can clone Org's repository and install Org like this:

#+begin_example
$ cd ~/src/
$ git clone https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/emacs/org-mode.git
$ cd org-mode/
$ make autoloads
#+end_example

Note that in this case, =make autoloads= is mandatory: it defines
Org's version in =org-version.el= and Org's autoloads in
=org-loaddefs.el=.

Remember to add the correct load path as described in the method
above.

You can also compile with =make=, generate the documentation with
=make doc=, create a local configuration with =make config= and
install Org with =make install=.  Please run =make help= to get the
list of compilation/installation options.

For more detailed explanations on Org's build system, please check the
Org Build System page on [[https://orgmode.org/worg/dev/org-build-system.html][Worg]].

*** Installing Org's contributed packages
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org's repository used to contain =contrib/= directory for add-ons
contributed by others.  As of Org 9.5, the directory has bee moved to
this new dedicated [[https://git.sr.ht/~bzg/org-contrib][org-contrib]] repository, which you can install
separately.

** Activation
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to activate Org for certain buffers.
:END:
#+cindex: activation
#+cindex: autoload
#+cindex: ELPA
#+cindex: global key bindings
#+cindex: key bindings, global

Org mode buffers need Font Lock to be turned on: this is the default
in Emacs[fn:1].

There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp
packages (see [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).  Please take the
time to check the list.

#+findex: org-agenda
#+findex: org-capture
#+findex: org-store-link
For a better experience, the three Org commands ~org-store-link~,
~org-capture~ and ~org-agenda~ ought to be accessible anywhere in
Emacs, not just in Org buffers.  To that effect, you need to bind them
to globally available keys, like the ones reserved for users (see
[[info:elisp::Key Binding Conventions]]).  Here are suggested bindings,
please modify the keys to your own liking.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c l") #'org-store-link)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c a") #'org-agenda)
(global-set-key (kbd "C-c c") #'org-capture)
#+end_src

#+cindex: Org mode, turning on
Files with the =.org= extension use Org mode by default.  To turn on
Org mode in a file that does not have the extension =.org=, make the
first line of a file look like this:

: MY PROJECTS    -*- mode: org; -*-

#+vindex: org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file
#+texinfo: @noindent
which selects Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name
is.  See also the variable ~org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file~.

Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is /active/.  To
make use of this, you need to have Transient Mark mode turned on,
which is the default.  If you do not like it, you can create an active
region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing
{{{kbd(C-SPC)}}} twice before moving point.

** Feedback
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Bug reports, ideas, patches, etc.
:END:
#+cindex: feedback
#+cindex: bug reports
#+cindex: reporting a bug
#+cindex: maintainer
#+cindex: author

If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or
ideas about it, please send an email to the Org mailing list
[[mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org]].  You can subscribe to the list [[https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-orgmode][from this
web page]].  If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will
be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it[fn:2].  We ask
you to read and respect the [[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/kind-communication.html][GNU Kind Communications Guidelines]] when
sending messages on this mailing list.

#+findex: org-version
#+findex: org-submit-bug-report
For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest
version of Org available---if you are running an outdated version, it
is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already.  If the bug
persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as
possible, including the version information of Emacs ({{{kbd(M-x
emacs-version)}}}) and Org ({{{kbd(M-x org-version)}}}), as well as
the Org related setup in the Emacs init file.  The easiest way to do
this is to use the command

: M-x org-submit-bug-report <RET>

#+texinfo: @noindent
which puts all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you
only need to add your description.  If you are not sending the Email
from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email
program.

Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or
Org mode setup.  Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start
Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem.  Doing so
often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or
with Org mode itself.  You can start a typical minimal session with
a command like the example below.

: $ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el

However if you are using Org mode as distributed with Emacs, a minimal
setup is not necessary.  In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs
as =emacs -Q=.  The =minimal-org.el= setup file can have contents as
shown below.

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'.

;; Activate debugging.
(setq debug-on-error t
      debug-on-signal nil
      debug-on-quit nil)

;; Add latest Org mode to load path.
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp"))
#+end_src

If an error occurs, a "backtrace" can be very useful---see below on
how to create one.  Often a small example file helps, along with clear
information about:

1. What exactly did you do?
2. What did you expect to happen?
3. What happened instead?

Thank you for helping to improve this program.

*** How to create a useful backtrace
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: backtrace of an error
If working with Org produces an error with a message you do not
understand, you may have hit a bug.  The best way to report this is by
providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a backtrace.  This
is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the
error occurred.  Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:

1. Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files.  The
   backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with
   uncompiled code.  To do this, use

   : C-u M-x org-reload <RET>

   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or, from the menu: Org \rarr Refresh/Reload \rarr Reload Org uncompiled.

2. Then, activate the debugger:

   : M-x toggle-debug-on-error <RET>

   #+texinfo: @noindent
   or, from the menu: Options \rarr Enter Debugger on Error.

3. Do whatever you have to do to hit the error.  Do not forget to
   document the steps you take.

4. When you hit the error, a =*Backtrace*= buffer appears on the
   screen.  Save this buffer to a file---for example using {{{kbd(C-x
   C-w)}}}---and attach it to your bug report.

** Typesetting Conventions Used in this Manual
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Typesetting conventions used in this manual.
:ALT_TITLE: Conventions
:END:

*** TODO keywords, tags, properties, etc.
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

Org uses various syntactical elements: TODO keywords, tags, property
names, keywords, blocks, etc.  In this manual we use the following
conventions:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- =TODO=, =WAITING= ::

  TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are
  user-defined.

- =boss=, =ARCHIVE= ::

  Tags are case-sensitive.  User-defined tags are usually written in
  lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written as they
  should appear in the document, usually with all capitals.

- =Release=, =PRIORITY= ::

  User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with
  special meaning are written with all capitals.

- =TITLE=, =BEGIN= ... =END= ::

  Keywords and blocks are written in uppercase to enhance their
  readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files.

*** Key bindings and commands
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

The manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for
accessing a functionality.  Org mode often uses the same key for
different functions, depending on context.  The command that is bound
to such keys has a generic name, like ~org-metaright~.  In the manual
we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally
called by the generic command.  For example, in the chapter on
document structure, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} will be listed to call
~org-do-demote~, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to
call ~org-table-move-column-right~.

* Document Structure
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A tree works like your brain.
:END:

#+cindex: document structure
#+cindex: structure of document
Org is an outliner.  Outlines allow a document to be organized in
a hierarchical structure, which, least for me, is the best
representation of notes and thoughts.  An overview of this structure
is achieved by folding, i.e., hiding large parts of the document to
show only the general document structure and the parts currently being
worked on.  Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing
the entire show and hide functionalities into a single command,
~org-cycle~, which is bound to the {{{kbd(TAB)}}} key.

** Headlines
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to typeset Org tree headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: headlines
#+cindex: outline tree
#+vindex: org-special-ctrl-a/e
#+vindex: org-special-ctrl-k
#+vindex: org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree

Headlines define the structure of an outline tree.  Org headlines
start on the left margin[fn:3] with one or more stars followed by
a space.  For example:

#+begin_example
,* Top level headline
,** Second level
,*** Third level
    some text
,*** Third level
    more text
,* Another top level headline
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-footnote-section
The name defined in ~org-footnote-section~ is reserved.  Do not use it
as a title for your own headings.

Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline
that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters.
This can be achieved using a Org Indent minor mode.  See [[*A Cleaner
Outline View]] for more information.

Headlines are not numbered.  However, you may want to dynamically
number some, or all, of them.  See [[*Dynamic Headline Numbering]].

#+vindex: org-cycle-separator-lines
An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and
is hidden when the subtree is folded.  However, if you leave at least
two empty lines, one empty line remains visible after folding the
subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view.  See the variable
~org-cycle-separator-lines~ to modify this behavior.

** Visibility Cycling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Show and hide, much simplified.
:END:
#+cindex: cycling, visibility
#+cindex: visibility cycling
#+cindex: trees, visibility
#+cindex: show hidden text
#+cindex: hide text

*** Global and local cycling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Cycling through various visibility states.
:END:
#+cindex: subtree visibility states
#+cindex: subtree cycling
#+cindex: folded, subtree visibility state
#+cindex: children, subtree visibility state
#+cindex: subtree, subtree visibility state

Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer.
Org uses just two commands, bound to {{{kbd(TAB)}}} and
{{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} to change the visibility in the buffer.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

  #+kindex: TAB
  #+findex: org-cycle
  /Subtree cycling/: Rotate current subtree among the states

  #+begin_example
  ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
  '-----------------------------------'
  #+end_example

  #+vindex: org-cycle-emulate-tab
  Point must be on a headline for this to work[fn:4].

- {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-global-cycle~), {{{kbd(C-u TAB)}}} ::

  #+cindex: global visibility states
  #+cindex: global cycling
  #+cindex: overview, global visibility state
  #+cindex: contents, global visibility state
  #+cindex: show all, global visibility state
  #+kindex: C-u TAB
  #+kindex: S-TAB
  #+findex: org-global-cycle
  /Global cycling/: Rotate the entire buffer among the states

  #+begin_example
  ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
  '--------------------------------------'
  #+end_example

  When {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} is called with a numeric prefix argument
  {{{var(N)}}}, view contents only up to headlines of level
  {{{var(N)}}}.

  Note that inside tables (see [[*Tables]]), {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} jumps to the
  previous field instead.

  #+vindex: org-cycle-global-at-bob
  You can run global cycling using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} only if point is at
  the very beginning of the buffer, but not on a headline, and
  ~org-cycle-global-at-bob~ is set to a non-~nil~ value.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::

  #+cindex: startup visibility
  #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
  #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
  Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer (see [[*Initial
  visibility]]).

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~outline-show-all~) ::

  #+cindex: show all, command
  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u TAB
  #+findex: outline-show-all
  Show all, including drawers.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-reveal~) ::

  #+cindex: revealing context
  #+kindex: C-c C-r
  #+findex: org-reveal
  Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the
  following heading and the hierarchy above.  It is useful for working
  near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (see
  [[*Sparse Trees]]) or an agenda command (see [[*Commands in the Agenda
  Buffer]]).  With a prefix argument, show, on each level, all sibling
  headings.  With a double prefix argument, also show the entire
  subtree of the parent.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-k)}}} (~outline-show-branches~) ::

  #+cindex: show branches, command
  #+kindex: C-c C-k
  #+findex: outline-show-branches
  Expose all the headings of the subtree, but not their bodies.

- {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~outline-show-children~) ::

  #+cindex: show children, command
  #+kindex: C-c TAB
  #+findex: outline-show-children
  Expose all direct children of the subtree.  With a numeric prefix
  argument {{{var(N)}}}, expose all children down to level
  {{{var(N)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x b)}}} (~org-tree-to-indirect-buffer~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x b
  #+findex: org-tree-to-indirect-buffer
  Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer[fn:5].  With
  a numeric prefix argument {{{var(N)}}}, go up to level {{{var(N)}}}
  and then take that tree.  If {{{var(N)}}} is negative then go up
  that many levels.  With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, do not remove the
  previously used indirect buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x v)}}} (~org-copy-visible~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x v
  #+findex: org-copy-visible
  Copy the /visible/ text in the region into the kill ring.

*** Initial visibility
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Setting the initial visibility state.
:END:

#+vindex: org-startup-folded
When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to
~showeverything~, i.e., all file content is visible[fn:6].  This can
be configured through the variable ~org-startup-folded~, or on
a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the
buffer:

#+cindex: @samp{STARTUP}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: overview
,#+STARTUP: content
,#+STARTUP: showall
,#+STARTUP: show2levels
,#+STARTUP: show3levels
,#+STARTUP: show4levels
,#+STARTUP: show5levels
,#+STARTUP: showeverything
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{VISIBILITY}, property
Furthermore, any entries with a =VISIBILITY= property (see [[*Properties
and Columns]]) get their visibility adapted accordingly.  Allowed values
for this property are =folded=, =children=, =content=, and =all=.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u TAB)}}} (~org-set-startup-visibility~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-u TAB
  #+findex: org-set-startup-visibility
  Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever
  is requested by startup options and =VISIBILITY= properties in
  individual entries.

*** Catching invisible edits
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Preventing mistakes when editing invisible parts.
:END:
#+cindex: edits, catching invisible

#+vindex: org-catch-invisible-edits
Sometimes you may inadvertently edit an invisible part of the buffer
and be confused on what has been edited and how to undo the mistake.
Setting ~org-catch-invisible-edits~ to non-~nil~ helps preventing
this.  See the docstring of this option on how Org should catch
invisible edits and process them.

** Motion
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Jumping to other headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: motion, between headlines
#+cindex: jumping, to headlines
#+cindex: headline navigation

The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-n)}}} (~org-next-visible-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-n
  #+findex: org-next-visible-heading
  Next heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-p)}}} (~org-previous-visible-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-p
  #+findex: org-previous-visible-heading
  Previous heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-f)}}} (~org-forward-heading-same-level~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-f
  #+findex: org-forward-heading-same-level
  Next heading same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-b)}}} (~org-backward-heading-same-level~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-b
  #+findex: org-backward-heading-same-level
  Previous heading same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-u)}}} (~outline-up-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-u
  #+findex: outline-up-heading
  Backward to higher level heading.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-j)}}} (~org-goto~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-j
  #+findex: org-goto
  #+vindex: org-goto-auto-isearch
  Jump to a different place without changing the current outline
  visibility.  Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer,
  where you can use the following keys to find your destination:

  #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
  | {{{kbd(TAB)}}}            | Cycle visibility.               |
  | {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} / {{{kbd(UP)}}} | Next/previous visible headline. |
  | {{{kbd(RET)}}}            | Select this location.           |
  | {{{kbd(/)}}}              | Do a Sparse-tree search         |

  #+texinfo: @noindent
  The following keys work if you turn off ~org-goto-auto-isearch~

  #+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.3 0.7
  | {{{kbd(n)}}} / {{{kbd(p)}}}   | Next/previous visible headline.    |
  | {{{kbd(f)}}} / {{{kbd(b)}}}   | Next/previous headline same level. |
  | {{{kbd(u)}}}            | One level up.                      |
  | {{{kbd(0)}}} ... {{{kbd(9)}}} | Digit argument.                    |
  | {{{kbd(q)}}}            | Quit.                              |

  #+vindex: org-goto-interface
  #+texinfo: @noindent
  See also the variable ~org-goto-interface~.

** Structure Editing
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Changing sequence and level of headlines.
:END:
#+cindex: structure editing
#+cindex: headline, promotion and demotion
#+cindex: promotion, of subtrees
#+cindex: demotion, of subtrees
#+cindex: subtree, cut and paste
#+cindex: pasting, of subtrees
#+cindex: cutting, of subtrees
#+cindex: copying, of subtrees
#+cindex: sorting, of subtrees
#+cindex: subtrees, cut and paste

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-meta-return~) ::

  #+kindex: M-RET
  #+findex: org-meta-return
  #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
  Insert a new heading, item or row.

  If the command is used at the /beginning/ of a line, and if there is
  a heading or a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]) at point, the new
  heading/item is created /before/ the current line.  When used at the
  beginning of a regular line of text, turn that line into a heading.

  When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split
  and the rest of the line becomes the new item or headline.  If you
  do not want the line to be split, customize
  ~org-M-RET-may-split-line~.

  Calling the command with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix unconditionally
  inserts a new heading at the end of the current subtree, thus
  preserving its contents.  With a double {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix,
  the new heading is created at the end of the parent subtree instead.

- {{{kbd(C-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading-respect-content~) ::

  #+kindex: C-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-heading-respect-content
  Insert a new heading at the end of the current subtree.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
  #+vindex: org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change
  Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  See also
  the variable ~org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change~.

- {{{kbd(C-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content~) ::

  #+kindex: C-S-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content
  Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading.  Like
  {{{kbd(C-RET)}}}, the new headline is inserted after the current
  subtree.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

  #+kindex: TAB
  #+findex: org-cycle
  In a new entry with no text yet, the first {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes
  the entry to become a child of the previous one.  The next
  {{{kbd(TAB)}}} makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top
  level.  Yet another {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, and you are back to the initial
  level.

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-do-promote~), {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-do-demote~) ::

  #+kindex: M-LEFT
  #+findex: org-do-promote
  #+kindex: M-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-do-demote
  Promote or demote current heading by one level.

  #+cindex: region, active
  #+cindex: active region
  #+cindex: transient mark mode
  When there is an active region---i.e., when Transient Mark mode is
  active---promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region.
  To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and
  mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first
  headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to
  change.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-promote-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
  #+findex: org-promote-subtree
  Promote the current subtree by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-demote-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-demote-subtree
  Demote the current subtree by one level.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-move-subtree-up~) ::

  #+kindex: M-UP
  #+findex: org-move-subtree-up
  Move subtree up, i.e., swap with previous subtree of same level.

- {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-move-subtree-down~) ::

  #+kindex: M-DOWN
  #+findex: org-move-subtree-down
  Move subtree down, i.e., swap with next subtree of same level.

- {{{kbd(C-c @)}}} (~org-mark-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c @@
  #+findex: org-mark-subtree
  Mark the subtree at point.  Hitting repeatedly marks subsequent
  subtrees of the same level as the marked subtree.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-cut-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
  #+findex: org-cut-subtree
  Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring.
  With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-copy-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
  #+findex: org-copy-subtree
  Copy subtree to kill ring.  With a numeric prefix argument N, copy
  the N sequential subtrees.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-paste-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
  #+findex: org-paste-subtree
  Yank subtree from kill ring.  This does modify the level of the
  subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position.
  The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument,
  or by yanking after a headline marker like =****=.

- {{{kbd(C-y)}}} (~org-yank~) ::

  #+kindex: C-y
  #+findex: org-yank
  #+vindex: org-yank-adjusted-subtrees
  #+vindex: org-yank-folded-subtrees
  Depending on the variables ~org-yank-adjusted-subtrees~ and
  ~org-yank-folded-subtrees~, Org's internal ~yank~ command pastes
  subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as
  {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}}.  With the default settings, no level
  adjustment takes place, but the yanked tree is folded unless doing
  so would swallow text previously visible.  Any prefix argument to
  this command forces a normal ~yank~ to be executed, with the prefix
  passed along.  A good way to force a normal yank is {{{kbd(C-u
  C-y)}}}.  If you use ~yank-pop~ after a yank, it yanks previous kill
  items plainly, without adjustment and folding.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} (~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x c
  #+findex: org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift
  Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it.  You are
  prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify
  if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted.  This can be
  useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series
  of lectures to prepare.  For more details, see the docstring of the
  command ~org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-w)}}} (~org-refile~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-w
  #+findex: org-refile
  Refile entry or region to a different location.  See [[*Refile and
  Copy]].

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-sort~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c ^
  #+findex: org-sort
  Sort same-level entries.  When there is an active region, all
  entries in the region are sorted.  Otherwise the children of the
  current headline are sorted.  The command prompts for the sorting
  method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time---first
  timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time,
  deadline time---by priority, by TODO keyword---in the sequence the
  keywords have been defined in the setup---or by the value of
  a property.  Reverse sorting is possible as well.  You can also
  supply your own function to extract the sorting key.  With
  a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, sorting is case-sensitive.

- {{{kbd(C-x n s)}}} (~org-narrow-to-subtree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-x n s
  #+findex: org-narrow-to-subtree
  Narrow buffer to current subtree.

- {{{kbd(C-x n b)}}} (~org-narrow-to-block~) ::

  #+kindex: C-x n b
  #+findex: org-narrow-to-block
  Narrow buffer to current block.

- {{{kbd(C-x n w)}}} (~widen~) ::

  #+kindex: C-x n w
  #+findex: widen
  Widen buffer to remove narrowing.

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-toggle-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c *
  #+findex: org-toggle-heading
  Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline---so that it
  becomes a subheading at its location.  Also turn a headline into
  a normal line by removing the stars.  If there is an active region,
  turn all lines in the region into headlines.  If the first line in
  the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines.
  Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all
  headlines in the region.

Note that when point is inside a table (see [[*Tables]]), the Meta-Cursor
keys have different functionality.

** Sparse Trees
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Matches embedded in context.
:END:
#+cindex: sparse trees
#+cindex: trees, sparse
#+cindex: folding, sparse trees
#+cindex: occur, command

#+vindex: org-show-context-detail
An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct /sparse
trees/ for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire
document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information
is made visible along with the headline structure above it[fn:7].
Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works.

Org mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these
commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:

- {{{kbd(C-c /)}}} (~org-sparse-tree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c /
  #+findex: org-sparse-tree
  This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating
  command.

- {{{kbd(C-c / r)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c / /)}}} (~org-occur~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / r
  #+kindex: C-c / /
  #+findex: org-occur
  #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
  Prompts for a regexp (see [[*Regular Expressions]]) and shows a sparse
  tree with all matches.  If the match is in a headline, the headline
  is made visible.  If the match is in the body of an entry, headline
  and body are made visible.  In order to provide minimal context,
  also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as
  well as the headline following the match.  Each match is also
  highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by
  an editing command, or by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}[fn:8].  When
  called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, previous highlights
  are kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked.

- {{{kbd(M-g n)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-n)}}} (~next-error~) ::

  #+kindex: M-g n
  #+kindex: M-g M-n
  #+findex: next-error
  Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer.

- {{{kbd(M-g p)}}} or {{{kbd(M-g M-p)}}} (~previous-error~) ::

  #+kindex: M-g p
  #+kindex: M-g M-p
  #+findex: previous-error
  Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer.

#+vindex: org-agenda-custom-commands
For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can
use the variable ~org-agenda-custom-commands~ to define fast keyboard
access to specific sparse trees.  These commands will then be
accessible through the agenda dispatcher (see [[*The Agenda Dispatcher]]).
For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
defines the key {{{kbd(f)}}} as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree
matching the string =FIXME=.

The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords,
tags, or properties and are discussed later in this manual.

#+kindex: C-c C-e C-v
#+cindex: printing sparse trees
#+cindex: visible text, printing
To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command
~ps-print-buffer-with-faces~ which does not print invisible parts of
the document.  Or you can use the command {{{kbd(C-c C-e C-v)}}} to
export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting
file.

** Plain Lists
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Additional structure within an entry.
:END:
#+cindex: plain lists
#+cindex: lists, plain
#+cindex: lists, ordered
#+cindex: ordered lists

Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide
additional structure.  They also provide a way to create lists of
checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]).  Org supports editing such lists, and
every exporter (see [[*Exporting]]) can parse and format them.

Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.

#+attr_texinfo: :indic @bullet
- /Unordered/ list items start with =-=, =+=, or =*=[fn:9] as bullets.

-
  #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
  #+vindex: org-alphabetical-lists
  /Ordered/ list items start with a numeral followed by either
  a period or a right parenthesis[fn:10], such as =1.= or =1)=[fn:11]
  If you want a list to start with a different value---e.g.,
  20---start the text of the item with =[@20]=[fn:12].  Those
  constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce
  a particular numbering.

- /Description/ list items are unordered list items, and contain the
  separator =::= to distinguish the description /term/ from the
  description.

Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the
first line.  In particular, if an ordered list reaches number =10.=,
then the 2-digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other
numbers in the list.  An item ends before the next line that is less
or equally indented than its bullet/number.

A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line
less or equally indented than items at top level.  It also ends before
two blank lines.  In that case, all items are closed.  Here is an
example:

#+begin_example
,* Lord of the Rings
My favorite scenes are (in this order)
1. The attack of the Rohirrim
2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
   + this was already my favorite scene in the book
   + I really like Miranda Otto.
3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
   - on DVD only
   He makes a really funny face when it happens.
But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
Important actors in this film are:
- Elijah Wood :: He plays Frodo
- Sean Astin :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend.  I still remember him
     very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in /The Goonies/.
#+end_example

Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to
deal with them correctly, and by exporting them properly (see
[[*Exporting]]).  Since indentation is what governs the structure of these
lists, many structural constructs like =#+BEGIN_= blocks can be
indented to signal that they belong to a particular item.

#+vindex: org-list-demote-modify-bullet
#+vindex: org-list-indent-offset
If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list---than that
used for the current list-level---improves readability, customize the
variable ~org-list-demote-modify-bullet~.  To get a greater difference
of indentation between items and theirs sub-items, customize
~org-list-indent-offset~.

#+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
The following commands act on items when point is in the first line of
an item---the line with the bullet or number.  Some of them imply the
application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact.  If some
of these actions get in your way, configure ~org-list-automatic-rules~
to disable them individually.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-cycle~) ::

  #+cindex: cycling, in plain lists
  #+kindex: TAB
  #+findex: org-cycle
  #+vindex: org-cycle-include-plain-lists
  Items can be folded just like headline levels.  Normally this works
  only if point is on a plain list item.  For more details, see the
  variable ~org-cycle-include-plain-lists~.  If this variable is set
  to ~integrate~, plain list items are treated like low-level
  headlines.  The level of an item is then given by the indentation of
  the bullet/number.  Items are always subordinate to real headlines,
  however; the hierarchies remain completely separated.  In a new item
  with no text yet, the first {{{kbd(TAB)}}} demotes the item to
  become a child of the previous one.  Subsequent {{{kbd(TAB)}}}s move
  the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back
  to its initial position.

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: M-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-heading
  #+vindex: org-M-RET-may-split-line
  Insert new item at current level.  With a prefix argument, force
  a new heading (see [[*Structure Editing]]).  If this command is used in
  the middle of an item, that item is /split/ in two, and the second
  part becomes the new item[fn:13].  If this command is executed
  /before item's body/, the new item is created /before/ the current
  one.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} ::

  #+kindex: M-S-RET
  Insert a new item with a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} ::

  #+kindex: S-UP
  #+kindex: S-DOWN
  #+cindex: shift-selection-mode
  #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
  #+vindex: org-list-use-circular-motion
  Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if
  ~org-support-shift-select~ is off[fn:14].  If not, you can still use
  paragraph jumping commands like {{{kbd(C-UP)}}} and
  {{{kbd(C-DOWN)}}} to quite similar effect.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} ::

  #+kindex: M-UP
  #+kindex: M-DOWN
  Move the item including subitems up/down[fn:15], i.e., swap with
  previous/next item of same indentation.  If the list is ordered,
  renumbering is automatic.

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} ::

  #+kindex: M-LEFT
  #+kindex: M-RIGHT
  Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children
  alone.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} ::

  #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
  #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
  Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems.
  Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation.
  When these commands are executed several times in direct succession,
  the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation
  would imply a different hierarchy.  To use the new hierarchy, break
  the command chain by moving point.

  As a special case, using this command on the very first item of
  a list moves the whole list.  This behavior can be disabled by
  configuring ~org-list-automatic-rules~.  The global indentation of
  a list has no influence on the text /after/ the list.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  If there is a checkbox (see [[*Checkboxes]]) in the item line, toggle
  the state of the checkbox.  In any case, verify bullets and
  indentation consistency in the whole list.

- {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c -
  #+vindex: org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator
  Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate
  bullets (=-=, =+=, =*=, =1.=, =1)=) or a subset of them, depending
  on ~org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator~, the type of list, and
  its indentation.  With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth
  bullet from this list.  If there is an active region when calling
  this, all lines are converted to list items.  With a prefix
  argument, the selected text is changed into a single item.  If the
  first line already was a list item, any item marker is removed from
  the list.  Finally, even without an active region, a normal line is
  converted into a list item.

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c *
  Turn a plain list item into a headline---so that it becomes
  a subheading at its location.  See [[*Structure Editing]], for
  a detailed explanation.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-*)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-*
  Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading.
  Checkboxes (see [[*Checkboxes]]) become =TODO=, respectively =DONE=,
  keywords when unchecked, respectively checked.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::

  #+vindex: org-support-shift-select
  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  This command also cycles bullet styles when point is in on the
  bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on
  ~org-support-shift-select~.

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c ^
  #+cindex: sorting, of plain list
  Sort the plain list.  Prompt for the sorting method: numerically,
  alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.

** Drawers
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tucking stuff away.
:END:
#+cindex: drawers
#+cindex: visibility cycling, drawers

Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but
you normally do not want to see it.  For this, Org mode has /drawers/.
They can contain anything but a headline and another drawer.  Drawers
look like this:

#+begin_example
,** This is a headline
Still outside the drawer
:DRAWERNAME:
This is inside the drawer.
:END:
After the drawer.
#+end_example

#+kindex: C-c C-x d
#+findex: org-insert-drawer
You can interactively insert a drawer at point by calling
~org-insert-drawer~, which is bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x d)}}}.  With an
active region, this command puts the region inside the drawer.  With
a prefix argument, this command calls ~org-insert-property-drawer~,
which creates a =PROPERTIES= drawer right below the current headline.
Org mode uses this special drawer for storing properties (see
[[*Properties and Columns]]).  You cannot use it for anything else.

Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using
{{{kbd(M-TAB)}}}[fn:16].

Visibility cycling (see [[*Visibility Cycling]]) on the headline hides and
shows the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line.  In
order to look inside the drawer, you need to move point to the drawer
line and press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} there.

You can also arrange for state change notes (see [[Tracking TODO state
changes]]) and clock times (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]) to be stored in
a =LOGBOOK= drawer.  If you want to store a quick note there, in
a similar way to state changes, use

- {{{kbd(C-c C-z)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-z
  Add a time-stamped note to the =LOGBOOK= drawer.

** Blocks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Folding blocks.
:END:
#+vindex: org-hide-block-startup
#+cindex: blocks, folding

Org mode uses =#+BEGIN= ... =#+END= blocks for various purposes from
including source code examples (see [[*Literal Examples]]) to capturing
time logging information (see [[*Clocking Work Time]]).  These blocks can
be folded and unfolded by pressing {{{kbd(TAB)}}} in the =#+BEGIN=
line.  You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring
the variable ~org-hide-block-startup~ or on a per-file basis by using

#+cindex: STARTUP, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: hideblocks
,#+STARTUP: nohideblocks
#+end_example

* Tables
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Pure magic for quick formatting.
:END:
#+cindex: tables
#+cindex: editing tables

Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor.  Spreadsheet-like
calculations are supported using the Emacs Calc package (see [[info:calc][GNU Emacs
Calculator Manual]]).

** Built-in Table Editor
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Simple tables.
:END:
#+cindex: table editor, built-in

#+cindex: header lines, in tables
#+cindex: horizontal rule, in tables
#+cindex: row separator, in tables
#+cindex: table syntax
Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII.  Any line with =|=
as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table.
=|= is also the column separator[fn:17].  Moreover, a line starting
with =|-= is a horizontal rule.  It separates rows explicitly.  Rows
before the first horizontal rule are header lines.  A table might look
like this:

#+begin_example
| Name  | Phone | Age |
|-------+-------+-----|
| Peter |  1234 |  17 |
| Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
#+end_example

A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} inside the table.
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} also moves to the next field---{{{kbd(RET)}}} to the
next row---and creates new table rows at the end of the table or
before horizontal lines.  The indentation of the table is set by the
first line.  Horizontal rules are automatically expanded on every
re-align to span the whole table width.  So, to create the above
table, you would only type

#+begin_example
|Name|Phone|Age|
|-
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
and then press {{{kbd(TAB)}}} to align the table and start filling in
fields.  Even faster would be to type =|Name|Phone|Age= followed by
{{{kbd(C-c RET)}}}.

When typing text into a field, Org treats {{{kbd(DEL)}}},
{{{kbd(Backspace)}}}, and all character keys in a special way, so that
inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields.  Also, when
typing /immediately/ after point was moved into a new field with
{{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the field is
automatically made blank.  If this behavior is too unpredictable for
you, configure the option ~org-table-auto-blank-field~.

*** Creation and conversion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c |
  #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
  Convert the active region to table.  If every line contains at least
  one {{{kbd(TAB)}}} character, the function assumes that the material
  is tab separated.  If every line contains a comma, comma-separated
  values (CSV) are assumed.  If not, lines are split at whitespace
  into fields.  You can use a prefix argument to force a specific
  separator: {{{kbd(C-u)}}} forces CSV, {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} forces
  {{{kbd(TAB)}}}, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u)}}} prompts for a regular
  expression to match the separator, and a numeric argument
  N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively
  a {{{kbd(TAB)}}} will be the separator.

  If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org
  table.  But it is easier just to start typing, like {{{kbd(|
  N a m e | P h o n e | A g e RET | - TAB)}}}.

*** Re-aligning and field motion
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-table-align
  Re-align the table without moving point.

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-next-field~) ::

  #+kindex: TAB
  #+findex: org-table-next-field
  Re-align the table, move to the next field.  Creates a new row if
  necessary.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-blank-field)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-blank-field
  Blank the field at point.

- {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} (~org-table-previous-field~) ::

  #+kindex: S-TAB
  #+findex: org-table-previous-field
  Re-align, move to previous field.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} (~org-table-next-row~) ::

  #+kindex: RET
  #+findex: org-table-next-row
  Re-align the table and move down to next row.  Creates a new row if
  necessary.  At the beginning or end of a line, {{{kbd(RET)}}} still
  inserts a new line, so it can be used to split a table.

- {{{kbd(M-a)}}} (~org-table-beginning-of-field~) ::

  #+kindex: M-a
  #+findex: org-table-beginning-of-field
  Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous
  field.

- {{{kbd(M-e)}}} (~org-table-end-of-field~) ::

  #+kindex: M-e
  #+findex: org-table-end-of-field
  Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.

*** Column and row editing
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(M-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-left~) ::

  #+kindex: M-LEFT
  #+findex: org-table-move-column-left
  Move the current column left.

- {{{kbd(M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-move-column-right~) ::

  #+kindex: M-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-table-move-column-right
  Move the current column right.

- {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-delete-column~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-LEFT
  #+findex: org-table-delete-column
  Kill the current column.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-insert-column~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-table-insert-column
  Insert a new column at point position.  Move the recent column and
  all cells to the right of this column to the right.

- {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-move-row-up~) ::

  #+kindex: M-UP
  #+findex: org-table-move-row-up
  Move the current row up.

- {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-move-row-down~) ::

  #+kindex: M-DOWN
  #+findex: org-table-move-row-down
  Move the current row down.

- {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-kill-row~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-UP
  #+findex: org-table-kill-row
  Kill the current row or horizontal line.

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-up~) ::

  #+kindex: S-UP
  #+findex: org-table-move-cell-up
  Move cell up by swapping with adjacent cell.

- {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-down~) ::

  #+kindex: S-DOWN
  #+findex: org-table-move-cell-down
  Move cell down by swapping with adjacent cell.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-left~) ::

  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+findex: org-table-move-cell-left
  Move cell left by swapping with adjacent cell.

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-table-move-cell-right~) ::

  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-table-move-cell-right
  Move cell right by swapping with adjacent cell.

- {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-insert-row~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
  #+findex: org-table-insert-row
  Insert a new row above the current row.  With a prefix argument, the
  line is created below the current one.

- {{{kbd(C-c -)}}} (~org-table-insert-hline~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c -
  #+findex: org-table-insert-hline
  Insert a horizontal line below current row.  With a prefix argument,
  the line is created above the current line.

- {{{kbd(C-c RET)}}} (~org-table-hline-and-move~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c RET
  #+findex: org-table-hline-and-move
  Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move point into the
  row below that line.

- {{{kbd(C-c ^)}}} (~org-table-sort-lines~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c ^
  #+findex: org-table-sort-lines
  Sort the table lines in the region.  The position of point indicates
  the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the
  range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire
  table.  If point is before the first column, you are prompted for
  the sorting column.  If there is an active region, the mark
  specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should
  be in the last line to be included into the sorting.  The command
  prompts for the sorting type, alphabetically, numerically, or by
  time.  You can sort in normal or reverse order.  You can also supply
  your own key extraction and comparison functions.  When called with
  a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting is case-sensitive.

*** Regions
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x M-w)}}} (~org-table-copy-region~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x M-w
  #+findex: org-table-copy-region
  Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard.
  Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle.  If there is
  no active region, copy just the current field.  The process ignores
  horizontal separator lines.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-w)}}} (~org-table-cut-region~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-w
  #+findex: org-table-cut-region
  Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and
  blank all fields in the rectangle.  So this is the "cut" operation.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-y)}}} (~org-table-paste-rectangle~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-y
  #+findex: org-table-paste-rectangle
  Paste a rectangular region into a table.  The upper left corner ends
  up in the current field.  All involved fields are overwritten.  If
  the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is
  enlarged as needed.  The process ignores horizontal separator lines.

- {{{kbd(M-RET)}}} (~org-table-wrap-region~) ::

  #+kindex: M-RET
  #+findex: org-table-wrap-region
  Split the current field at point position and move the rest to the
  line below.  If there is an active region, and both point and mark
  are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum
  width for the given number of lines.  A numeric prefix argument may
  be used to change the number of desired lines.  If there is no
  region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made
  blank, and the content is appended to the field above.

*** Calculations
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: formula, in tables
#+cindex: calculations, in tables

- {{{kbd(C-c +)}}} (~org-table-sum~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c +
  #+findex: org-table-sum
  Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined
  by the active region.  The result is shown in the echo area and can
  be inserted with {{{kbd(C-y)}}}.

- {{{kbd(S-RET)}}} (~org-table-copy-down~) ::

  #+kindex: S-RET
  #+findex: org-table-copy-down
  #+vindex: org-table-copy-increment
  When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above.
  When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move point
  along with it.

  Depending on the variable ~org-table-copy-increment~, integer and
  time stamp field values, and fields prefixed or suffixed with
  a whole number, can be incremented during copy.  Also, a ~0~ prefix
  argument temporarily disables the increment.

  This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (see
  [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]]).

*** Miscellaneous
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c `)}}} (~org-table-edit-field~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c `
  #+findex: org-table-edit-field
  Edit the current field in a separate window.  This is useful for
  fields that are not fully visible (see [[*Column Width and Alignment]]).
  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, just make the full field
  visible, so that it can be edited in place.  When called with two
  {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, make the editor window follow point through
  the table and always show the current field.  The follow mode exits
  automatically when point leaves the table, or when you repeat this
  command with {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c `)}}}.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-import)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-import
  Import a file as a table.  The table should be TAB or whitespace
  separated.  Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data
  from a database, because these programs generally can write
  TAB-separated text files.  This command works by inserting the file
  into the buffer and then converting the region to a table.  Any
  prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to
  determine the separator.

- {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} (~org-table-create-or-convert-from-region~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c |
  #+findex: org-table-create-or-convert-from-region
  Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org
  buffer, selecting the pasted text with {{{kbd(C-x C-x)}}} and then
  using the {{{kbd(C-c |)}}} command (see [[*Creation and conversion]]).

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-export)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-export
  #+vindex: org-table-export-default-format
  Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file.  Use for data
  exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs.  The
  format used to export the file can be configured in the variable
  ~org-table-export-default-format~.  You may also use properties
  =TABLE_EXPORT_FILE= and =TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT= to specify the file
  name and the format for table export in a subtree.  Org supports
  quite general formats for exported tables.  The exporter format is
  the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see [[*Translator
  functions]], for a detailed description.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-header-line-mode)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-header-line-mode
  #+vindex: org-table-header-line-p
  Turn on the display of the first data row of the table at point in
  the window header line when this first row is not visible anymore in
  the buffer.  You can activate this minor mode by default by setting
  the option ~org-table-header-line-p~ to ~t~.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-transpose-table-at-point)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-transpose-table-at-point
  Transpose the table at point and eliminate hlines.

** Column Width and Alignment
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Overrule the automatic settings.
:END:
#+cindex: narrow columns in tables
#+cindex: alignment in tables

The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor.
The alignment of a column is determined automatically from the
fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.

#+vindex: org-table-automatic-realign
Editing a field may modify alignment of the table.  Moving
a contiguous row or column---i.e., using {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or
{{{kbd(RET)}}}---automatically re-aligns it.  If you want to disable
this behavior, set ~org-table-automatic-realign~ to ~nil~.  In any
case, you can always align manually a table:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-align~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-table-align
  Align the current table.

#+vindex: org-startup-align-all-tables
Setting the option ~org-startup-align-all-tables~ re-aligns all tables
in a file upon visiting it.  You can also set this option on
a per-file basis with:

#+begin_example
,#+STARTUP: align
,#+STARTUP: noalign
#+end_example

Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text,
leading to inconveniently wide columns.  Maybe you want to hide away
several columns or display them with a fixed width, regardless of
content, as shown in the following example.

#+begin_example
|---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
|   | <6>                 |        |           |   | <6>   …|…|
| 1 | one                 | some   |   ----\   | 1 | one   …|…|
| 2 | two                 | boring |   ----/   | 2 | two   …|…|
| 3 | This is a long text | column |           | 3 | This i…|…|
|---+---------------------+--------|           |---+-------…+…|
#+end_example

To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may
contain just the string =<N>= where {{{var(N)}}} specifies the width
as a number of characters.  You control displayed width of columns
with the following tools:

- {{{kbd(C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-toggle-column-width~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c TAB
  #+findex: org-table-toggle-column-width
  Shrink or expand current column.

  If a width cookie specifies a width W for the column, shrinking it
  displays the first W visible characters only.  Otherwise, the column
  is shrunk to a single character.

  When called before the first column or after the last one, ask for
  a list of column ranges to operate on.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-shrink~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c TAB
  #+findex: org-table-shrink
  Shrink all columns with a column width.  Expand the others.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c TAB)}}} (~org-table-expand~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c TAB
  #+findex: org-table-expand
  Expand all columns.

To see the full text of a shrunk field, hold the mouse over it:
a tool-tip window then shows the full contents of the field.
Alternatively, {{{kbd(C-h .)}}} (~display-local-help~) reveals them,
too.  For convenience, any change near the shrunk part of a column
expands it.

#+vindex: org-startup-shrink-all-tables
Setting the option ~org-startup-shrink-all-tables~ shrinks all columns
containing a width cookie in a file the moment it is visited.  You can
also set this option on a per-file basis with:

: #+STARTUP: shrink

If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich
columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can
use =<r>=, =<c>= or =<l>= in a similar fashion.  You may also combine
alignment and field width like this: =<r10>=.

Lines which only contain these formatting cookies are removed
automatically upon exporting the document.

** Column Groups
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Grouping to trigger vertical lines.
:END:
#+cindex: grouping columns in tables

When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines
because that is visually more satisfying in general.  Occasionally
however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups
of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows.  In
order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the
first field contains only =/=.  The further fields can either contain
=<= to indicate that this column should start a group, =>= to indicate
the end of a column, or =<>= (no space between =<= and =>=) to make
a column a group of its own.  Upon export, boundaries between column
groups are marked with vertical lines.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / |  <  |     |  >  |       < |          > |
| 1 |  1  |  1  |  1  |       1 |          1 |
| 2 |  4  |  8  | 16  |  1.4142 |     1.1892 |
| 3 |  9  | 27  | 81  |  1.7321 |     1.3161 |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))
#+end_example

It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after
every vertical line you would like to have:

#+begin_example
| N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
|---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
| / | <   |     |     | <       |            |
#+end_example

** The Orgtbl Minor Mode
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The table editor as minor mode.
:ALT_TITLE: Orgtbl Mode
:END:
#+cindex: Orgtbl mode
#+cindex: minor mode for tables

#+findex: orgtbl-mode
If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might
also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode.  The
minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible.  You can always toggle the
mode with {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-mode)}}}.  To turn it on by default, for
example in Message mode, use

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(add-hook 'message-mode-hook #'turn-on-orgtbl)
#+end_src

Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain
tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode.  For example, it is
possible to construct LaTeX tables with the underlying ease and power
of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities.  For details, see
[[*Tables in Arbitrary Syntax]].

** The Spreadsheet
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The table editor has spreadsheet capabilities.
:END:
#+cindex: calculations, in tables
#+cindex: spreadsheet capabilities
#+cindex: Calc package

The table editor makes use of the Emacs Calc package to implement
spreadsheet-like capabilities.  It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms
to derive fields from other fields.  While fully featured, Org's
implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets.  For example,
Org knows the concept of a /column formula/ that will be applied to
all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula
to each relevant field.  There is also a formula debugger, and a
formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table
corresponding to the references at point in the formula, moving these
references by arrow keys.

*** References
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to refer to another field or range.
:END:
#+cindex: references

To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must
reference other fields or ranges.  In Org, fields can be referenced by
name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates.  To find
out what the coordinates of a field are, press {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} in
that field, or press {{{kbd(C-c })}}} to toggle the display of a grid.

**** Field references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: field references
#+cindex: references, to fields
Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways.  Like
in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with
a letter/number combination like =B3=, meaning the second field in the
third row.  However, Org prefers to use another, more general
representation that looks like this:[fn:18]

: @ROW$COLUMN

Column specifications can be absolute like =$1=, =$2=, ..., =$N=, or
relative to the current column, i.e., the column of the field which is
being computed, like =$+1= or =$-2=.  =$<= and =$>= are immutable
references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use
=$>>>= to indicate the third column from the right.

The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal
separator lines, or "hlines".  Like with columns, you can use absolute
row numbers =@1=, =@2=, ..., =@N=, and row numbers relative to the
current row like =@+3= or =@-1=.  =@<= and =@>= are immutable
references the first and last row in the table, respectively.  You may
also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: =@I= refers to the
first hline, =@II= to the second, etc.  =@-I= refers to the first such
line above the current line, =@+I= to the first such line below the
current line.  You can also write =@III+2= which is the second data
line after the third hline in the table.

=@0= and =$0= refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e.,
to the row/column for the field being computed.  Also, if you omit
either the column or the row part of the reference, the current
row/column is implied.

Org's references with /unsigned/ numbers are fixed references in the
sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two
different fields, the same field is referenced each time.  Org's
references with /signed/ numbers are floating references because the
same reference operator can reference different fields depending on
the field being calculated by the formula.

Here are a few examples:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
| =@2$3=   | 2nd row, 3rd column (same as =C2=)                 |
| =$5=     | column 5 in the current row (same as =E&=)         |
| =@2=     | current column, row 2                              |
| =@-1$-3= | field one row up, three columns to the left        |
| =@-I$2=  | field just under hline above current row, column 2 |
| =@>$5=   | field in the last row, in column 5                 |

**** Range references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: range references
#+cindex: references, to ranges
You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two
field references connected by two dots =..=.  The ends are included in
the range.  If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use
=$2..$7=, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to
use the general =@ROW$COLUMN= format at least for the first field,
i.e., the reference must start with =@= in order to be interpreted
correctly.  Examples:

#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.2 0.8
| =$1..$3=      | first three fields in the current row                          |
| =$P..$Q=      | range, using column names (see [[*Advanced features]])             |
| =$<<<..$>>=   | start in third column, continue to the last but one            |
| =@2$1..@4$3=  | nine fields between these two fields (same as =A2..C4=)        |
| =@-1$-2..@-1= | 3 fields in the row above, starting from 2 columns on the left |
| =@I..II=      | between first and second hline, short for =@I..@II=            |

#+texinfo: @noindent
Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc
vector functions.  Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so
that the vector contains only the non-empty fields.  For other options
with the mode switches =E=, =N= and examples, see [[*Formula syntax for
Calc]].

**** Field coordinates in formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: field coordinates
#+cindex: coordinates, of field
#+cindex: row, of field coordinates
#+cindex: column, of field coordinates
#+vindex: org-table-current-column
#+vindex: org-table-current-dline
One of the very first actions during evaluation of Calc formulas and
Lisp formulas is to substitute =@#= and =$#= in the formula with the
row or column number of the field where the current result will go to.
The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are ~org-table-current-dline~
and ~org-table-current-column~.  Examples:

- =if(@# % 2, $#, string(""))= ::

  Insert column number on odd rows, set field to empty on even rows.

- =$2 = '(identity remote(FOO, @@#$1))= ::

  Copy text or values of each row of column 1 of the table named
  {{{var(FOO)}}} into column 2 of the current table.

- =@3 = 2 * remote(FOO, @1$$#)= ::

  Insert the doubled value of each column of row 1 of the table
  named {{{var(FOO)}}} into row 3 of the current table.

#+texinfo: @noindent
For the second and third examples, table {{{var(FOO)}}} must have at
least as many rows or columns as the current table.  Note that this is
inefficient[fn:19] for large number of rows.

**** Named references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: named references
#+cindex: references, named
#+cindex: name, of column or field
#+cindex: constants, in calculations
#+cindex: @samp{CONSTANTS}, keyword
#+vindex: org-table-formula-constants

=$name= is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant.
Constants are defined globally through the variable
~org-table-formula-constants~, and locally---for the file---through
a line like this example:

: #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6

#+vindex: constants-unit-system
#+pindex: constants.el
Also, properties (see [[*Properties and Columns]]) can be used as
constants in table formulas: for a property =Xyz= use the name
=$PROP_Xyz=, and the property will be searched in the current outline
entry and in the hierarchy above it.  If you have the =constants.el=
package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural
constants like =$h= for Planck's constant, and units like =$km= for
kilometers[fn:20].  Column names and parameters can be specified in
special table lines.  These are described below, see [[*Advanced
features]].  All names must start with a letter, and further consist
of letters and numbers.

**** Remote references
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: remote references
#+cindex: references, remote
#+cindex: references, to a different table
#+cindex: name, of column or field
#+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different
table, either in the current file or even in a different file.  The
syntax is

: remote(NAME,REF)

#+texinfo: @noindent
where {{{var(NAME)}}} can be the name of a table in the current file
as set by a =#+NAME:= line before the table.  It can also be the ID of
an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to
the first table in that entry.  {{{var(REF)}}} is an absolute field or
range reference as described above for example =@3$3= or =$somename=,
valid in the referenced table.

#+cindex: table indirection
When {{{var(NAME)}}} has the format =@ROW$COLUMN=, it is substituted
with the name or ID found in this field of the current table.  For
example =remote($1, @@>$2)= \Rightarrow =remote(year_2013, @@>$1)=.  The format
=B3= is not supported because it can not be distinguished from a plain
table name or ID.

*** Formula syntax for Calc
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Using Calc to compute stuff.
:END:
#+cindex: formula syntax, Calc
#+cindex: syntax, of formulas

A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs Calc
package.  Note that Calc has the non-standard convention that =/= has
lower precedence than =*=, so that =a/b*c= is interpreted as
=(a/(b*c))=.  Before evaluation by ~calc-eval~ (see [[info:calc#Calling Calc from Your Programs][Calling Calc from
Your Lisp Programs]]), variable substitution takes place according to
the rules described above.

#+cindex: vectors, in table calculations
The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions
like ~vmean~ and ~vsum~.

#+cindex: format specifier, in spreadsheet
#+cindex: mode, for Calc
#+vindex: org-calc-default-modes
A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon.  This
string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during
execution.  By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision
12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off).  The
display format, however, has been changed to =(float 8)= to keep
tables compact.  The default settings can be configured using the
variable ~org-calc-default-modes~.

- =p20= ::

  Set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits.

- =n3=, =s3=, =e2=, =f4= ::

  Normal, scientific, engineering or fixed format of the result of
  Calc passed back to Org.  Calc formatting is unlimited in precision
  as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.

- =D=, =R= ::

  Degree and radian angle modes of Calc.

- =F=, =S= ::

  Fraction and symbolic modes of Calc.

- =u= ::

  Units simplification mode of Calc.  Calc is also a symbolic
  calculator and is capable of working with values having a unit,
  represented with numerals followed by a unit string in Org table
  cells.  This mode instructs Calc to simplify the units in the
  computed expression before returning the result.

- =T=, =t=, =U= ::

  Duration computations in Calc or Lisp, [[*Durations and time values]].

- =E= ::

  If and how to consider empty fields.  Without =E= empty fields in
  range references are suppressed so that the Calc vector or Lisp list
  contains only the non-empty fields.  With =E= the empty fields are
  kept.  For empty fields in ranges or empty field references the
  value =nan= (not a number) is used in Calc formulas and the empty
  string is used for Lisp formulas.  Add =N= to use 0 instead for both
  formula types.  For the value of a field the mode =N= has higher
  precedence than =E=.

- =N= ::

  Interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers.  See the
  next section to see how this is essential for computations with Lisp
  formulas.  In Calc formulas it is used only occasionally because
  there number strings are already interpreted as numbers without =N=.

- =L= ::

  Literal, for Lisp formulas only.  See the next section.

Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision calculation and
display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide
a ~printf~ format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has
been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the
formatting[fn:21].  A few examples:

| =$1+$2=            | Sum of first and second field                    |
| =$1+$2;%.2f=       | Same, format result to two decimals              |
| =exp($2)+exp($1)=  | Math functions can be used                       |
| =$0;%.1f=          | Reformat current cell to 1 decimal               |
| =($3-32)*5/9=      | Degrees F \to C conversion                         |
| =$c/$1/$cm=        | Hz \to cm conversion, using =constants.el=         |
| =tan($1);Dp3s1=    | Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1   |
| =sin($1);Dp3%.1e=  | Same, but use ~printf~ specifier for display     |
| =vmean($2..$7)=    | Compute column range mean, using vector function |
| =vmean($2..$7);EN= | Same, but treat empty fields as 0                |
| =taylor($3,x=7,2)= | Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree       |

Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations (see [[info:calc#Logical Operations][Logical
Operations]]).  For example

- =if($1 < 20, teen, string(""))= ::

  ="teen"= if age =$1= is less than 20, else the Org table result
  field is set to empty with the empty string.

- =if("$1" =​= "nan" || "$2" =​= "nan", string(""), $1 + $2); E f-1= ::

  Sum of the first two columns.  When at least one of the input fields
  is empty the Org table result field is set to empty.  =E= is
  required to not convert empty fields to 0.  =f-1= is an optional
  Calc format string similar to =%.1f= but leaves empty results empty.

- =if(typeof(vmean($1..$7)) =​= 12, string(""), vmean($1..$7); E= ::

  Mean value of a range unless there is any empty field.  Every field
  in the range that is empty is replaced by =nan= which lets =vmean=
  result in =nan=.  Then =typeof == 12= detects the =nan= from ~vmean~
  and the Org table result field is set to empty.  Use this when the
  sample set is expected to never have missing values.

- =if("$1..$7" =​= "[]", string(""), vmean($1..$7))= ::

  Mean value of a range with empty fields skipped.  Every field in the
  range that is empty is skipped.  When all fields in the range are
  empty the mean value is not defined and the Org table result field
  is set to empty.  Use this when the sample set can have a variable
  size.

- =vmean($1..$7); EN= ::

  To complete the example before: Mean value of a range with empty
  fields counting as samples with value 0.  Use this only when
  incomplete sample sets should be padded with 0 to the full size.

You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with
~defmath~ and use them in formula syntax for Calc.

*** Emacs Lisp forms as formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Writing formulas in Emacs Lisp.
:ALT_TITLE: Formula syntax for Lisp
:END:
#+cindex: Lisp forms, as table formulas

It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp.  This can be
useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's
functionality is not enough.

A formula is evaluated as a Lisp form when it starts with a
single-quote followed by an opening parenthesis.  Cell table
references are interpolated into the Lisp form before execution.  The
evaluation should return either a string or a number.  Evaluation
modes and a ~printf~ format used to render the returned values can be
specified after a semicolon.

By default, references are interpolated as literal Lisp strings: the
field content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
trailing white space and surrounded in double-quotes.  For example:

: '(concat $1 $2)

#+texinfo: @noindent
concatenates the content of columns 1 and column 2.

When the =N= flag is used, all referenced elements are parsed as
numbers and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes.  Fields that
cannot be parsed as numbers are interpolated as zeros.  For example:

: '(+ $1 $2);N

#+texinfo: @noindent
adds columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's =$1+$2=.  Ranges are
inserted as space-separated fields, so they can be embedded in list or
vector syntax.  For example:

: '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N

#+texinfo: @noindent
computes the sum of columns 1 to 4, like Calc's =vsum($1..$4)=.

When the =L= flag is used, all fields are interpolated literally: the
cell content is replaced in the Lisp form stripped of leading and
trailing white space and without quotes.  If a reference is intended
to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, the reference operator
itself should be enclosed in double-quotes, like ="$3"=.  The =L= flag
is useful when strings and numbers are used in the same Lisp form.  For
example:

: '(substring "$1" $2 $3);L

#+texinfo: @noindent
extracts the part of the string in column 1 between the character
positions specified in the integers in column 2 and 3 and it is easier
to read than the equivalent:

: '(substring $1 (string-to-number $2) (string-to-number $3))

*** Durations and time values
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to compute durations and time values.
:END:
#+cindex: duration, computing
#+cindex: time, computing
#+vindex: org-table-duration-custom-format

If you want to compute time values use the =T=, =t=, or =U= flag,
either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas:

#+begin_example
|  Task 1 |   Task 2 |    Total |
|---------+----------+----------|
|    2:12 |     1:47 | 03:59:00 |
|    2:12 |     1:47 |    03:59 |
| 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 |     0.92 |
,#+TBLFM: @2$3=$1+$2;T::@3$3=$1+$2;U::@4$3=$1+$2;t
#+end_example

Input duration values must be of the form =HH:MM[:SS]=, where seconds
are optional.  With the =T= flag, computed durations are displayed as
=HH:MM:SS= (see the first formula above).  With the =U= flag, seconds
are omitted so that the result is only =HH:MM= (see second formula
above).  Zero-padding of the hours field depends upon the value of the
variable ~org-table-duration-hour-zero-padding~.

With the =t= flag, computed durations are displayed according to the
value of the option ~org-table-duration-custom-format~, which defaults
to ~hours~ and displays the result as a fraction of hours (see the
third formula in the example above).

Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers are
considered as seconds in addition and subtraction.

*** Field and range formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formula for specific (ranges of) fields.
:END:
#+cindex: field formula
#+cindex: range formula
#+cindex: formula, for individual table field
#+cindex: formula, for range of fields

To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the
field, preceded by =:==, for example =vsum(@II..III)=.  When you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for this
field, evaluated, and the current field is replaced with the result.

#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, keyword
Formulas are stored in a special =TBLFM= keyword located directly
below the table.  If you type the equation in the fourth field of the
third data line in the table, the formula looks like =@3$4=$1+$2=.
When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows with the appropriate
commands, /absolute references/ (but not relative ones) in stored
formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field.  To
avoid this from happening, in particular in range references, anchor
ranges at the table borders (using =@<=, =@>=, =$<=, =$>=), or at
hlines using the =@I= notation.  Automatic adaptation of field
references does not happen if you edit the table structure with normal
editing commands---you must fix the formulas yourself.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c =
  #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
  Install a new formula for the current field.  The command prompts
  for a formula with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword,
  applies it to the current field, and stores it.

The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in
order to assign the formula to a number of different fields.  There is
no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas.  To add them, use
the formula editor (see [[*Editing and debugging formulas]]) or edit
the =TBLFM= keyword directly.

- =$2== ::

  Column formula, valid for the entire column.  This is so common that
  Org treats these formulas in a special way, see [[*Column formulas]].

- =@3== ::

  Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row.  =@>==
  means the last row.

- =@1$2..@4$3== ::

  Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range.
  This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields
  in a row.

- =$NAME== ::

  Named field, see [[*Advanced features]].

*** Column formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Formulas valid for an entire column.
:END:
#+cindex: column formula
#+cindex: formula, for table column

When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like =$3==, the
same formula is used in all fields of that column, with the following
very convenient exceptions: (i) If the table contains horizontal
separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the
first such hline is considered part of the table /header/ and is not
modified by column formulas.  Therefore a header is mandatory when you
use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for
example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows
above.  (ii) Fields that already get a value from a field/range
formula are left alone by column formulas.  These conditions make
column formulas very easy to use.

To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in
the column, preceded by an equal sign, like ==$1+$2=.  When you press
{{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point
still in the field, the formula is stored as the formula for the
current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the
result.  If the field contains only ===, the previously stored formula
for this column is used.  For each column, Org only remembers the most
recently used formula.  In the =TBLFM= keyword, column formulas look
like =$4=$1+$2=.  The left-hand side of a column formula can not be
the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or =$>=.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the
following command:

- {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c =
  #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
  Install a new formula for the current column and replace current
  field with the result of the formula.  The command prompts for
  a formula, with default taken from the =TBLFM= keyword, applies it
  to the current field and stores it.  With a numeric prefix argument,
  e.g., {{{kbd(C-5 C-c =)}}}, the command applies it to that many
  consecutive fields in the current column.

*** Lookup functions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Lookup functions for searching tables.
:END:
#+cindex: lookup functions in tables
#+cindex: table lookup functions

Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables.

- =(org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::

  #+findex: org-lookup-first
  Searches for the first element {{{var(S)}}} in list
  {{{var(S-LIST)}}} for which
  #+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (PREDICATE VAL S)
  #+end_src
  is non-~nil~; returns the value from the corresponding position in
  list {{{var(R-LIST)}}}.  The default {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is
  ~equal~.  Note that the parameters {{{var(VAL)}}} and {{{var(S)}}}
  are passed to {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} in the same order as the
  corresponding parameters are in the call to ~org-lookup-first~,
  where {{{var(VAL)}}} precedes {{{var(S-LIST)}}}.  If
  {{{var(R-LIST)}}} is ~nil~, the matching element {{{var(S)}}} of
  {{{var(S-LIST)}}} is returned.

- =(org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::

  #+findex: org-lookup-last
  Similar to ~org-lookup-first~ above, but searches for the /last/
  element for which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~.

- =(org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)= ::

  #+findex: org-lookup-all
  Similar to ~org-lookup-first~, but searches for /all/ elements for
  which {{{var(PREDICATE)}}} is non-~nil~, and returns /all/
  corresponding values.  This function can not be used by itself in
  a formula, because it returns a list of values.  However, powerful
  lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs
  Lisp functions.

If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the =E=
mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty
fields are not included in {{{var(S-LIST)}}} and/or {{{var(R-LIST)}}}
which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element
of {{{var(S-LIST)}}} to the corresponding element of
{{{var(R-LIST)}}}.

These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays,
count matching cells, rank results, group data, etc.  For practical
examples see [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-lookups.html][this tutorial on Worg]].

*** Editing and debugging formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Fixing formulas.
:END:
#+cindex: formula editing
#+cindex: editing, of table formulas

#+vindex: org-table-use-standard-references
You can edit individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the
field.  Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas
of a table.  When offering a formula for editing, Org converts
references to the standard format (like =B3= or =D&=) if possible.  If
you prefer to only work with the internal format (like =@3$2= or
=$4=), configure the variable ~org-table-use-standard-references~.

- {{{kbd(C-c =)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c =
  #+kindex: C-u C-c =
  #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
  Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the
  minibuffer.  See [[*Column formulas]], and [[*Field and range formulas]].

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c =)}}} (~org-table-eval-formula~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c =
  #+findex: org-table-eval-formula
  Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column
  formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in
  the field.  The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you
  can use the command {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c ?)}}} (~org-table-field-info~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c ?
  #+findex: org-table-field-info
  While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s)
  referenced by the reference at point position in the formula.

- {{{kbd(C-c })}}} (~org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c @}
  #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
  Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using
  overlays.  These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can
  force it with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}.

- {{{kbd(C-c {)}}} (~org-table-toggle-formula-debugger~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c @{
  #+findex: org-table-toggle-formula-debugger
  Toggle the formula debugger on and off.  See below.

- {{{kbd(C-c ')}}} (~org-table-edit-formulas~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c '
  #+findex: org-table-edit-formulas
  Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where
  the formulas are displayed one per line.  If the current field has
  an active formula, point in the formula editor marks it.  While
  inside the special buffer, Org automatically highlights any field or
  range reference at point position.  You may edit, remove and add
  formulas, and use the following commands:

  - {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-x C-s)}}} (~org-table-fedit-finish~) ::

    #+kindex: C-x C-s
    #+kindex: C-c C-c
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-finish
    Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas.  With
    {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, also apply the new formulas to the
    entire table.

  - {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-table-fedit-abort~) ::

    #+kindex: C-c C-q
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-abort
    Exit the formula editor without installing changes.

  - {{{kbd(C-c C-r)}}} (~org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type~) ::

    #+kindex: C-c C-r
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type
    Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like
    =B3=) and internal (like =@3$2=).

  - {{{kbd(TAB)}}} (~org-table-fedit-lisp-indent~) ::

    #+kindex: TAB
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-lisp-indent
    Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point.  When in a line
    containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs
    Lisp rules.  Another {{{kbd(TAB)}}} collapses the formula back
    again.  In the open formula, {{{kbd(TAB)}}} re-indents just like
    in Emacs Lisp mode.

  - {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~lisp-complete-symbol~) ::

    #+kindex: M-TAB
    #+findex: lisp-complete-symbol
    Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.

  - {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}, {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} ::

    #+kindex: S-UP
    #+kindex: S-DOWN
    #+kindex: S-LEFT
    #+kindex: S-RIGHT
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-up
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-down
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-left
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-ref-right
    Shift the reference at point.  For example, if the reference is
    =B3= and you press {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, it becomes =C3=.  This also
    works for relative references and for hline references.

  - {{{kbd(M-S-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-up~) ::

    #+kindex: M-S-UP
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-up
    Move the test line for column formulas up in the Org buffer.

  - {{{kbd(M-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-line-down~) ::

    #+kindex: M-S-DOWN
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-line-down
    Move the test line for column formulas down in the Org buffer.

  - {{{kbd(M-UP)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-up~) ::

    #+kindex: M-UP
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-up
    Scroll up the window displaying the table.

  - {{{kbd(M-DOWN)}}} (~org-table-fedit-scroll-down~) ::

    #+kindex: M-DOWN
    #+findex: org-table-fedit-scroll-down
    Scroll down the window displaying the table.

  - {{{kbd(C-c })}}} ::

    #+kindex: C-c @}
    #+findex: org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays
    Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.

Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with
the field, because that is stored in a different line---the =TBLFM=
keyword line.  During the next recalculation, the field will be filled
again.  To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty
reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the =TBLFM= keyword.

#+kindex: C-c C-c
You may edit the =TBLFM= keyword directly and re-apply the changed
equations with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in that line or with the normal
recalculation commands in the table.

**** Using multiple =TBLFM= lines
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: multiple formula lines
#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM} keywords, multiple
#+cindex: @samp{TBLFM}, switching

#+kindex: C-c C-c
You may apply the formula temporarily.  This is useful when you want
to switch the formula applied to the table.  Place multiple =TBLFM=
keywords right after the table, and then press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on
the formula to apply.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 |   |
| 2 |   |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
Pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} in the line of =#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2= yields:

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 | 2 |
| 2 | 4 |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
If you recalculate this table, with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}, for example,
you get the following result from applying only the first =TBLFM=
keyword.

#+begin_example
| x | y |
|---+---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*1
,#+TBLFM: $2=$1*2
#+end_example

**** Debugging formulas
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: formula debugging
#+cindex: debugging, of table formulas

When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content
becomes the string =#ERROR=.  If you would like to see what is going
on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find
a bug, turn on formula debugging in the Tbl menu and repeat the
calculation, for example by pressing {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c = RET)}}} in
a field.  Detailed information are displayed.

*** Updating the table
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Recomputing all dependent fields.
:END:
#+cindex: recomputing table fields
#+cindex: updating, table

Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be
triggered by a command.  To make recalculation at least
semi-automatic, see [[*Advanced features]].

In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the
following commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c *)}}} (~org-table-recalculate~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c *
  #+findex: org-table-recalculate
  Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column
  formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the
  current row.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-c)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c *
  #+kindex: C-u C-c C-c
  Recompute the entire table, line by line.  Any lines before the
  first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the
  table header.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c *)}}} or {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-c)}}} (~org-table-iterate~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c *
  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-table-iterate
  Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur.
  This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other
  fields that are computed /later/ in the calculation sequence.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables
  Recompute all tables in the current buffer.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-table-iterate-buffer-tables
  Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge
  table-to-table dependencies.

*** Advanced features
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Field and column names, automatic recalculation...
:END:

If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if
you want to be able to assign /names/[fn:22] to fields and columns,
you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking
characters.

- {{{kbd(C-#)}}} (~org-table-rotate-recalc-marks~) ::

  #+kindex: C-#
  #+findex: org-table-rotate-recalc-marks
  Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states =#=,
  =*=, =!=, =$=.  When there is an active region, change all marks in
  the region.

Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students
and makes use of these features:

#+begin_example
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
|   | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| ! |         |     P1 |     P2 |     P3 |   Tot |      |
| # | Maximum |     10 |     15 |     25 |    50 | 10.0 |
| ^ |         |     m1 |     m2 |     m3 |    mt |      |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
| # | Peter   |     10 |      8 |     23 |    41 |  8.2 |
| # | Sam     |      2 |      4 |      3 |     9 |  1.8 |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
|   | Average |        |        |        |  25.0 |      |
| ^ |         |        |        |        |    at |      |
| $ | max=50  |        |        |        |       |      |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
,#+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@-II..@-I);%.1f
#+end_example

#+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
#+begin_quote
Please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table
with {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}} only affects rows that are marked =#= or
=*=, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself.  The
column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field.
#+end_quote

#+cindex: marking characters, tables
The marking characters have the following meaning:

- =!= ::

  The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you
  may refer to a column as =$Tot= instead of =$6=.

- =^= ::

  This row defines names for the fields /above/ the row.  With such
  a definition, any formula in the table may use =$m1= to refer to the
  value =10=.  Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it is
  stored as =$name = ...=.

- =_= ::

  Similar to =^=, but defines names for the fields in the row /below/.

- =$= ::

  Fields in this row can define /parameters/ for formulas.  For
  example, if a field in a =$= row contains =max=50=, then formulas in
  this table can refer to the value 50 using =$max=.  Parameters work
  exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table
  basis.

- =#= ::

  Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing
  {{{kbd(TAB)}}} or {{{kbd(RET)}}} or {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} in this row.
  Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with
  {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.  Unmarked lines are left alone by this
  command.

- =*= ::

  Selects this line for global recalculation with {{{kbd(C-u C-c
  *)}}}, but not for automatic recalculation.  Use this when automatic
  recalculation slows down editing too much.

- =/= ::

  Do not export this line.  Useful for lines that contain the
  narrowing =<N>= markers or column group markers.

Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the
fantastic Calc package, here is a table that computes the Taylor
series of degree n at location x for a couple of functions.

#+begin_example
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
|   | Func        | n | x   | Result                               |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
| # | exp(x)      | 1 | x   | 1 + x                                |
| # | exp(x)      | 2 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2                      |
| # | exp(x)      | 3 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6            |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
| # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2    |
| * | tan(x)      | 3 | x   | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3               |
|---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
,#+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3
#+end_example

** Org Plot
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Plotting from Org tables.
:END:
#+cindex: graph, in tables
#+cindex: plot tables using Gnuplot

Org Plot can produce graphs of information stored in Org tables,
either graphically or in ASCII art.

*** Graphical plots using Gnuplot
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: @samp{PLOT}, keyword
Org Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in Org
tables using [[https://www.gnuplot.info/][Gnuplot]] and [[http://cars9.uchicago.edu/~ravel/software/gnuplot-mode.html][Gnuplot mode]].  To see this in action, ensure
that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot mode installed on your system,
then call {{{kbd(C-c \quot g)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x org-plot/gnuplot)}}} on the
following table.

#+begin_example
,#+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
| Sede      | Max cites | H-index |
|-----------+-----------+---------|
| Chile     |    257.72 |   21.39 |
| Leeds     |    165.77 |   19.68 |
| Sao Paolo |     71.00 |   11.50 |
| Stockholm |    134.19 |   14.33 |
| Morelia   |    257.56 |   17.67 |
#+end_example

Org Plot supports a range of plot types, and provides the ability to add more.
For example, a radar plot can be generated like so:
#+begin_example
,#+PLOT: title:"An evaluation of plaintext document formats" transpose:yes type:radar min:0 max:4
| Format            | Fine-grained-control | Initial Effort | Syntax simplicity | Editor Support | Integrations | Ease-of-referencing | Versatility |
|-------------------+----------------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+--------------+---------------------+-------------|
| Word              |                    2 |              4 |                 4 |              2 |            3 |                   2 |           2 |
| LaTeX             |                    4 |              1 |                 1 |              3 |            2 |                   4 |           3 |
| Org Mode          |                    4 |              2 |               3.5 |              1 |            4 |                   4 |           4 |
| Markdown          |                    1 |              3 |                 3 |              4 |            3 |                   3 |           1 |
| Markdown + Pandoc |                  2.5 |            2.5 |               2.5 |              3 |            3 |                   3 |           2 |
#+end_example

Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as
labels.  Further control over the labels, type, content, and
appearance of plots can be exercised through the =PLOT= keyword
preceding a table.  See below for a complete list of Org Plot options.
For more information and examples see the [[https://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-plot.html][Org Plot tutorial]].

**** Plot options
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- =set= ::

  Specify any Gnuplot option to be set when graphing.

- =title= ::

  Specify the title of the plot.

- =ind= ::

  Specify which column of the table to use as the =x= axis.

- =deps= ::

  Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by
  parentheses and separated by spaces for example =dep:(3 4)= to graph
  the third and fourth columns.  Defaults to graphing all other
  columns aside from the =ind= column.

- transpose ::

  When =y=, =yes=, or =t= attempt to transpose the table data before
  plotting.  Also recognises the shorthand option =trans=.

- =type= ::

  Specify the type of the plot, by default one of  =2d=, =3d=, =radar=, or =grid=.
  Available types can be customised with ~org-plot/preset-plot-types~.

- =with= ::

  Specify a =with= option to be inserted for every column being
  plotted, e.g., =lines=, =points=, =boxes=, =impulses=.  Defaults to
  =lines=.

- =file= ::

  If you want to plot to a file, specify
  ="path/to/desired/output-file"=.

- =labels= ::

  List of labels to be used for the =deps=.  Defaults to the column
  headers if they exist.

- =line= ::

  Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.

- =map= ::

  When plotting =3d= or =grid= types, set this to =t= to graph a flat
  mapping rather than a =3d= slope.

- min ::

  Provides a minimum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
  Implicitly assumes the =y= axis is being referred to.  Can
  explicitly provide a value for a either the =x= or =y= axis with
  =xmin= and =ymin=.

- max ::

  Provides a maximum axis value that may be used by a plot type.
  Implicitly assumes the =y= axis is being referred to.  Can
  explicitly provide a value for a either the =x= or =y= axis with
  =xmax= and =ymax=.

- ticks ::

  Provides a desired number of axis ticks to display, that may be used
  by a plot type.  If none is given a plot type that requires ticks
  will use ~org--plot/sensible-tick-num~ to try to determine a good
  value.

- =timefmt= ::

  Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by
  Gnuplot.  Defaults to =%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S=.

- =script= ::

  If you want total control, you can specify a script file---place the
  file name between double-quotes---which will be used to plot.
  Before plotting, every instance of =$datafile= in the specified
  script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file.
  Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the
  plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file.

*** ASCII bar plots
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

While point is on a column, typing {{{kbd(C-c " a)}}} or {{{kbd(M-x
orgtbl-ascii-plot)}}} create a new column containing an ASCII-art bars
plot.  The plot is implemented through a regular column formula.  When
the source column changes, the bar plot may be updated by refreshing
the table, for example typing {{{kbd(C-u C-c *)}}}.

#+begin_example
| Sede          | Max cites |              |
|---------------+-----------+--------------|
| Chile         |    257.72 | WWWWWWWWWWWW |
| Leeds         |    165.77 | WWWWWWWh     |
| Sao Paolo     |     71.00 | WWW;         |
| Stockholm     |    134.19 | WWWWWW:      |
| Morelia       |    257.56 | WWWWWWWWWWWH |
| Rochefourchat |      0.00 |              |
,#+TBLFM: $3='(orgtbl-ascii-draw $2 0.0 257.72 12)
#+end_example

The formula is an Elisp call.

#+attr_texinfo: :options orgtbl-ascii-draw value min max &optional width
#+begin_defun
Draw an ASCII bar in a table.

{{{var(VALUE)}}} is the value to plot.

{{{var(MIN)}}} is the value displayed as an empty bar.  {{{var(MAX)}}}
is the value filling all the {{{var(WIDTH)}}}.  Sources values outside
this range are displayed as =too small= or =too large=.

{{{var(WIDTH)}}} is the number of characters of the bar plot.  It
defaults to =12=.
#+end_defun

* Hyperlinks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Notes in context.
:END:
#+cindex: hyperlinks

Like HTML, Org provides support for links inside a file, external
links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.

** Link Format
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How links in Org are formatted.
:END:
#+cindex: link format
#+cindex: format, of links

#+cindex: angle bracket links
#+cindex: plain links
Org recognizes plain URIs, possibly wrapped within angle
brackets[fn:23], and activate them as clickable links.

#+cindex: bracket links
The general link format, however, looks like this:

: [[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
or alternatively

: [[LINK]]

#+cindex: escape syntax, for links
#+cindex: backslashes, in links
Some =\=, =[= and =]= characters in the {{{var(LINK)}}} part need to
be "escaped", i.e., preceded by another =\= character.  More
specifically, the following characters, and only them, must be
escaped:

1. all =[= and =]= characters,
2. every =\= character preceding either =]= or =[=,
3. every =\= character at the end of the link.

#+findex: org-link-escape
Functions inserting links (see [[*Handling Links]]) properly escape
ambiguous characters.  You only need to bother about the rules above
when inserting directly, or yanking, a URI within square brackets.
When in doubt, you may use the function ~org-link-escape~, which turns
a link string into its escaped form.

Once a link in the buffer is complete, with all brackets present, Org
changes the display so that =DESCRIPTION= is displayed instead of
=[[LINK][DESCRIPTION]]= and =LINK= is displayed instead of =[[LINK]]=.
Links are highlighted in the ~org-link~ face, which, by default, is an
underlined face.

You can directly edit the visible part of a link.  This can be either
the {{{var(LINK)}}} part, if there is no description, or the
{{{var(DESCRIPTION)}}} part otherwise.  To also edit the invisible
{{{var(LINK)}}} part, use {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} with point on the link
(see [[*Handling Links]]).

If you place point at the beginning or just behind the end of the
displayed text and press {{{kbd(BS)}}}, you remove
the---invisible---bracket at that location[fn:24].  This makes the link
incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text.
Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again.  To show
the internal structure of all links, use the menu: Org \rarr Hyperlinks \rarr
Literal links.

** Internal Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Links to other places in the current file.
:END:
#+cindex: internal links
#+cindex: links, internal

A link that does not look like a URL---i.e., does not start with
a known scheme or a file name---refers to the current document.  You
can follow it with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} when point is on the link, or
with a mouse click (see [[*Handling Links]]).

#+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
Org provides several refinements to internal navigation within
a document.  Most notably, a construct like =[[#my-custom-id]]=
specifically targets the entry with the =CUSTOM_ID= property set to
=my-custom-id=.  Also, an internal link looking like =[[*Some
section]]= points to a headline with the name =Some section=[fn:25].

#+cindex: targets, for links
When the link does not belong to any of the cases above, Org looks for
a /dedicated target/: the same string in double angular brackets, like
=<<My Target>>=.

#+cindex: @samp{NAME}, keyword
If no dedicated target exists, the link tries to match the exact name
of an element within the buffer.  Naming is done, unsurprisingly, with
the =NAME= keyword, which has to be put in the line before the element
it refers to, as in the following example

#+begin_example
,#+NAME: My Target
| a  | table      |
|----+------------|
| of | four cells |
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline
Ultimately, if none of the above succeeds, Org searches for a headline
that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and
tags, or initiates a plain text search, according to the value of
~org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline~.

Note that you must make sure custom IDs, dedicated targets, and names
are unique throughout the document.  Org provides a linter to assist
you in the process, if needed.  See [[*Org Syntax]].

During export, internal links are used to mark objects and assign them
a number.  Marked objects are then referenced by links pointing to
them.  In particular, links without a description appear as the number
assigned to the marked object[fn:26].  In the following excerpt from
an Org buffer

#+begin_example
1. one item
2. <<target>>another item
Here we refer to item [[target]].
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The last sentence will appear as =Here we refer to item 2= when
exported.

In non-Org files, the search looks for the words in the link text.  In
the above example the search would be for =target=.

Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring.  You can
return to the previous position with {{{kbd(C-c &)}}}.  Using this
command several times in direct succession goes back to positions
recorded earlier.

** Radio Targets
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Make targets trigger links in plain text.
:END:
#+cindex: radio targets
#+cindex: targets, radio
#+cindex: links, radio targets

Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in
normal text into a link.  So without explicitly creating a link, the
text connects to the target radioing its position.  Radio targets are
enclosed by triple angular brackets.  For example, a target =<<<My
Target>>>= causes each occurrence of =my target= in normal text to
become activated as a link.  The Org file is scanned automatically for
radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs.  To
update the target list during editing, press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with
point on or at a target.

** External Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: URL-like links to the world.
:END:
#+cindex: links, external
#+cindex: external links
#+cindex: attachment links
#+cindex: BBDB links
#+cindex: Elisp links
#+cindex: file links
#+cindex: Gnus links
#+cindex: Help links
#+cindex: IRC links
#+cindex: Info links
#+cindex: MH-E links
#+cindex: Rmail links
#+cindex: shell links
#+cindex: URL links
#+cindex: Usenet links

Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB
database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs.
External links are URL-like locators.  They start with a short
identifying string followed by a colon.  There can be no space after
the colon.

Here is the full set of built-in link types:

- =file= ::

  File links.  File name may be remote, absolute, or relative.

  Additionally, you can specify a line number, or a text search.
  In Org files, you may link to a headline name, a custom ID, or a
  code reference instead.

  As a special case, "file" prefix may be omitted if the file name
  is complete, e.g., it starts with =./=, or =/=.

- =attachment= ::

  Same as file links but for files and folders attached to the current
  node (see [[*Attachments]]).  Attachment links are intended to behave
  exactly as file links but for files relative to the attachment
  directory.

- =bbdb= ::

  Link to a BBDB record, with possible regexp completion.

- =docview= ::

  Link to a document opened with DocView mode.  You may specify a page
  number.

- =doi= ::

  Link to an electronic resource, through its handle.

- =elisp= ::

  Execute an Elisp command upon activation.

- =gnus=, =rmail=, =mhe= ::

  Link to messages or folders from a given Emacs' MUA.

- =help= ::

  Display documentation of a symbol in =*Help*= buffer.

- =http=, =https= ::

  Web links.

- =id= ::

  Link to a specific headline by its ID property, in an Org file.

- =info= ::

  Link to an Info manual, or to a specific node.

- =irc= ::

  Link to an IRC channel.

- =mailto= ::

  Link to message composition.

- =news= ::

  Usenet links.

- =shell= ::

  Execute a shell command upon activation.

The following table illustrates the link types above, along with their
options:

| Link Type  | Example                                                  |
|------------+----------------------------------------------------------|
| http       | =http://staff.science.uva.nl/c.dominik/=                 |
| https      | =https://orgmode.org/=                                   |
| doi        | =doi:10.1000/182=                                        |
| file       | =file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg=                  |
|            | =/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg= (same as above)       |
|            | =file:papers/last.pdf=                                   |
|            | =./papers/last.pdf= (same as above)                      |
|            | =file:/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (remote)       |
|            | =/ssh:me@some.where:papers/last.pdf= (same as above)     |
|            | =file:sometextfile::NNN= (jump to line number)           |
|            | =file:projects.org=                                      |
|            | =file:projects.org::some words= (text search)[fn:27]     |
|            | =file:projects.org::*task title= (headline search)       |
|            | =file:projects.org::#custom-id= (headline search)        |
| attachment | =attachment:projects.org=                                |
|            | =attachment:projects.org::some words= (text search)      |
| docview    | =docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN=                           |
| id         | =id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9=                |
| news       | =news:comp.emacs=                                        |
| mailto     | =mailto:adent@galaxy.net=                                |
| mhe        | =mhe:folder= (folder link)                               |
|            | =mhe:folder#id= (message link)                           |
| rmail      | =rmail:folder= (folder link)                             |
|            | =rmail:folder#id= (message link)                         |
| gnus       | =gnus:group= (group link)                                |
|            | =gnus:group#id= (article link)                           |
| bbdb       | =bbdb:R.*Stallman= (record with regexp)                  |
| irc        | =irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob=                                |
| help       | =help:org-store-link=                                    |
| info       | =info:org#External links=                                |
| shell      | =shell:ls *.org=                                         |
| elisp      | =elisp:(find-file "Elisp.org")= (Elisp form to evaluate) |
|            | =elisp:org-agenda= (interactive Elisp command)           |

#+cindex: VM links
#+cindex: Wanderlust links
On top of these built-in link types, additional ones are available
through the =org-contrib= repository (see [[*Installation]]).  For
example, these links to VM or Wanderlust messages are available when
you load the corresponding libraries from the =org-contrib=
repository:

| =vm:folder=                            | VM folder link          |
| =vm:folder#id=                         | VM message link         |
| =vm://myself@some.where.org/folder#id= | VM on remote machine    |
| =vm-imap:account:folder=               | VM IMAP folder link     |
| =vm-imap:account:folder#id=            | VM IMAP message link    |
| =wl:folder=                            | Wanderlust folder link  |
| =wl:folder#id=                         | Wanderlust message link |

For information on customizing Org to add new link types, see [[*Adding
Hyperlink Types]].

A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain
descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (see [[*Link
Format]]), for example:

: [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]

If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML
export (see [[*HTML Export]]) inlines the image as a clickable button.  If
there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that
image is inlined into the exported HTML file.

#+cindex: square brackets, around links
#+cindex: angular brackets, around links
#+cindex: plain text external links
Org also recognizes external links amid normal text and activates them
as links.  If spaces must be part of the link (for example in
=bbdb:R.*Stallman=), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the
end of the link, enclose the link in square or angular brackets.

** Handling Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Creating, inserting and following.
:END:
#+cindex: links, handling

Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert
it into an Org file, and to follow the link.

#+findex: org-store-link
#+cindex: storing links
The main function is ~org-store-link~, called with {{{kbd(M-x
org-store-link)}}}.  Because of its importance, we suggest to bind it
to a widely available key (see [[*Activation]]).  It stores a link to the
current location.  The link is stored for later insertion into an Org
buffer---see below.  The kind of link that is created depends on the
current buffer:

- /Org mode buffers/ ::

  For Org files, if there is a =<<target>>= at point, the link points
  to the target.  Otherwise it points to the current headline, which
  is also the description[fn:28].

  #+vindex: org-id-link-to-org-use-id
  #+cindex: @samp{CUSTOM_ID}, property
  #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
  If the headline has a =CUSTOM_ID= property, store a link to this
  custom ID.  In addition or alternatively, depending on the value of
  ~org-id-link-to-org-use-id~, create and/or use a globally unique
  =ID= property for the link[fn:29].  So using this command in Org
  buffers potentially creates two links: a human-readable link from
  the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the
  entry is moved from file to file.  The =ID= property can be either a
  UUID (default) or a timestamp, depending on ~org-id-method~.  Later,
  when inserting the link, you need to decide which one to use.

- /Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus/ ::

  #+vindex: org-link-email-description-format
  Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported.  The link points
  to the current article, or, in some Gnus buffers, to the group.  The
  description is constructed according to the variable
  ~org-link-email-description-format~.  By default, it refers to the
  addressee and the subject.

- /Web browsers: W3, W3M and EWW/ ::

  Here the link is the current URL, with the page title as the
  description.

- /Contacts: BBDB/ ::

  Links created in a BBDB buffer point to the current entry.

- /Chat: IRC/ ::

  #+vindex: org-irc-links-to-logs
  For IRC links, if the variable ~org-irc-link-to-logs~ is non-~nil~,
  create a =file= style link to the relevant point in the logs for the
  current conversation.  Otherwise store an =irc= style link to the
  user/channel/server under the point.

- /Other files/ ::

  For any other file, the link points to the file, with a search
  string (see [[*Search Options in File Links]]) pointing to the contents
  of the current line.  If there is an active region, the selected
  words form the basis of the search string.  You can write custom Lisp
  functions to select the search string and perform the search for
  particular file types (see [[*Custom Searches]]).

  You can also define dedicated links to other files.  See [[*Adding
  Hyperlink Types]].

- /Agenda view/ ::

  When point is in an agenda view, the created link points to the
  entry referenced by the current line.

From an Org buffer, the following commands create, navigate or, more
generally, act on links.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (~org-insert-link~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-l
  #+findex: org-insert-link
  #+cindex: link completion
  #+cindex: completion, of links
  #+cindex: inserting links
  #+vindex: org-link-keep-stored-after-insertion
  Insert a link[fn:30].  This prompts for a link to be inserted into
  the buffer.  You can just type a link, using text for an internal
  link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples
  above.  The link is inserted into the buffer, along with
  a descriptive text[fn:31].  If some text was selected at this time,
  it becomes the default description.

  - /Inserting stored links/ ::

    All links stored during the current session are part of the
    history for this prompt, so you can access them with {{{kbd(UP)}}}
    and {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} (or {{{kbd(M-p)}}}, {{{kbd(M-n)}}}).

  - /Completion support/ ::

    Completion with {{{kbd(TAB)}}} helps you to insert valid link
    prefixes like =http= or =ftp=, including the prefixes defined
    through link abbreviations (see [[*Link Abbreviations]]).  If you
    press {{{kbd(RET)}}} after inserting only the prefix, Org offers
    specific completion support for some link types[fn:32].  For
    example, if you type {{{kbd(f i l e RET)}}}---alternative access:
    {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}}, see below---Org offers file name
    completion, and after {{{kbd(b b d b RET)}}} you can complete
    contact names.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-l)}}} ::

  #+cindex: file name completion
  #+cindex: completion, of file names
  #+kindex: C-u C-c C-l
  When {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} is called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
  argument, insert a link to a file.  You may use file name completion
  to select the name of the file.  The path to the file is inserted
  relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked
  file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if
  the path is written relative to the current directory using =../=.
  Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with =~/= for your
  home directory.  You can force an absolute path with two
  {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} (with point on existing link) ::

  #+cindex: following links
  When point is on an existing link, {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}} allows you to
  edit the link and description parts of the link.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-o
  #+findex: org-open-at-point
  #+vindex: org-file-apps
  Open link at point.  This launches a web browser for URL (using
  ~browse-url-at-point~), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for
  the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link.
  When point is on an internal link, this command runs the
  corresponding search.  When point is on the tags part of a headline,
  it creates the corresponding tags view (see [[*Matching tags and
  properties]]).  If point is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for
  that date.  Furthermore, it visits text and remote files in =file=
  links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local
  non-text files.  Classification of files is based on file extension
  only.  See option ~org-file-apps~.  If you want to override the
  default application and visit the file with Emacs, use
  a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix.  If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use
  a {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} prefix.

  #+vindex: org-link-frame-setup
  If point is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the
  headline and entry text.  If you want to setup the frame
  configuration for following links, customize ~org-link-frame-setup~.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::

  #+vindex: org-return-follows-link
  #+kindex: RET
  When ~org-return-follows-link~ is set, {{{kbd(RET)}}} also follows
  the link at point.

- {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} or {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} ::

  #+kindex: mouse-2
  #+kindex: mouse-1
  On links, {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} and {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}} opens the link
  just as {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} does.

- {{{kbd(mouse-3)}}} ::

  #+vindex: org-link-use-indirect-buffer-for-internals
  #+kindex: mouse-3
  Like {{{kbd(mouse-2)}}}, but force file links to be opened with
  Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window[fn:33].

- {{{kbd(C-c %)}}} (~org-mark-ring-push~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c %
  #+findex: org-mark-ring-push
  #+cindex: mark ring
  Push the current position onto the Org mark ring, to be able to
  return easily.  Commands following an internal link do this
  automatically.

- {{{kbd(C-c &)}}} (~org-mark-ring-goto~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c &
  #+findex: org-mark-ring-goto
  #+cindex: links, returning to
  Jump back to a recorded position.  A position is recorded by the
  commands following internal links, and by {{{kbd(C-c %)}}}.  Using
  this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring
  of previously recorded positions.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-n)}}} (~org-next-link~), {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-p)}}} (~org-previous-link~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-p
  #+findex: org-previous-link
  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-n
  #+findex: org-next-link
  #+cindex: links, finding next/previous
  Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer.  At the limit
  of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around.  The
  key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind
  this also to {{{kbd(M-n)}}} and {{{kbd(M-p)}}}.

  #+begin_src emacs-lisp
  (with-eval-after-load 'org
    (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-n") #'org-next-link)
    (define-key org-mode-map (kbd "M-p") #'org-previous-link))
  #+end_src

** Using Links Outside Org
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Linking from my C source code?
:END:

#+findex: org-insert-link-global
#+findex: org-open-at-point-global
You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org,
but in any Emacs buffer.  For this, Org provides two functions:
~org-insert-link-global~ and ~org-open-at-point-global~.

You might want to bind them to globally available keys.  See
[[*Activation]] for some advice.

** Link Abbreviations
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Shortcuts for writing complex links.
:END:
#+cindex: link abbreviations
#+cindex: abbreviation, links

Long URL can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are
needed in a document.  For this you can use link abbreviations.  An
abbreviated link looks like this

: [[linkword:tag][description]]

#+texinfo: @noindent
#+vindex: org-link-abbrev-alist
where the tag is optional.  The /linkword/ must be a word, starting
with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, =-=, and =_=.
Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the
variable ~org-link-abbrev-alist~ that relates the linkwords to
replacement text.  Here is an example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-link-abbrev-alist
      '(("bugzilla"        . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
        ("Nu Html Checker" . "https://validator.w3.org/nu/?doc=%h")
	("duckduckgo"      . "https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s")
        ("omap"            . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
        ("ads"             . "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=%20author%3A\"%s\"")))
#+end_src

If the replacement text contains the string =%s=, it is replaced with
the tag.  Using =%h= instead of =%s= percent-encodes the tag (see the
example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter).  Using
=%(my-function)= passes the tag to a custom Lisp function, and replace
it by the resulting string.

If the replacement text do not contain any specifier, it is simply
appended to the string in order to create the link.

Instead of a string, you may also specify a Lisp function to create
the link.  Such a function will be called with the tag as the only
argument.

With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with
=[[bugzilla:129]]=, search the web for =OrgMode= with =[[duckduckgo:OrgMode]]=,
show the map location of the Free Software Foundation =[[gmap:51
Franklin Street, Boston]]= or of Carsten office =[[omap:Science Park 904,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands]]= and find out what the Org author is doing
besides Emacs hacking with =[[ads:Dominik,C]]=.

If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you
can define them in the file with

#+cindex: @samp{LINK}, keyword
#+begin_example
,#+LINK: bugzilla  http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
,#+LINK: duckduckgo https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%s
#+end_example

In-buffer completion (see [[*Completion]]) can be used after =[= to
complete link abbreviations.  You may also define a Lisp function that
implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a
link with {{{kbd(C-c C-l)}}}.  Such a function should not accept any
arguments, and should return the full link with a prefix.  You can set
the link completion function like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(org-link-set-parameter "type" :complete #'some-completion-function)
#+end_src

** Search Options in File Links
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Linking to a specific location.
:ALT_TITLE: Search Options
:END:
#+cindex: search option in file links
#+cindex: file links, searching
#+cindex: attachment links, searching

File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a
particular location in the file when following a link.  This can be a
line number or a search option after a double colon[fn:34].  For
example, when the command ~org-store-link~ creates a link (see
[[*Handling Links]]) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line
as a search string that can be used to find this line back later when
following the link with {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}}.

Note that all search options apply for Attachment links in the same
way that they apply for File links.

Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file
link, together with explanations for each:

#+begin_example
[[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
[[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
[[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
[[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
[[attachment:main.c::255]]
#+end_example

- =255= ::

  Jump to line 255.

- =My Target= ::

  Search for a link target =<<My Target>>=, or do a text search for
  =my target=, similar to the search in internal links, see [[*Internal
  Links]].  In HTML export (see [[*HTML Export]]), such a file link becomes
  a HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked
  file.

- =*My Target= ::

  In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.

- =#my-custom-id= ::

  Link to a heading with a =CUSTOM_ID= property

- =/REGEXP/= ::

  Do a regular expression search for {{{var(REGEXP)}}} (see [[*Regular
  Expressions]]).  This uses the Emacs command ~occur~ to list all
  matches in a separate window.  If the target file is in Org mode,
  ~org-occur~ is used to create a sparse tree with the matches.

As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used
to search the current file.  For example, =[[file:::find me]]= does
a search for =find me= in the current file, just as =[[find me]]=
would.

** Custom Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When the default search is not enough.
:END:
#+cindex: custom search strings
#+cindex: search strings, custom

The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the
actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all
cases.  For example, BibTeX database files have many entries like
~year="1993"~ which would not result in good search strings, because
the only unique identification for a BibTeX entry is the citation key.

#+vindex: org-create-file-search-functions
#+vindex: org-execute-file-search-functions
If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to
set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the
search for the string in the file.  Using ~add-hook~, these functions
need to be added to the hook variables
~org-create-file-search-functions~ and
~org-execute-file-search-functions~.  See the docstring for these
variables for more information.  Org actually uses this mechanism for
BibTeX database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an
implementation example.  See the file =ol-bibtex.el=.

* TODO Items
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Every tree branch can be a TODO item.
:END:
#+cindex: TODO items

Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents[fn:35].
Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because
TODO items usually come up while taking notes!  With Org mode, simply
mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item.  In this way,
information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the
TODO item emerged is always present.

Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them
throughout your notes file.  Org mode compensates for this by
providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you
have to do.

** Basic TODO Functionality
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Marking and displaying TODO entries.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO Basics
:END:

Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word =TODO=,
for example:

: *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune

The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-t
  #+cindex: cycling, of TODO states
  Rotate the TODO state of the current item among

  #+begin_example
  ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
  '--------------------------------'
  #+end_example

  If TODO keywords have fast access keys (see [[*Fast access to TODO
  states]]), prompt for a TODO keyword through the fast selection
  interface; this is the default behavior when
  ~org-use-fast-todo-selection~ is non-~nil~.

  The same state changing can also be done "remotely" from the agenda
  buffer with the {{{kbd(t)}}} command key (see [[*Commands in the
  Agenda Buffer]]).

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::

  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+vindex: org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change
  Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling.
  Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (see
  [[*Extended Use of TODO Keywords]]).  See also [[*Packages that conflict
  with Org mode]], for a discussion of the interaction with
  shift-selection.  See also the variable
  ~org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change~.

- {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}} (~org-show-todo-tree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / t
  #+cindex: sparse tree, for TODO
  #+vindex: org-todo-keywords
  #+findex: org-show-todo-tree
  View TODO items in a /sparse tree/ (see [[*Sparse Trees]]).  Folds the
  entire buffer, but shows all TODO items---with not-DONE state---and
  the headings hierarchy above them.  With a prefix argument, or by
  using {{{kbd(C-c / T)}}}, search for a specific TODO.  You are
  prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords
  like =KWD1|KWD2|...= to list entries that match any one of these
  keywords.  With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the
  Nth keyword in the variable ~org-todo-keywords~.  With two prefix
  arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda t)}}} (~org-todo-list~) ::

  #+kindex: t @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
  Show the global TODO list.  Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE
  states) from all agenda files (see [[*Agenda Views]]) into a single
  buffer.  The new buffer is in Org Agenda mode, which provides
  commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new
  buffer (see [[*Commands in the Agenda Buffer]]).  See [[*The global TODO
  list]], for more information.

- {{{kbd(S-M-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: S-M-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
  Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.

#+vindex: org-todo-state-tags-triggers
Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes.  See the docstring
of the option ~org-todo-state-tags-triggers~ for details.

** Extended Use of TODO Keywords
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Workflow and assignments.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO Extensions
:END:
#+cindex: extended TODO keywords

#+vindex: org-todo-keywords
By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and
DONE.  Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways
with /TODO keywords/ (stored in ~org-todo-keywords~).  With special
setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different
files.

Note that /tags/ are another way to classify headlines in general and
TODO items in particular (see [[*Tags]]).

*** TODO keywords as workflow states
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: From TODO to DONE in steps.
:ALT_TITLE: Workflow states
:END:
#+cindex: TODO workflow
#+cindex: workflow states as TODO keywords

You can use TODO keywords to indicate different, possibly /sequential/
states in the process of working on an item, for example[fn:36]:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))
#+end_src

The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that /need
action/) from the DONE states (which need /no further action/).  If
you do not provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the
DONE state.

#+cindex: completion, of TODO keywords
With this setup, the command {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} cycles an entry from
=TODO= to =FEEDBACK=, then to =VERIFY=, and finally to =DONE= and
=DELEGATED=.  You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly
select a specific state.  For example {{{kbd(C-3 C-c C-t)}}} changes
the state immediately to =VERIFY=.  Or you can use {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}
and {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} to go forward and backward through the states.
If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (see
[[*Completion]]) or a special one-key selection scheme (see [[*Fast
access to TODO states]]) to insert these words into the buffer.
Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see [[*Tracking
TODO state changes]], for more information.

*** TODO keywords as types
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: I do this, Fred does the rest.
:ALT_TITLE: TODO types
:END:
#+cindex: TODO types
#+cindex: names as TODO keywords
#+cindex: types as TODO keywords

The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different
/types/ of action items.  For example, you might want to indicate that
items are for "work" or "home".  Or, when you work with several people
on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to
persons, by using their names as TODO keywords.  This type of
functionality is actually much better served by using tags (see
[[*Tags]]), so the TODO implementation is kept just for backward
compatibility.

Using TODO types, it would be set up like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))
#+end_src

In this case, different keywords do not indicate states, but
rather different types.  So the normal work flow would be to assign
a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE.  Org mode supports this
style by adapting the workings of the command {{{kbd(C-c
C-t)}}}[fn:37].  When used several times in succession, it still
cycles through all names, in order to first select the right type for
a task.  But when you return to the item after some time and execute
{{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} again, it will switch from any name directly to
=DONE=.  Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select
a specific name.  You can also review the items of a specific TODO
type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to {{{kbd(C-c / t)}}}.
For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use
{{{kbd(C-3 C-c / t)}}}.  To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files
into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as
well when creating the global TODO list: {{{kbd(C-3 M-x org-agenda
t)}}}.

*** Multiple keyword sets in one file
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Mixing it all, still finding your way.
:ALT_TITLE: Multiple sets in one file
:END:
#+cindex: TODO keyword sets

Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in
parallel.  For example, you may want to have the basic TODO/DONE, but
also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that
an item has been canceled---so it is not DONE, but also does not
require action.  Your setup would then look like this:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
        (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED")))
#+end_src

The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode keep track
of which subsequence should be used for a given entry.  In this setup,
{{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} only operates within a sub-sequence, so it switches
from =DONE= to (nothing) to =TODO=, and from =FIXED= to (nothing) to
=REPORT=.  Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the
correct sequence.  In addition to typing a keyword or using completion
(see [[*Completion]]), you may also apply the following commands:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(C-S-LEFT)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-S-RIGHT
  #+kindex: C-S-LEFT
  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c C-t
  These keys jump from one TODO sub-sequence to the next.  In the
  above example, {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} or {{{kbd(C-S-RIGHT)}}}
  would jump from =TODO= or =DONE= to =REPORT=, and any of the words
  in the second row to =CANCELED=.  Note that the {{{kbd(C-S-)}}} key
  binding conflict with shift-selection (see [[*Packages that conflict
  with Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} ::

  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} walk through /all/ keywords
  from all sub-sequences, so for example {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} would
  switch from =DONE= to =REPORT= in the example above.  For
  a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection, see [[*Packages
  that conflict with Org mode]].

*** Fast access to TODO states
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Single letter selection of state.
:END:

If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO
state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for
single-letter access to the states.  This is done by adding the
selection character after each keyword, in parentheses[fn:38].  For
example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
        (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo
If you then press {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} followed by the selection key,
the entry is switched to this state.  {{{kbd(SPC)}}} can be used to
remove any TODO keyword from an entry[fn:39].

*** Setting up keywords for individual files
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Different files, different requirements.
:ALT_TITLE: Per-file keywords
:END:
#+cindex: keyword options
#+cindex: per-file keywords
#+cindex: @samp{TODO}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{TYP_TODO}, keyword
#+cindex: @samp{SEQ_TODO}, keyword

It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism
in different files.  For file-local settings, you need to add special
lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that
file only.  For example, to set one of the two examples discussed
above, you need one of the following lines, starting in column zero
anywhere in the file:

: #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED

You may also write =#+SEQ_TODO= to be explicit about the
interpretation, but it means the same as =#+TODO=, or

: #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE

A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:

#+begin_example
,#+TODO: TODO(t) | DONE(d)
,#+TODO: REPORT(r) BUG(b) KNOWNCAUSE(k) | FIXED(f)
,#+TODO: | CANCELED(c)
#+end_example

#+cindex: completion, of option keywords
#+kindex: M-TAB
To make sure you are using the correct keyword, type =#+= into the
buffer and then use {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} to complete it (see [[*Completion]]).

#+cindex: DONE, final TODO keyword
Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar---or the last
keyword if no bar is there---must always mean that the item is DONE,
although you may use a different word.  After changing one of these
lines, use {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point still in the line to make the
changes known to Org mode[fn:40].

*** Faces for TODO keywords
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Highlighting states.
:END:
#+cindex: faces, for TODO keywords

#+vindex: org-todo, face
#+vindex: org-done, face
#+vindex: org-todo-keyword-faces
Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: ~org-todo~ for
keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and
~org-done~ for keywords indicating that an item is finished.  If you
are using more than two different states, you might want to use
special faces for some of them.  This can be done using the variable
~org-todo-keyword-faces~.  For example:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keyword-faces
      '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
        ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-faces-easy-properties
While using a list with face properties as shown for =CANCELED=
/should/ work, this does not always seem to be the case.  If
necessary, define a special face and use that.  A string is
interpreted as a color.  The variable ~org-faces-easy-properties~
determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or
a background color.

*** TODO dependencies
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When one task needs to wait for others.
:END:
#+cindex: TODO dependencies
#+cindex: dependencies, of TODO states

#+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
#+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
The structure of Org files---hierarchy and lists---makes it easy to
define TODO dependencies.  Usually, a parent TODO task should not be
marked as done until all TODO subtasks, or children tasks, are marked
as done.  Sometimes there is a logical sequence to (sub)tasks, so that
one subtask cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it have
been marked as done.  If you customize the variable
~org-enforce-todo-dependencies~, Org blocks entries from changing
state to DONE while they have TODO children that are not DONE.
Furthermore, if an entry has a property =ORDERED=, each of its TODO
children is blocked until all earlier siblings are marked as done.
Here is an example:

#+begin_example
,* TODO Blocked until (two) is done
,** DONE one
,** TODO two

,* Parent
:PROPERTIES:
:ORDERED:  t
:END:
,** TODO a
,** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
,** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)
#+end_example

#+cindex: TODO dependencies, @samp{NOBLOCKING}
#+cindex: @samp{NOBLOCKING}, property
You can ensure an entry is never blocked by using the =NOBLOCKING=
property (see [[*Properties and Columns]]):

#+begin_example
,* This entry is never blocked
:PROPERTIES:
:NOBLOCKING: t
:END:
#+end_example

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x o
  #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
  #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
  Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the current entry.  A property is
  used for this behavior because this should be local to the current
  entry, not inherited from entries above like a tag (see [[*Tags]]).
  However, if you would like to /track/ the value of this property
  with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable
  ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t
  Change TODO state, regardless of any state blocking.

#+vindex: org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks
If you set the variable ~org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks~, TODO entries
that cannot be marked as done because of unmarked children are shown
in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (see [[*Agenda
Views]]).

#+cindex: checkboxes and TODO dependencies
#+vindex: org-enforce-todo-dependencies
You can also block changes of TODO states by using checkboxes (see
[[*Checkboxes]]).  If you set the variable
~org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies~, an entry that has unchecked
checkboxes is blocked from switching to DONE.

If you need more complex dependency structures, for example
dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out
the module =org-depend.el= in the =org-contrib= repository.

** Progress Logging
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Dates and notes for progress.
:END:
#+cindex: progress logging
#+cindex: logging, of progress

To record a timestamp and a note when changing a TODO state, call the
command ~org-todo~ with a prefix argument.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c C-t
  Prompt for a note and record a the time of the TODO state change.
  The note is inserted as a list item below the headline, but can also
  be placed into a drawer, see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]].

If you want to be more systematic, Org mode can automatically record a
timestamp and optionally a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or
even each time you change the state of a TODO item.  This system is
highly configurable, settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be
localized to a file or even a subtree.  For information on how to
clock working time for a task, see [[*Clocking Work Time]].

*** Closing items
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When was this entry marked as done?
:END:

The most basic automatic logging is to keep track of /when/ a certain
TODO item was marked as done.  This can be achieved with[fn:41]

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-log-done 'time)
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-closed-keep-when-no-todo
#+texinfo: @noindent
Then each time you turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any
of the DONE states, a line =CLOSED: [timestamp]= is inserted just
after the headline.  If you turn the entry back into a TODO item
through further state cycling, that line is removed again.  If you
turn the entry back to a non-TODO state (by pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-t
SPC)}}} for example), that line is also removed, unless you set
~org-closed-keep-when-no-todo~ to non-~nil~.  If you want to record
a note along with the timestamp, use[fn:42]

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-log-done 'note)
#+end_src

#+texinfo: @noindent
You are then prompted for a note, and that note is stored below the
entry with a =Closing Note= heading.

*** Tracking TODO state changes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: When did the status change?
:END:
#+cindex: drawer, for state change recording

#+vindex: org-log-states-order-reversed
#+vindex: org-log-into-drawer
#+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
You might want to automatically keep track of when a state change
occurred and maybe take a note about this change.  You can either
record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note.  These records are
inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first[fn:43].
When taking a lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the
way into a drawer (see [[*Drawers]]).  Customize the variable
~org-log-into-drawer~ to get this behavior---the recommended drawer
for this is called =LOGBOOK=[fn:44].  You can also overrule the
setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a =LOG_INTO_DRAWER=
property.

Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org
mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this.  This is
achieved by adding special markers =!= (for a timestamp) or =@= (for
a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword.  For
example, with the setting

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@)")))
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-log-done
You not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but
also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to =DONE=,
and that a note is recorded when switching to =WAIT= or
=CANCELED=[fn:45].  The setting for =WAIT= is even more special: the
=!= after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when
entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when /leaving/ the
=WAIT= state, if and only if the /target/ state does not configure
logging for entering it.  So it has no effect when switching from
=WAIT= to =DONE=, because =DONE= is configured to record a timestamp
only.  But when switching from =WAIT= back to =TODO=, the =/!= in the
=WAIT= setting now triggers a timestamp even though =TODO= has no
logging configured.

You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local
to a buffer:

: #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@)

To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with
=@=, just type {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} to enter a blank note when prompted.

#+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or
a single item, define a =LOGGING= property in this entry.  Any
non-empty =LOGGING= property resets all logging settings to ~nil~.
You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using =STARTUP=
keywords like =lognotedone= or =logrepeat=, as well as adding state
specific settings like =TODO(!)=.  For example:

#+begin_example
,* TODO Log each state with only a time
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
  :END:
,* TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: WAIT(@) logrepeat
  :END:
,* TODO No logging at all
  :PROPERTIES:
  :LOGGING: nil
  :END:
#+end_example

*** Tracking your habits
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How consistent have you been?
:END:
#+cindex: habits
#+cindex: @samp{STYLE}, property

Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of
TODO, called "habits."  To use habits, you have to enable the ~habits~
module by customizing the variable ~org-modules~.

A habit has the following properties:

1. The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open
   state.

2. The property =STYLE= is set to the value =habit= (see [[*Properties
   and Columns]]).

3. The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a =.+= style repeat
   interval.  A =++= style may be appropriate for habits with time
   constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a =+= style for an
   unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.

4. The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by
   using the syntax =.+2d/3d=, which says that you want to do the task
   at least every three days, but at most every two days.

5. State logging for the DONE state is enabled (see [[*Tracking TODO
   state changes]]), in order for historical data to be represented in
   the consistency graph.  If it is not enabled it is not an error,
   but the consistency graphs are largely meaningless.

To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an
actual habit with some history:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Shave
   SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
   :PROPERTIES:
   :STYLE:    habit
   :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
   :END:
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-15 Thu]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-12 Mon]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-10 Sat]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-04 Sun]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-02 Fri]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-29 Tue]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-25 Fri]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-19 Sat]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-16 Wed]
   - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-12 Sat]
#+end_example

What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days---given
by the =SCHEDULED= date and repeat interval---and at least every
4 days.  If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the
agenda (see [[*Agenda Views]]) on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has
elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have
elapsed.

What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along
with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at
getting that task done in the past.  This graph shows every day that
the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day.
The colors used are:

- Blue :: If the task was not to be done yet on that day.
- Green :: If the task could have been done on that day.
- Yellow :: If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
- Red :: If the task was overdue on that day.

In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an
asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation
mark to show where the current day falls in the graph.

There are several configuration variables that can be used to change
the way habits are displayed in the agenda.

- ~org-habit-graph-column~ ::

  #+vindex: org-habit-graph-column
  The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn.
  This overwrites any text in that column, so it is a good idea to
  keep your habits' titles brief and to the point.

- ~org-habit-preceding-days~ ::

  #+vindex: org-habit-preceding-days
  The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in
  consistency graphs.

- ~org-habit-following-days~ ::

  #+vindex: org-habit-following-days
  The number of days after today that appear in consistency graphs.

- ~org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today~ ::

  #+vindex: org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
  If non-~nil~, only show habits in today's agenda view.  The default
  value is ~t~.  Pressing {{{kbd(C-u K)}}} in the agenda toggles this
  variable.

Lastly, pressing {{{kbd(K)}}} in the agenda buffer causes habits to
temporarily be disabled and do not appear at all.  Press {{{kbd(K)}}}
again to bring them back.  They are also subject to tag filtering, if
you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for
example.

** Priorities
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Some things are more important than others.
:END:
#+cindex: priorities
#+cindex: priority cookie

If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items
that it starts to make sense to prioritize them.  Prioritizing can be
done by placing a /priority cookie/ into the headline of a TODO item
right after the TODO keyword, like this:

: *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune

#+vindex: org-priority-faces
By default, Org mode supports three priorities: =A=, =B=, and =C=.
=A= is the highest priority.  An entry without a cookie is treated as
equivalent if it had priority =B=.  Priorities make a difference only
for sorting in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).  Outside the
agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode.  The cookies are
displayed with the face defined by the variable ~org-priority-faces~,
which can be customized.

You can also use numeric values for priorities, such as

: *** TODO [#1] Write letter to Sam Fortune

When using numeric priorities, you need to set ~org-priority-highest~,
~org-priority-lowest~ and ~org-priority-default~ to integers, which
must all be strictly inferior to 65.

Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be
TODO items.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ;
- {{{kbd(C-c \,)}}} (~org-priority~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c ,
  #+findex: org-priority
  Set the priority of the current headline.  The command prompts for
  a priority character =A=, =B= or =C=.  When you press {{{kbd(SPC)}}}
  instead, the priority cookie, if one is set, is removed from the
  headline.  The priorities can also be changed "remotely" from the
  agenda buffer with the {{{kbd(\,)}}} command (see [[*Commands in the
  Agenda Buffer]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-priority-up~); {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-priority-down~) ::

  #+kindex: S-UP
  #+kindex: S-DOWN
  #+findex: org-priority-up
  #+findex: org-priority-down
  #+vindex: org-priority-start-cycle-with-default
  Increase/decrease the priority of the current headline[fn:46].  Note
  that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (see [[*Creating
  Timestamps]]).  See also [[*Packages that conflict with Org mode]], for
  a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection.

#+vindex: org-priority-highest
#+vindex: org-priority-lowest
#+vindex: org-priority-default
You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the
variables ~org-priority-highest~, ~org-priority-lowest~, and
~org-priority-default~.  For an individual buffer, you may set these
values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the
highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority):

#+cindex: @samp{PRIORITIES}, keyword
: #+PRIORITIES: A C B

Or, using numeric values:

: #+PRIORITIES: 1 10 5

** Breaking Down Tasks into Subtasks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Splitting a task into manageable pieces.
:ALT_TITLE: Breaking Down Tasks
:END:
#+cindex: tasks, breaking down
#+cindex: statistics, for TODO items

#+vindex: org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels
It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller,
manageable subtasks.  You can do this by creating an outline tree
below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree[fn:47].  To keep
an overview of the fraction of subtasks that have already been marked
as done, insert either =[/]= or =[%]= anywhere in the headline.  These
cookies are updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or
when pressing {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} on the cookie.  For example:

#+begin_example
,* Organize Party [33%]
,** TODO Call people [1/2]
,*** TODO Peter
,*** DONE Sarah
,** TODO Buy food
,** DONE Talk to neighbor
#+end_example

#+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the
meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous.  Set the property
=COOKIE_DATA= to either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.

#+vindex: org-hierarchical-todo-statistics
If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries
in the subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable
~org-hierarchical-todo-statistics~.  To do this for a single subtree,
include the word =recursive= into the value of the =COOKIE_DATA=
property.

#+begin_example org
,* Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
  :PROPERTIES:
  :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
  :END:
#+end_example

If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when
all children are done, you can use the following setup:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
  "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
  (let (org-log-done org-log-states)   ; turn off logging
    (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))

(add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook #'org-summary-todo)
#+end_src

Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy
of) a large number of subtasks (see [[*Checkboxes]]).

** Checkboxes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tick-off lists.
:END:
#+cindex: checkboxes

#+vindex: org-list-automatic-rules
Every item in a plain list[fn:48] (see [[*Plain Lists]]) can be made into
a checkbox by starting it with the string =[ ]=.  This feature is
similar to TODO items (see [[*TODO Items]]), but is more lightweight.
Checkboxes are not included into the global TODO list, so they are
often great to split a task into a number of simple steps.  Or you can
use them in a shopping list.

Here is an example of a checkbox list.

#+begin_example
,* TODO Organize party [2/4]
  - [-] call people [1/3]
    - [ ] Peter
    - [X] Sarah
    - [ ] Sam
  - [X] order food
  - [ ] think about what music to play
  - [X] talk to the neighbors
#+end_example

Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children
that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes makes the
parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are
checked.

#+cindex: statistics, for checkboxes
#+cindex: checkbox statistics
#+cindex: @samp{COOKIE_DATA}, property
#+vindex: org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics
The =[2/4]= and =[1/3]= in the first and second line are cookies
indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked
off, and the total number of checkboxes present.  This can give you an
idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded
entry.  The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first
line of) a plain list item.  Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct
children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie
appears[fn:49].  You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing
either =[/]= or =[%]=.  With =[/]= you get an =n out of m= result, as
in the examples above.  With =[%]= you get information about the
percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be
=[50%]= and =[33%]=, respectively).  In a headline, a cookie can count
either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it
displays whatever was changed last.  Set the property =COOKIE_DATA= to
either =checkbox= or =todo= to resolve this issue.

#+cindex: blocking, of checkboxes
#+cindex: checkbox blocking
#+cindex: @samp{ORDERED}, property
If the current outline node has an =ORDERED= property, checkboxes must
be checked off in sequence, and an error is thrown if you try to check
off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.

The following commands work with checkboxes:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-toggle-checkbox
  Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
  at point.  With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or
  remove the current one[fn:50].  With a double prefix argument, set
  it to =[-]=, which is considered to be an intermediate state.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-b)}}} (~org-toggle-checkbox~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-b
  Toggle checkbox status or---with prefix argument---checkbox presence
  at point.  With double prefix argument, set it to =[-]=, which is
  considered to be an intermediate state.

  - If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the
    region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the
    first.  With a prefix argument, add or remove the checkbox for all
    items in the region.

  - If point is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between
    this headline and the next---so /not/ the entire subtree.

  - If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-r)}}} (~org-toggle-radio-button~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-r
  #+findex: org-toggle-radio-button
  #+cindex: radio button, checkbox as
  Toggle checkbox status by using the checkbox of the item at point as
  a radio button: when the checkbox is turned on, all other checkboxes
  on the same level will be turned off.  With a universal prefix
  argument, toggle the presence of the checkbox.  With a double prefix
  argument, set it to =[-]=.

  #+findex: org-list-checkbox-radio-mode
  {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} can be told to consider checkboxes as radio buttons by
  setting =#+ATTR_ORG: :radio t= right before the list or by calling
  {{{kbd(M-x org-list-checkbox-radio-mode)}}} to activate this minor mode.

- {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}} (~org-insert-todo-heading~) ::

  #+kindex: M-S-RET
  #+findex: org-insert-todo-heading
  Insert a new item with a checkbox.  This works only if point is
  already in a plain list item (see [[*Plain Lists]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x o)}}} (~org-toggle-ordered-property~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x o
  #+findex: org-toggle-ordered-property
  #+vindex: org-track-ordered-property-with-tag
  Toggle the =ORDERED= property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes
  must be checked off in sequence.  A property is used for this
  behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not
  inherited like a tag.  However, if you would like to /track/ the
  value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize
  ~org-track-ordered-property-with-tag~.

- {{{kbd(C-c #)}}} (~org-update-statistics-cookies~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c #
  #+findex: org-update-statistics-cookies
  Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry.  When
  called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, update the entire file.
  Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle
  checkboxes with {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} and make new ones with
  {{{kbd(M-S-RET)}}}.  TODO statistics cookies update when changing
  TODO states.  If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by
  hand, use this command to get things back into sync.

* Tags
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tagging headlines and matching sets of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: tags
#+cindex: headline tagging
#+cindex: matching, tags
#+cindex: sparse tree, tag based

An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for
cross-correlating information is to assign /tags/ to headlines.  Org
mode has extensive support for tags.

#+vindex: org-tag-faces
Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of
the headline.  Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, =_=,
and =@=.  Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,
=:work:=.  Several tags can be specified, as in =:work:urgent:=.  Tags
by default are in bold face with the same color as the headline.  You
may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable
~org-tag-faces~, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords
(see [[*Faces for TODO keywords]]).

** Tag Inheritance
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tags use the tree structure of an outline.
:END:
#+cindex: tag inheritance
#+cindex: inheritance, of tags
#+cindex: sublevels, inclusion into tags match

/Tags/ make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees.  If
a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings inherit the tag as well.
For example, in the list

#+begin_example
,* Meeting with the French group      :work:
,** Summary by Frank                  :boss:notes:
,*** TODO Prepare slides for him      :action:
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
the final heading has the tags =work=, =boss=, =notes=, and =action=
even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those
tags.  You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit
just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that
surrounds the entire file.  Use a line like this[fn:51]

#+cindex: @samp{FILETAGS}, keyword
: #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:

#+vindex: org-use-tag-inheritance
#+vindex: org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance
To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely,
use the variables ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ and
~org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance~.

#+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is
turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree---for a simple match
form---match as well[fn:52].  The list of matches may then become
very long.  If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree,
configure the variable ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~ (not
recommended).

#+vindex: org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance
Tag inheritance is relevant when the agenda search tries to match
a tag, either in the ~tags~ or ~tags-todo~ agenda types.  In other
agenda types, ~org-use-tag-inheritance~ has no effect.  Still, you may
want to have your tags correctly set in the agenda, so that tag
filtering works fine, with inherited tags.  Set
~org-agenda-use-tag-inheritance~ to control this: the default value
includes all agenda types, but setting this to ~nil~ can really speed
up agenda generation.

** Setting Tags
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to assign tags to a headline.
:END:
#+cindex: setting tags
#+cindex: tags, setting

#+kindex: M-TAB
Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline.
After a colon, {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} offers completion on tags.  There is
also a special command for inserting tags:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-q)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-q
  #+findex: org-set-tags-command
  #+cindex: completion, of tags
  #+vindex: org-tags-column
  Enter new tags for the current headline.  Org mode either offers
  completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see
  below.  After pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the tags are inserted and
  aligned to ~org-tags-column~.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}}
  prefix, all tags in the current buffer are aligned to that column,
  just to make things look nice.  Tags are automatically realigned
  after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (see [[*Basic TODO
  Functionality]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-set-tags-command~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  When point is in a headline, this does the same as {{{kbd(C-c
  C-q)}}}.

#+vindex: org-complete-tags-always-offer-all-agenda-tags
#+vindex: org-tag-alist
#+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, keyword
Org supports tag insertion based on a /list of tags/.  By default this
list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in
the buffer[fn:53].  You may also globally specify a hard list of tags
with the variable ~org-tag-alist~.  Finally you can set the default
tags for a given file using the =TAGS= keyword, like

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: @work @home @tennisclub
,#+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat
#+end_example

If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the
variable ~org-tag-alist~, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in
a specific file, add an empty =TAGS= keyword to that file:

: #+TAGS:

#+vindex: org-tag-persistent-alist
If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in
every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by =TAGS=
keyword, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable
~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  You may turn this off on a per-file basis
by adding a =STARTUP= keyword to that file:

: #+STARTUP: noptag

By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities
for entering tags.  However, it also implements another, quicker, tag
selection method called /fast tag selection/.  This allows you to
select and deselect tags with just a single key press.  For this to
work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly
used tags.  You can do this globally by configuring the variable
~org-tag-alist~ in your Emacs init file.  For example, you may find
the need to tag many items in different files with =@home=.  In this
case you can set something like:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '(("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))
#+end_src

If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you
can instead set the =TAGS= keyword as:

: #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)  laptop(l)  pc(p)

The tags interface shows the available tags in a splash window.  If
you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert =\n= into
the tag list

: #+TAGS: @work(w) @home(h) @tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l) pc(p)

#+texinfo: @noindent
or write them in two lines:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)
,#+TAGS: laptop(l)  pc(p)
#+end_example

You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using
braces, as in:

: #+TAGS: { @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t) }  laptop(l)  pc(p)

#+texinfo: @noindent
you indicate that at most one of =@work=, =@home=, and =@tennisclub=
should be selected.  Multiple such groups are allowed.

Do not forget to press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} with point in one of these
lines to activate any changes.

To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable
~org-tags-alist~, you must use the dummy tags ~:startgroup~ and
~:endgroup~ instead of the braces.  Similarly, you can use ~:newline~
to indicate a line break.  The previous example would be set globally
by the following configuration:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
                      ("@work" . ?w) ("@home" . ?h)
                      ("@tennisclub" . ?t)
                      (:endgroup . nil)
                      ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))
#+end_src

If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing {{{kbd(C-c
C-c)}}} automatically presents you with a special interface, listing
inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all
valid tags with corresponding keys[fn:54].

Pressing keys assigned to tags adds or removes them from the list of
tags in the current line.  Selecting a tag in a group of mutually
exclusive tags turns off any other tag from that group.

In this interface, you can also use the following special keys:

- {{{kbd(TAB)}}} ::

  #+kindex: TAB
  Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the
  predefined list.  You can complete on all tags present in the buffer
  and globally pre-defined tags from ~org-tag-alist~ and
  ~org-tag-persistent-alist~.  You can also add several tags: just
  separate them with a comma.

- {{{kbd(SPC)}}} ::

  #+kindex: SPC
  Clear all tags for this line.

- {{{kbd(RET)}}} ::

  #+kindex: RET
  Accept the modified set.

- {{{kbd(C-g)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-g
  Abort without installing changes.

- {{{kbd(q)}}} ::

  #+kindex: q
  If {{{kbd(q)}}} is not assigned to a tag, it aborts like
  {{{kbd(C-g)}}}.

- {{{kbd(!)}}} ::

  #+kindex: !
  Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags.  Use this to (as an
  exception) assign several tags from such a group.

- {{{kbd(C-c)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below).  If you are
  using expert mode, the first {{{kbd(C-c)}}} displays the selection
  window.

This method lets you assign tags to a headline with very few keys.
With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set
=@home=, =laptop= and =pc= tags with just the following keys:
{{{kbd(C-c C-c SPC h l p RET)}}}.  Switching from =@home= to =@work=
would be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c w RET)}}} or alternatively with
{{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c w)}}}.  Adding the non-predefined tag =sarah= could
be done with {{{kbd(C-c C-c TAB s a r a h RET)}}}.

#+vindex: org-fast-tag-selection-single-key
If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to
modify your list of tags, set the variable
~org-fast-tag-selection-single-key~.  Then you no longer have to press
{{{kbd(RET)}}} to exit fast tag selection---it exits after the first
change.  If you then occasionally need more keys, press {{{kbd(C-c)}}}
to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in
effect: start selection with {{{kbd(C-c C-c C-c)}}} instead of
{{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}).  If you set the variable to the value ~expert~,
the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it
comes up only when you press an extra {{{kbd(C-c)}}}.

** Tag Hierarchy
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Create a hierarchy of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: group tags
#+cindex: tags, groups
#+cindex: tags hierarchy

Tags can be defined in hierarchies.  A tag can be defined as a /group
tag/ for a set of other tags.  The group tag can be seen as the
"broader term" for its set of tags.  Defining multiple group tags and
nesting them creates a tag hierarchy.

One use-case is to create a taxonomy of terms (tags) that can be used
to classify nodes in a document or set of documents.

When you search for a group tag, it return matches for all members in
the group and its subgroups.  In an agenda view, filtering by a group
tag displays or hide headlines tagged with at least one of the members
of the group or any of its subgroups.  This makes tag searches and
filters even more flexible.

You can set group tags by using brackets and inserting a colon between
the group tag and its related tags---beware that all whitespaces are
mandatory so that Org can parse this line correctly:

: #+TAGS: [ GTD : Control Persp ]

In this example, =GTD= is the group tag and it is related to two other
tags: =Control=, =Persp=.  Defining =Control= and =Persp= as group
tags creates a hierarchy of tags:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: [ Control : Context Task ]
,#+TAGS: [ Persp : Vision Goal AOF Project ]
#+end_example

That can conceptually be seen as a hierarchy of tags:

- =GTD=
  - =Persp=
    - =Vision=
    - =Goal=
    - =AOF=
    - =Project=
  - =Control=
    - =Context=
    - =Task=

You can use the ~:startgrouptag~, ~:grouptags~ and ~:endgrouptag~
keyword directly when setting ~org-tag-alist~ directly:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgrouptag)
                      ("GTD")
                      (:grouptags)
                      ("Control")
                      ("Persp")
                      (:endgrouptag)
                      (:startgrouptag)
                      ("Control")
                      (:grouptags)
                      ("Context")
                      ("Task")
                      (:endgrouptag)))
#+end_src

The tags in a group can be mutually exclusive if using the same group
syntax as is used for grouping mutually exclusive tags together; using
curly brackets.

: #+TAGS: { Context : @Home @Work @Call }

When setting ~org-tag-alist~ you can use ~:startgroup~ and ~:endgroup~
instead of ~:startgrouptag~ and ~:endgrouptag~ to make the tags
mutually exclusive.

Furthermore, the members of a group tag can also be regular
expressions, creating the possibility of a more dynamic and rule-based
tag structure (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).  The regular expressions in
the group must be specified within curly brackets.  Here is an
expanded example:

#+begin_example
,#+TAGS: [ Vision : {V@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ Goal : {G@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ AOF : {AOF@.+} ]
,#+TAGS: [ Project : {P@.+} ]
#+end_example

Searching for the tag =Project= now lists all tags also including
regular expression matches for =P@.+=, and similarly for tag searches
on =Vision=, =Goal= and =AOF=.  For example, this would work well for
a project tagged with a common project-identifier, e.g.,
=P@2014_OrgTags=.

#+kindex: C-c C-x q
#+findex: org-toggle-tags-groups
#+vindex: org-group-tags
If you want to ignore group tags temporarily, toggle group tags
support with ~org-toggle-tags-groups~, bound to {{{kbd(C-c C-x q)}}}.
If you want to disable tag groups completely, set ~org-group-tags~ to
~nil~.

** Tag Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Searching for combinations of tags.
:END:
#+cindex: tag searches
#+cindex: searching for tags

Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect
related information into special lists.

- {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / m
  #+kindex: C-c \
  #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
  Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search.
  With a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
  a TODO line.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

  #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
  #+findex: org-tags-view
  Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files.  See
  [[*Matching tags and properties]].

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

  #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
  #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
  Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
  only TODO items and force checking subitems (see the option
  ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).

These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic
Boolean logic like =+boss+urgent-project1=, to find entries with tags
=boss= and =urgent=, but not =project1=, or =Kathy|Sally= to find
entries which are tagged, like =Kathy= or =Sally=.  The full syntax of
the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO
keywords, entry levels and properties.  For a complete description
with many examples, see [[*Matching tags and properties]].

* Properties and Columns
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Storing information about an entry.
:END:
#+cindex: properties

A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry.  Properties
can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every
entry in a tree, or with the whole buffer.

There are two main applications for properties in Org mode.  First,
properties are like tags, but with a value.  Imagine maintaining
a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of
software.  Instead of using tags like =release_1=, =release_2=, you
can use a property, say =Release=, that in different subtrees has
different values, such as =1.0= or =2.0=.  Second, you can use
properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org
buffer.  Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties
could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of
tracks, and so on.

Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (see
[[*Column View]]).

** Property Syntax
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How properties are spelled out.
:END:
#+cindex: property syntax
#+cindex: drawer, for properties

Properties are key--value pairs.  When they are associated with
a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special
drawer (see [[*Drawers]]) with the name =PROPERTIES=, which has to be
located right below a headline, and its planning line (see [[*Deadlines
and Scheduling]]) when applicable.  Each property is specified on
a single line, with the key---surrounded by colons---first, and the
value after it.  Keys are case-insensitive.  Here is an example:

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
,** Classic
,*** Goldberg Variations
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
    :Artist:    Glenn Gould
    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
    :NDisks:    1
    :END:
#+end_example

Depending on the value of ~org-use-property-inheritance~, a property
set this way is associated either with a single entry, or with the
sub-tree defined by the entry, see [[*Property Inheritance]].

You may define the allowed values for a particular property =Xyz= by
setting a property =Xyz_ALL=.  This special property is /inherited/,
so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it applies to the entire tree.
When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property
becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors.  For the example
with the CD collection, we can pre-define publishers and the number of
disks in a box like this:

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
  :PROPERTIES:
  :NDisks_ALL:  1 2 3 4
  :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
  :END:
#+end_example

Properties can be inserted on buffer level.  That means they apply
before the first headline and can be inherited by all entries in a
file.  Property blocks defined before first headline needs to be
located at the top of the buffer, allowing only comments above.

Properties can also be defined using lines like:

#+cindex: @samp{_ALL} suffix, in properties
#+cindex: @samp{PROPERTY}, keyword
: #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4

#+cindex: @samp{+} suffix, in properties
If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a =+=
to the property name.  The following results in the property =var=
having the value =foo=1 bar=2=.

#+begin_example
,#+PROPERTY: var  foo=1
,#+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2
#+end_example

It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties.  The
following results in the =Genres= property having the value =Classic
Baroque= under the =Goldberg Variations= subtree.

#+begin_example
,* CD collection
,** Classic
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Genres: Classic
    :END:
,*** Goldberg Variations
    :PROPERTIES:
    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
    :Artist:    Glenn Gould
    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
    :NDisks:    1
    :Genres+:   Baroque
    :END:
#+end_example

Note that a property can only have one entry per drawer.

#+vindex: org-global-properties
Property values set with the global variable ~org-global-properties~
can be inherited by all entries in all Org files.

The following commands help to work with properties:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(M-TAB)}}} (~pcomplete~) ::

  #+kindex: M-TAB
  #+findex: pcomplete
  After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys.  All keys
  used in the current file are offered as possible completions.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x p)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x p
  #+findex: org-set-property
  Set a property.  This prompts for a property name and a value.  If
  necessary, the property drawer is created as well.

- {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-insert-drawer)}}} ::

  #+findex: org-insert-drawer
  Insert a property drawer into the current entry.  The drawer is
  inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning
  information like deadlines.  If before first headline the drawer is
  inserted at the top of the drawer after any potential comments.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-property-action~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-property-action
  With point in a property drawer, this executes property commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c s)}}} (~org-set-property~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c s
  #+findex: org-set-property
  Set a property in the current entry.  Both the property and the
  value can be inserted using completion.

- {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-property-next-allowed-values~),  {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-property-previous-allowed-value~) ::

  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c d)}}} (~org-delete-property~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c d
  #+findex: org-delete-property
  Remove a property from the current entry.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c D)}}} (~org-delete-property-globally~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c D
  #+findex: org-delete-property-globally
  Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c c)}}} (~org-compute-property-at-point~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c c
  #+findex: org-compute-property-at-point
  Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the
  nearest column format definition.

** Special Properties
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Access to other Org mode features.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, special

Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode
features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed
in the previous chapters.  This interface exists so that you can
include these states in a column view (see [[*Column View]]), or to use
them in queries.  The following property names are special and should
not be used as keys in the properties drawer:

#+cindex: @samp{ALLTAGS}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{BLOCKED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOCKSUM_T}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{CLOSED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{FILE}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{ITEM}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{PRIORITY}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TAGS}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TIMESTAMP_IA}, special property
#+cindex: @samp{TODO}, special property
| =ALLTAGS=      | All tags, including inherited ones.                            |
| =BLOCKED=      | ~t~ if task is currently blocked by children or siblings.      |
| =CATEGORY=     | The category of an entry.                                      |
| =CLOCKSUM=     | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree.  ~org-clock-sum~    |
|                | must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer. |
| =CLOCKSUM_T=   | The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.           |
|                | ~org-clock-sum-today~ must be run first to compute the         |
|                | values in the current buffer.                                  |
| =CLOSED=       | When was this entry closed?                                    |
| =DEADLINE=     | The deadline timestamp.                                        |
| =FILE=         | The filename the entry is located in.                          |
| =ITEM=         | The headline of the entry.                                     |
| =PRIORITY=     | The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.      |
| =SCHEDULED=    | The scheduling timestamp.                                      |
| =TAGS=         | The tags defined directly in the headline.                     |
| =TIMESTAMP=    | The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.                 |
| =TIMESTAMP_IA= | The first inactive timestamp in the entry.                     |
| =TODO=         | The TODO keyword of the entry.                                 |

** Property Searches
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Matching property values.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, searching
#+cindex: searching, of properties

To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on
properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (see [[*Tag
Searches]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c / m)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c \)}}} (~org-match-sparse-tree~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / m
  #+kindex: C-c \
  #+findex: org-match-sparse-tree
  Create a sparse tree with all matching entries.  With
  a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not
  a TODO line.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda m)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

  #+kindex: m @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
  #+findex: org-tags-view
  Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files.

- {{{kbd(M-x org-agenda M)}}} (~org-tags-view~) ::

  #+kindex: M @r{(Agenda dispatcher)}
  #+vindex: org-tags-match-list-sublevels
  Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check
  only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see the option
  ~org-tags-match-list-sublevels~).

The syntax for the search string is described in [[*Matching tags and
properties]].

There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a
single property:

- {{{kbd(C-c / p)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c / p
  Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property.  This first
  prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value.  A sparse
  tree is created with all entries that define this property with the
  given value.  If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is
  interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property
  values (see [[*Regular Expressions]]).

** Property Inheritance
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Passing values down a tree.
:END:
#+cindex: properties, inheritance
#+cindex: inheritance, of properties

#+vindex: org-use-property-inheritance
The outline structure of Org documents lends itself to an inheritance
model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property,
the children can inherit this property.  Org mode does not turn this
on by default, because it can slow down property searches
significantly and is often not needed.  However, if you find
inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable
~org-use-property-inheritance~.  It may be set to ~t~ to make all
properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that
should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited
properties.  If a property has the value ~nil~, this is interpreted as
an explicit un-define of the property, so that inheritance search
stops at this value and returns ~nil~.

Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at
least for the special applications for which they are used:

- ~COLUMNS~ ::

  #+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, property
  The =COLUMNS= property defines the format of column view (see
  [[*Column View]]).  It is inherited in the sense that the level where
  a =COLUMNS= property is defined is used as the starting point for
  a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree
  from where columns view is turned on.

- ~CATEGORY~ ::

  #+cindex: @samp{CATEGORY}, property
  For agenda view, a category set through a =CATEGORY= property
  applies to the entire subtree.

- ~ARCHIVE~ ::

  #+cindex: @samp{ARCHIVE}, property
  For archiving, the =ARCHIVE= property may define the archive
  location for the entire subtree (see [[*Moving a tree to an archive
  file]]).

- ~LOGGING~ ::

  #+cindex: @samp{LOGGING}, property
  The =LOGGING= property may define logging settings for an entry or
  a subtree (see [[*Tracking TODO state changes]]).

** Column View
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tabular viewing and editing.
:END:

A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is /column
view/.  In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row.
Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries.
Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the
headline of each item.  While the headlines have been turned into
a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree.
For example, you get a compact table by switching to "contents"
view---{{{kbd(S-TAB)}}} {{{kbd(S-TAB)}}}, or simply {{{kbd(c)}}}
while column view is active---but you can still open, read, and edit
the entry below each headline.  Or, you can switch to column view
after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only
for the selected items.  Column view also works in agenda buffers (see
[[*Agenda Views]]) where queries have collected selected items, possibly
from a number of files.

*** Defining columns
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: The COLUMNS format property.
:END:
#+cindex: column view, for properties
#+cindex: properties, column view

Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns.  This is
done by defining a column format line.

**** Scope of column definitions
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Where defined, where valid?
:END:

To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add
a =COLUMNS= property to the top node of that tree, for example:

#+begin_example
,** Top node for columns view
   :PROPERTIES:
   :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
   :END:
#+end_example

A =COLUMNS= property within a property drawer before first headline
will apply to the entire file.  As an addition to property drawers,
keywords can also be defined for an entire file using a line like:

#+cindex: @samp{COLUMNS}, keyword
: #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO

If a =COLUMNS= property is present in an entry, it defines columns for
the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it.  Since the
column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the
document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough
for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you
edit a deeper part of the tree.

**** Column attributes
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Appearance and content of a column.
:END:

A column definition sets the attributes of a column.  The general
definition looks like this:

: %[WIDTH]PROPERTY[(TITLE)][{SUMMARY-TYPE}]

#+texinfo: @noindent
Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are
optional.  The individual parts have the following meaning:

- {{{var(WIDTH)}}} ::

  An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.  If
  omitted, the width is determined automatically.

- {{{var(PROPERTY)}}} ::

  The property that should be edited in this column.  Special
  properties representing meta data are allowed here as well (see
  [[*Special Properties]]).

- {{{var(TITLE)}}} ::

  The header text for the column.  If omitted, the property name is
  used.

- {{{var(SUMMARY-TYPE)}}} ::

  The summary type.  If specified, the column values for parent nodes
  are computed from the children[fn:55].

  Supported summary types are:

  | =+=      | Sum numbers in this column.                           |
  | =+;%.1f= | Like =+=, but format result with =%.1f=.              |
  | =$=      | Currency, short for =+;%.2f=.                         |
  | =min=    | Smallest number in column.                            |
  | =max=    | Largest number.                                       |
  | =mean=   | Arithmetic mean of numbers.                           |
  | =X=      | Checkbox status, =[X]= if all children are =[X]=.     |
  | =X/=     | Checkbox status, =[n/m]=.                             |
  | =X%=     | Checkbox status, =[n%]=.                              |
  | =:=      | Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are minutes.          |
  | =:min=   | Smallest time value in column.                        |
  | =:max=   | Largest time value.                                   |
  | =:mean=  | Arithmetic mean of time values.                       |
  | =@min=   | Minimum age[fn:56] (in days/hours/mins/seconds).      |
  | =@max=   | Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).             |
  | =@mean=  | Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds). |
  | =est+=   | Add low-high estimates.                               |

  #+vindex: org-columns-summary-types
  You can also define custom summary types by setting
  ~org-columns-summary-types~.

The =est+= summary type requires further explanation.  It is used for
combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges.  For example,
instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might
estimate it as 5--6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much
work is required, or 1--10 days if you do not really know what needs
to be done.  Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents
a more predictable delivery.

When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and
highs produces an unrealistically wide result.  Instead, =est+= adds
the statistical mean and variance of the subtasks, generating a final
estimate from the sum.  For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each
of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work.  Straight addition
produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if
everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly.  In
contrast, =est+= estimates the full job more realistically, at 10--15
days.

Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with
allowed values[fn:57].

#+begin_example
:COLUMNS:  %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?){X} %Owner %11Status \
                   %10Time_Estimate{:} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T
:Owner_ALL:    Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
:Status_ALL:   "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
:Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
The first column, =%25ITEM=, means the first 25 characters of the item
itself, i.e., of the headline.  You probably always should start the
column definition with the =ITEM= specifier.  The other specifiers
create columns =Owner= with a list of names as allowed values, for
=Status= with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field
=Approved=.  When no width is given after the =%= character, the
column is exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display
all values.  The =Approved= column does have a modified title
(=Approved?=, with a question mark).  Summaries are created for the
=Time_Estimate= column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM,
and for the =Approved= column, by providing an =[X]= status if all
children have been checked.  The =CLOCKSUM= and =CLOCKSUM_T= columns
are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree,
either for all clocks or just for today.

*** Using column view
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How to create and use column view.
:END:

**** Turning column view on or off
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-c)}}} (~org-columns~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-c
  #+vindex: org-columns
  #+vindex: org-columns-default-format
  Turn on column view.  If point is before the first headline in the
  file, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the
  =#+COLUMNS= definition.  If point is somewhere inside the outline,
  this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a =COLUMNS=
  property that defines a format.  When one is found, the column view
  table is established for the tree starting at the entry that
  contains the =COLUMNS= property.  If no such property is found, the
  format is taken from the =#+COLUMNS= line or from the variable
  ~org-columns-default-format~, and column view is established for the
  current entry and its subtree.

- {{{kbd(r)}}} or {{{kbd(g)}}} on a columns view line (~org-columns-redo~) ::

  #+kindex: r
  #+kindex: g
  #+findex: org-columns-redo
  Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the
  buffer.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(q)}}} on a columns view line (~org-columns-quit~) ::

  #+kindex: q
  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-columns-quit
  Exit column view.

**** Editing values
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep and
- {{{kbd(LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(RIGHT)}}}, {{{kbd(UP)}}}, {{{kbd(DOWN)}}} ::

  Move through the column view from field to field.

- {{{kbd(1..9\,0)}}} ::

  #+kindex: 1..9,0
  Directly select the Nth allowed value, {{{kbd(0)}}} selects the
  10th value.

- {{{kbd(n)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-next-allowed-value~) and {{{kbd(p)}}} or {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-previous-allowed-value~) ::

  #+kindex: n
  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+kindex: p
  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+findex: org-columns-next-allowed-value
  #+findex: org-columns-previous-allowed-value
  Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field.  For this,
  you have to have specified allowed values for a property.

- {{{kbd(e)}}} (~org-columns-edit-value~) ::

  #+kindex: e
  #+findex: org-columns-edit-value
  Edit the property at point.  For the special properties, this
  invokes the same interface that you normally use to change that
  property.  For example, the tag completion or fast selection
  interface pops up when editing a =TAGS= property.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} (~org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+findex: org-columns-toggle-or-columns-quit
  When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.  Else exit column
  view.

- {{{kbd(v)}}} (~org-columns-show-value~) ::

  #+kindex: v
  #+findex: org-columns-show-value
  View the full value of this property.  This is useful if the width
  of the column is smaller than that of the value.

- {{{kbd(a)}}} (~org-columns-edit-allowed~) ::

  #+kindex: a
  #+findex: org-columns-edit-allowed
  Edit the list of allowed values for this property.  If the list is
  found in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there.  If no
  list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is
  part of the current column view.

**** Modifying column view on-the-fly
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep and
- {{{kbd(<)}}} (~org-columns-narrow~) and {{{kbd(>)}}} (~org-columns-widen~) ::

  #+kindex: <
  #+kindex: >
  #+findex: org-columns-narrow
  #+findex: org-columns-widen
  Make the column narrower/wider by one character.

- {{{kbd(S-M-RIGHT)}}} (~org-columns-new~) ::

  #+kindex: S-M-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-columns-new
  Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.

- {{{kbd(S-M-LEFT)}}} (~org-columns-delete~) ::

  #+kindex: S-M-LEFT
  #+findex: org-columns-delete
  Delete the current column.

*** Capturing column view
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: A dynamic block for column view.
:END:

Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be
exported or printed directly.  If you want to capture a column view,
use a =columnview= dynamic block (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  The frame of
this block looks like this:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN columnview}
#+begin_example
,* The column view
,#+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"

,#+END:
#+end_example

This dynamic block has the following parameters:

- =:id= ::

  This is the most important parameter.  Column view is a feature that
  is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block
  might be at a different location in the file.  To identify the tree
  whose view to capture, you can use four values:

  - =local= ::

    Use the tree in which the capture block is located.

  - =global= ::

    Make a global view, including all headings in the file.

  - =file:FILENAME= ::

    Run column view at the top of the {{{var(FILENAME)}}} file.

  - =LABEL= ::

    #+cindex: @samp{ID}, property
    Call column view in the tree that has an =ID= property with the
    value {{{var(LABEL)}}}.  You can use {{{kbd(M-x org-id-copy)}}} to
    create a globally unique ID for the current entry and copy it to
    the kill-ring.

- =:match= ::

  When set to a string, use this as a tags/property match filter to
  select only a subset of the headlines in the scope set by the ~:id~
  parameter.


- =:hlines= ::

  When ~t~, insert an hline after every line.  When a number N, insert
  an hline before each headline with level ~<= N~.

- =:vlines= ::

  When non-~nil~, force column groups to get vertical lines.

- =:maxlevel= ::

  When set to a number, do not capture entries below this level.

- =:skip-empty-rows= ::

  When non-~nil~, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of
  the column view is =ITEM=.

- =:exclude-tags= ::

  List of tags to exclude from column view table: entries with these
  tags will be excluded from the column view.

- =:indent= ::

  When non-~nil~, indent each =ITEM= field according to its level.

- =:format= ::

  Specify a column attribute (see [[*Column attributes]]) for the dynamic
  block.

The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:

- ~org-columns-insert-dblock~ ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x x
  #+findex: org-columns-insert-dblock
  Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view.  Prompt for the
  scope or ID of the view.

  This command can be invoked by calling
  ~org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock~ ({{{kbd(C-c C-x x)}}}) and
  selecting "columnview" (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
  #+findex: org-dblock-update
  Update dynamic block at point.  point needs to be in the =#+BEGIN=
  line of the dynamic block.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-update-all-dblocks~) ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
  Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful if
  you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks or
  other dynamic blocks in a buffer.

You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting
instructions in front of the table---these survive an update of the
block.  If there is a =TBLFM= keyword after the table, the table is
recalculated automatically after an update.

An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table
is provided by Eric Schulte's =org-collector.el=, which is a package
in =org-contrib=[fn:58].  It provides a general API to collect
properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp
expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table
or a dynamic block.

* Dates and Times
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Making items useful for planning.
:END:
#+cindex: dates
#+cindex: times
#+cindex: timestamp
#+cindex: date stamp

To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date
and/or a time.  The specially formatted string carrying the date and
time information is called a /timestamp/ in Org mode.  This may be
a little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when
something was created or last changed.  However, in Org mode this term
is used in a much wider sense.

** Timestamps
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Assigning a time to a tree entry.
:END:
#+cindex: timestamps
#+cindex: ranges, time
#+cindex: date stamps
#+cindex: deadlines
#+cindex: scheduling

A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or
a range of times) in a special format, either =<2003-09-16 Tue>= or
=<2003-09-16 Tue 09:39>= or =<2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>=[fn:59].
A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree
entry.  Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in
the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).  We distinguish:

- Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment ::

  #+cindex: timestamp
  #+cindex: appointment
  A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item.  This is
  just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda.
  In the agenda display, the headline of an entry associated with
  a plain timestamp is shown exactly on that date.

  #+begin_example
  ,* Meet Peter at the movies
    <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
  ,* Discussion on climate change
    <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
  #+end_example

- Timestamp with repeater interval ::

  #+cindex: timestamp, with repeater interval
  A timestamp may contain a /repeater interval/, indicating that it
  applies not only on the given date, but again and again after
  a certain interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years
  (y).  The following shows up in the agenda every Wednesday:

  #+begin_example
  ,* Pick up Sam at school
    <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
  #+end_example

- Diary-style expression entries ::

  #+cindex: diary style timestamps
  #+cindex: sexp timestamps
  For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the
  special expression diary entries implemented in the Emacs Calendar
  package[fn:60].  For example, with optional time:

  #+begin_example
  ,* 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
    <%%(diary-float t 4 2)>
  #+end_example

- Time/Date range ::

  #+cindex: timerange
  #+cindex: date range
  Two timestamps connected by =--= denote a range.  The headline is
  shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates that
  are displayed and fall in the range.  Here is an example:

  #+begin_example
  ,** Meeting in Amsterdam
     <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
  #+end_example

- Inactive timestamp ::

  #+cindex: timestamp, inactive
  #+cindex: inactive timestamp
  Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of
  angular ones.  These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they
  do /not/ trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.

  #+begin_example
  ,* Gillian comes late for the fifth time
    [2006-11-01 Wed]
  #+end_example

** Creating Timestamps
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Commands to insert timestamps.
:END:

For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific
format.  All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct
format.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c .)}}} (~org-time-stamp~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c .
  #+findex: org-time-stamp
  Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp.  When point
  is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to
  modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one.  When this
  command is used twice in succession, a time range is inserted.

  #+kindex: C-u C-c .
  #+vindex: org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes
  When called with a prefix argument, use the alternative format which
  contains date and time.  The default time can be rounded to
  multiples of 5 minutes.  See the option
  ~org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes~.

  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c .
  With two prefix arguments, insert an active timestamp with the
  current time without prompting.

- {{{kbd(C-c !)}}} (~org-time-stamp-inactive~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c !
  #+kindex: C-u C-c !
  #+kindex: C-u C-u C-c !
  #+findex: org-time-stamp-inactive
  Like {{{kbd(C-c .)}}}, but insert an inactive timestamp that does
  not cause an agenda entry.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  Normalize timestamp, insert or fix day name if missing or wrong.

- {{{kbd(C-c <)}}} (~org-date-from-calendar~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c <
  #+findex: org-date-from-calendar
  Insert a timestamp corresponding to point date in the calendar.

- {{{kbd(C-c >)}}} (~org-goto-calendar~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c >
  #+findex: org-goto-calendar
  Access the Emacs calendar for the current date.  If there is
  a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date
  instead.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-o)}}} (~org-open-at-point~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-o
  #+findex: org-open-at-point
  Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at
  point (see [[*Weekly/daily agenda]]).

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} (~org-timestamp-down-day~), {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-timestamp-up-day~) ::

  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-timestamp-down-day
  #+findex: org-timestamp-up-day
  Change date at point by one day.  These key bindings conflict with
  shift-selection and related modes (see [[*Packages that conflict with
  Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::

  #+kindex: S-UP
  #+kindex: S-DOWN
  On the beginning or enclosing bracket of a timestamp, change its
  type.  Within a timestamp, change the item under point.  Point can
  be on a year, month, day, hour or minute.  When the timestamp
  contains a time range like =15:30-16:30=, modifying the first time
  also shifts the second, shifting the time block with constant
  length.  To change the length, modify the second time.  Note that if
  point is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these same keys
  modify the priority of an item (see [[*Priorities]]).  The key bindings
  also conflict with shift-selection and related modes (see [[*Packages
  that conflict with Org mode]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-y
  #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
  #+cindex: evaluate time range
  Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and
  end.  With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in
  a table: into the following column).

*** The date/time prompt
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: How Org mode helps you enter dates and times.
:END:
#+cindex: date, reading in minibuffer
#+cindex: time, reading in minibuffer

#+vindex: org-read-date-prefer-future
When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default
date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific
format.  But it in fact accepts date/time information in a variety of
formats.  Generally, the information should start at the beginning of
the string.  Org mode finds whatever information is in there and
derives anything you have not specified from the /default date and
time/.  The default is usually the current date and time, but when
modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of
a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer.  When filling in
information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you want to enter
a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given
day/month is /before/ today, it assumes that you mean a future
date[fn:61].  If the date has been automatically shifted into the
future, the time prompt shows this with =(=>F)=.

For example, let's assume that today is *June 13, 2006*.  Here is how
various inputs are interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in
*bold*.

| =3-2-5=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
| =2/5/3=        | \rArr{} 2003-02-05                              |
| =14=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-14                          |
| =12=           | \rArr{} *2006*-*07*-12                          |
| =2/5=          | \rArr{} *2007*-02-05                            |
| =Fri=          | \rArr{} nearest Friday (default date or later)  |
| =sep 15=       | \rArr{} *2006*-09-15                            |
| =feb 15=       | \rArr{} *2007*-02-15                            |
| =sep 12 9=     | \rArr{} 2009-09-12                              |
| =12:45=        | \rArr{} *2006*-*06*-*13* 12:45                  |
| =22 sept 0:34= | \rArr{} *2006*-09-22 0:34                       |
| =w4=           | \rArr{} ISO week for of the current year *2006* |
| =2012 w4 fri=  | \rArr{} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012            |
| =2012-w04-5=   | \rArr{} Same as above                           |

Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the /first/
thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter---=h=,
=d=, =w=, =m= or =y=---to indicate a change in hours, days, weeks,
months, or years.  With =h= the date is relative to the current time,
with the other letters and a single plus or minus, the date is
relative to today at 00:00.  With a double plus or minus, it is
relative to the default date.  If instead of a single letter, you use
the abbreviation of day name, the date is the Nth such day, e.g.:

| =+0=    | \rArr{} today                       |
| =.=     | \rArr{} today                       |
| =+2h=   | \rArr{} two hours from now          |
| =+4d=   | \rArr{} four days from today        |
| =+4=    | \rArr{} same as +4d                 |
| =+2w=   | \rArr{} two weeks from today        |
| =++5=   | \rArr{} five days from default date |
| =+2tue= | \rArr{} second Tuesday from now     |

#+vindex: parse-time-months
#+vindex: parse-time-weekdays
The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations.  If
you want to use un-abbreviated names and/or other languages, configure
the variables ~parse-time-months~ and ~parse-time-weekdays~.

#+vindex: org-read-date-force-compatible-dates
Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation.  By
default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970--2037
which works on all Emacs implementations.  If you want to use dates
outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable
~org-read-date-force-compatible-dates~.

You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by
giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format).  Use one or two
dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use =+= as the
separator in the latter case, e.g.:

| =11am-1:15pm=  | \rArr{} 11:00-13:15   |
| =11h-13h15=    | \rArr{} same as above |
| =11am--1:15pm= | \rArr{} same as above |
| =11am+2:15=    | \rArr{} same as above |

#+cindex: calendar, for selecting date
#+vindex: org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt
Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up[fn:62].
When you exit the date prompt, either by clicking on a date in the
calendar, or by pressing {{{kbd(RET)}}}, the date selected in the
calendar is combined with the information entered at the prompt.  You
can control the calendar fully from the minibuffer:

#+kindex: <
#+kindex: >
#+kindex: M-v
#+kindex: C-v
#+kindex: mouse-1
#+kindex: S-RIGHT
#+kindex: S-LEFT
#+kindex: S-DOWN
#+kindex: S-UP
#+kindex: M-S-RIGHT
#+kindex: M-S-LEFT
#+kindex: RET
#+kindex: .
#+kindex: C-.
#+attr_texinfo: :columns 0.25 0.55
| {{{kbd(RET)}}}       | Choose date at point in calendar.      |
| {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}}   | Select date by clicking on it.         |
| {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}   | One day forward.                       |
| {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}    | One day backward.                      |
| {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}}    | One week forward.                      |
| {{{kbd(S-UP)}}}      | One week backward.                     |
| {{{kbd(M-S-RIGHT)}}} | One month forward.                     |
| {{{kbd(M-S-LEFT)}}}  | One month backward.                    |
| {{{kbd(>)}}}         | Scroll calendar forward by one month.  |
| {{{kbd(<)}}}         | Scroll calendar backward by one month. |
| {{{kbd(M-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar forward by 3 months.   |
| {{{kbd(C-v)}}}       | Scroll calendar backward by 3 months.  |
| {{{kbd(C-.)}}}       | Select today's date[fn:63]             |

#+vindex: org-read-date-display-live
The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you
they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty
much any other way of entering a date/time out there.  To help you
understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input
is displayed live in the minibuffer[fn:64].

*** Custom time format
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Making dates look different.
:END:
#+cindex: custom date/time format
#+cindex: time format, custom
#+cindex: date format, custom

#+vindex: org-display-custom-times
#+vindex: org-time-stamp-custom-formats
Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is
defined in ISO 8601.  If you cannot get used to this and require
another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get
it by customizing the variables ~org-display-custom-times~ and
~org-time-stamp-custom-formats~.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-t)}}} (~org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-t
  #+findex: org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays
  Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.

Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom
date/time format does not /replace/ the default format.  Instead, it
is put /over/ the default format using text properties.  This has the
following consequences:

- You cannot place point onto a timestamp anymore, only before or
  after.

- The {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} keys can no longer be used
  to adjust each component of a timestamp.  If point is at the
  beginning of the stamp, {{{kbd(S-UP)}}} and {{{kbd(S-DOWN)}}} change
  the stamp by one day, just like {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}
  {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}}.  At the end of the stamp, change the time by one
  minute.

- If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater,
  these are not overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were.

- When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it only
  disappears from the buffer after /all/ (invisible) characters
  belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.

- If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you
  are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up.  If
  the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected.

** Deadlines and Scheduling
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning your work.
:END:

A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate
planning.  Both the timestamp and the keyword have to be positioned
immediately after the task they refer to.

- =DEADLINE= ::

  #+cindex: @samp{DEADLINE} marker
  Meaning: the task---most likely a TODO item, though not
  necessarily---is supposed to be finished on that date.

  #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
  On the deadline date, the task is listed in the agenda.  In
  addition, the agenda for /today/ carries a warning about the
  approaching or missed deadline, starting ~org-deadline-warning-days~
  before the due date, and continuing until the entry is marked as
  done.  An example:

  #+begin_example
  ,*** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
      DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
      The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]
  #+end_example

  #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled
  You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific
  deadlines using the following syntax.  Here is an example with
  a warning period of 5 days =DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>=.  This
  warning is deactivated if the task gets scheduled and you set
  ~org-agenda-skip-deadline-prewarning-if-scheduled~ to ~t~.

- =SCHEDULED= ::

  #+cindex: @samp{SCHEDULED} marker
  Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given
  date.

  #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done
  The headline is listed under the given date[fn:65].  In addition,
  a reminder that the scheduled date has passed is present in the
  compilation for /today/, until the entry is marked as done, i.e.,
  the task is automatically forwarded until completed.

  #+begin_example
  ,*** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
      SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>
  #+end_example

  #+vindex: org-scheduled-delay-days
  #+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline
  If you want to /delay/ the display of this task in the agenda, use
  =SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat -2d>=: the task is still scheduled on
  the 25th but will appear two days later.  In case the task contains
  a repeater, the delay is considered to affect all occurrences; if
  you want the delay to only affect the first scheduled occurrence of
  the task, use =--2d= instead.  See ~org-scheduled-delay-days~ and
  ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-delay-if-deadline~ for details on how to
  control this globally or per agenda.

  #+attr_texinfo: :tag Important
  #+begin_quote
  Scheduling an item in Org mode should /not/ be understood in the
  same way that we understand /scheduling a meeting/.  Setting a date
  for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should mark this
  entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown on the
  date where it applies.  This is a frequent misunderstanding by Org
  users.  In Org mode, /scheduling/ means setting a date when you want
  to start working on an action item.
  #+end_quote

You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline
entries.  Org mode issues early and late warnings based on the
assumption that the timestamp represents the /nearest instance/ of the
repeater.  However, the use of diary expression entries like

: <%%(diary-float t 42)>

#+texinfo: @noindent
in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited.  Org mode does not
know enough about the internals of each function to issue early and
late warnings.  However, it shows the item on each day where the
expression entry matches.

*** Inserting deadlines or schedules
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning items.
:ALT_TITLE: Inserting deadline/schedule
:END:

The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to
schedule an item:[fn:66]

- {{{kbd(C-c C-d)}}} (~org-deadline~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-d
  #+findex: org-deadline
  #+vindex: org-log-redeadline
  Insert =DEADLINE= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion happens
  in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any =CLOSED=
  timestamp .  When called with a prefix argument, also remove any
  existing deadline from the entry.  Depending on the variable
  ~org-log-redeadline~, take a note when changing an existing
  deadline[fn:67].

- {{{kbd(C-c C-s)}}} (~org-schedule~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-s
  #+findex: org-schedule
  #+vindex: org-log-reschedule
  Insert =SCHEDULED= keyword along with a stamp.  The insertion
  happens in the line directly following the headline.  Remove any
  =CLOSED= timestamp.  When called with a prefix argument, also remove
  the scheduling date from the entry.  Depending on the variable
  ~org-log-reschedule~, take a note when changing an existing
  scheduling time[fn:68].

- {{{kbd(C-c / d)}}} (~org-check-deadlines~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / d
  #+findex: org-check-deadlines
  #+cindex: sparse tree, for deadlines
  #+vindex: org-deadline-warning-days
  Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or
  which will become due within ~org-deadline-warning-days~.  With
  {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, show all deadlines in the file.  With
  a numeric prefix, check that many days.  For example, {{{kbd(C-1 C-c
  / d)}}} shows all deadlines due tomorrow.

- {{{kbd(C-c / b)}}} (~org-check-before-date~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / b
  #+findex: org-check-before-date
  Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date.

- {{{kbd(C-c / a)}}} (~org-check-after-date~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c / a
  #+findex: org-check-after-date
  Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.

Note that ~org-schedule~ and ~org-deadline~ supports setting the date
by indicating a relative time e.g., =+1d= sets the date to the next
day after today, and =--1w= sets the date to the previous week before
any current timestamp.

*** Repeated tasks
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Items that show up again and again.
:END:
#+cindex: tasks, repeated
#+cindex: repeated tasks

Some tasks need to be repeated again and again.  Org mode helps to
organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a =DEADLINE=,
=SCHEDULED=, or plain timestamps[fn:69].  In the following example:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Pay the rent
   DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
the =+1m= is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task
has a deadline on =<2005-10-01>= and repeats itself every (one) month
starting from that time.  You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily
and hourly repeat cookies by using the =y=, =m=, =w=, =d= and =h=
letters.  If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in
a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning
period last

: DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>

#+vindex: org-todo-repeat-to-state
Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they
are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as
done once you have done so.  When you mark a =DEADLINE= or
a =SCHEDULED= with the TODO keyword =DONE=, it no longer produces
entries in the agenda.  The problem with this is, however, is that
then also the /next/ instance of the repeated entry will not be
active.  Org mode deals with this in the following way: when you try
to mark such an entry as done, using {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}}, it shifts the
base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and
immediately sets the entry state back to TODO[fn:70].  In the example
above, setting the state to =DONE= would actually switch the date like
this:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Pay the rent
   DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>
#+end_example

To mark a task with a repeater as DONE, use {{{kbd(C-- 1 C-c C-t)}}},
i.e., ~org-todo~ with a numeric prefix argument of =-1=.

#+vindex: org-log-repeat
A timestamp[fn:71] is added under the deadline, to keep a record that
you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.

As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry is no longer
visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future
instances will be visible.

With the =+1m= cookie, the date shift is always exactly one month.  So
if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry
DONE still keeps it as an overdue deadline.  Depending on the task,
this may not be the best way to handle it.  For example, if you forgot
to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him
3 times in a single day to make up for it.  Finally, there are tasks,
like changing batteries, which should always repeat a certain time
/after/ the last time you did it.  For these tasks, Org mode has
special repeaters =++= and =.+=.  For example:

#+begin_example
,** TODO Call Father
   DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one week, but also
   by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into the future.
   However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called and marked it
   done on Saturday.

,** TODO Empty kitchen trash
   DEADLINE: <2008-02-08 Fri 20:00 ++1d>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date by at least one day, and also
   by as many days as it takes to get the timestamp into the future.
   Since there is a time in the timestamp, the next deadline in the
   future will be on today's date if you complete the task before
   20:00.

,** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
   DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date to one month after today.

,** TODO Wash my hands
   DEADLINE: <2019-04-05 08:00 Fri .+1h>
   Marking this DONE shifts the date to exactly one hour from now.
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown
You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific
task.  If the repeater is set for the scheduling information only, you
probably want the repeater to be ignored after the deadline.  If so,
set the variable ~org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-deadline-is-shown~ to
~repeated-after-deadline~.  However, any scheduling information
without a repeater is no longer relevant once the task is done, and
thus, removed upon repeating the task.  If you want both scheduling
and deadline information to repeat after the same interval, set the
same repeater for both timestamps.

An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of
a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy.  The command
{{{kbd(C-c C-x c)}}} was created for this purpose; it is described in
[[*Structure Editing]].

** Clocking Work Time
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Tracking how long you spend on a task.
:END:
#+cindex: clocking time
#+cindex: time clocking

Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in
a project.  When you start working on an item, you can start the
clock.  When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task
done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is
recorded.  It also computes the total time spent on each
subtree[fn:72] of a project.  And it remembers a history or tasks
recently clocked, so that you can jump quickly between a number of
tasks absorbing your time.

To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use:

#+begin_src emacs-lisp
(setq org-clock-persist 'history)
(org-clock-persistence-insinuate)
#+end_src

#+vindex: org-clock-persist
When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete
clock[fn:73] is retrieved (see [[*Resolving idle time]]) and you are
prompted about what to do with it.

*** Clocking commands
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Starting and stopping a clock.
:END:

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-i)}}} (~org-clock-in~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-i
  #+findex: org-clock-in
  #+vindex: org-clock-into-drawer
  #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
  #+cindex: @samp{LOG_INTO_DRAWER}, property
  Start the clock on the current item (clock-in).  This inserts the
  =CLOCK= keyword together with a timestamp.  If this is not the first
  clocking of this item, the multiple =CLOCK= lines are wrapped into
  a =LOGBOOK= drawer (see also the variable ~org-clock-into-drawer~).
  You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by
  setting a =CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER= or =LOG_INTO_DRAWER= property.  When
  called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, select the task from
  a list of recently clocked tasks.  With two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}
  prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default
  task; the default task is always be available with letter
  {{{kbd(d)}}} when selecting a clocking task.  With three {{{kbd(C-u
  C-u C-u)}}} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
  clock when the last clock stopped.

  #+cindex: @samp{CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL}, property
  #+cindex: @samp{LAST_REPEAT}, property
  #+vindex: org-clock-mode-line-total
  #+vindex: org-clock-in-prepare-hook
  While the clock is running, Org shows the current clocking time in
  the mode line, along with the title of the task.  The clock time
  shown is all time ever clocked for this task and its children.  If
  the task has an effort estimate (see [[*Effort Estimates]]), the mode
  line displays the current clocking time against it[fn:74].  If the
  task is a repeating one (see [[*Repeated tasks]]), show only the time
  since the last reset of the task[fn:75].  You can exercise more
  control over show time with the =CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL= property.  It
  may have the values =current= to show only the current clocking
  instance, =today= to show all time clocked on this tasks today---see
  also the variable ~org-extend-today-until~, ~all~ to include all
  time, or ~auto~ which is the default[fn:76].  Clicking with
  {{{kbd(mouse-1)}}} onto the mode line entry pops up a menu with
  clocking options.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-o)}}} (~org-clock-out~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-o
  #+findex: org-clock-out
  #+vindex: org-log-note-clock-out
  Stop the clock (clock-out).  This inserts another timestamp at the
  same location where the clock was last started.  It also directly
  computes the resulting time in inserts it after the time range as
  ==>HH:MM=.  See the variable ~org-log-note-clock-out~ for the
  possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out
  timestamp[fn:77].

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-x)}}} (~org-clock-in-last~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-x
  #+findex: org-clock-in-last
  #+vindex: org-clock-continuously
  Re-clock the last clocked task.  With one {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix
  argument, select the task from the clock history.  With two
  {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the
  clock when the last clock stopped.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
  #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
  Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-y)}}} (~org-evaluate-time-range~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+kindex: C-c C-y
  #+findex: org-evaluate-time-range
  Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps.
  This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly.  If you
  change them with {{{kbd(S-<cursor>)}}} keys, the update is
  automatic.

- {{{kbd(C-S-UP)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-up~), {{{kbd(C-S-DOWN)}}} (~org-clock-timestamps-down~) ::

  #+kindex: C-S-UP
  #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-up
  #+kindex: C-S-DOWN
  #+findex: org-clock-timestamps-down
  On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the
  clock duration keeps the same value.

- {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} (~org-timestamp-up~), {{{kbd(S-M-DOWN)}}} (~org-timestamp-down~) ::

  #+kindex: S-M-UP
  #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-up
  #+kindex: S-M-DOWN
  #+findex: org-clock-timestamp-down
  On =CLOCK= log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point and
  the one of the previous, or the next, clock timestamp by the same
  duration.  For example, if you hit {{{kbd(S-M-UP)}}} to increase
  a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the clocked-in
  timestamp of the next clock is increased by five minutes.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-t)}}} (~org-todo~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-t
  #+findex: org-todo
  Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the
  clock if it is running in this same item.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-q)}}} (~org-clock-cancel~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-q
  #+findex: org-clock-cancel
  Cancel the current clock.  This is useful if a clock was started by
  mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-j)}}} (~org-clock-goto~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-j
  #+findex: or-clock-goto
  Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task.  With
  a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix argument, select the target task from a list
  of recently clocked tasks.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-d)}}} (~org-clock-display~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-d
  #+findex: org-clock-display
  #+vindex: org-remove-highlights-with-change
  Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer.  This
  puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time
  recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings.
  You can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays
  disappear when you change the buffer (see variable
  ~org-remove-highlights-with-change~) or press {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}}.

The {{{kbd(l)}}} key may be used in the agenda (see [[*Weekly/daily
agenda]]) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during
a day.

*Important:* note that both ~org-clock-out~ and ~org-clock-in-last~
can have a global keybinding and do not modify the window disposition.

*** The clock table
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Detailed reports.
:END:
#+cindex: clocktable, dynamic block
#+cindex: report, of clocked time

Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking
information.  Such a report is called a /clock table/, because it is
formatted as one or several Org tables.

#+attr_texinfo: :sep ,
- ~org-clock-report~ ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x x
  #+findex: org-clock-report
  Insert or update a clock table.  When called with a prefix argument,
  jump to the first clock table in the current document and update it.
  The clock table includes archived trees.

  This command can be invoked by calling
  ~org-dynamic-block-insert-dblock~ ({{{kbd(C-c C-x x)}}}) and
  selecting "clocktable" (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).

- {{{kbd(C-c C-c)}}} or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-u)}}} (~org-dblock-update~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-c
  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-u
  #+findex: org-dblock-update
  Update dynamic block at point.  Point needs to be in the =BEGIN=
  line of the dynamic block.

- {{{kbd(C-u C-c C-x C-u)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C-u C-c C-x C-u
  Update all dynamic blocks (see [[*Dynamic Blocks]]).  This is useful if
  you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.

- {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}}, {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} (~org-clocktable-try-shift~) ::

  #+kindex: S-LEFT
  #+kindex: S-RIGHT
  #+findex: org-clocktable-try-shift
  Shift the current =:block= interval and update the table.  Point
  needs to be in the =#+BEGIN: clocktable= line for this command.  If
  =:block= is =today=, it is shifted to =today-1=, etc.

Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted
into the buffer by ~org-clock-report~:

#+cindex: @samp{BEGIN clocktable}
#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+vindex: org-clocktable-defaults
The =#+BEGIN= line contains options to define the scope, structure,
and formatting of the report.  Defaults for all these options can be
configured in the variable ~org-clocktable-defaults~.

First there are options that determine which clock entries are to
be selected:

- =:maxlevel= ::

  Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table.  Clocks
  at deeper levels are summed into the upper level.

- =:scope= ::

  The scope to consider.  This can be any of the following:

  | =nil=                  | the current buffer or narrowed region                               |
  | =file=                 | the full current buffer                                             |
  | =subtree=              | the subtree where the clocktable is located                         |
  | =treeN=                | the surrounding level N tree, for example =tree3=                   |
  | =tree=                 | the surrounding level 1 tree                                        |
  | =agenda=               | all agenda files                                                    |
  | =("file" ...)=         | scan these files                                                    |
  | =FUNCTION=             | scan files returned by calling {{{var(FUNCTION)}}} with no argument |
  | =file-with-archives=   | current file and its archives                                       |
  | =agenda-with-archives= | all agenda files, including archives                                |

- =:block= ::

  The time block to consider.  This block is specified either
  absolutely, or relative to the current time and may be any of these
  formats:

  | =2007-12-31=                            | New year eve 2007     |
  | =2007-12=                               | December 2007         |
  | =2007-W50=                              | ISO-week 50 in 2007   |
  | =2007-Q2=                               | 2nd quarter in 2007   |
  | =2007=                                  | the year 2007         |
  | =today=, =yesterday=, =today-N=         | a relative day        |
  | =thisweek=, =lastweek=, =thisweek-N=    | a relative week       |
  | =thismonth=, =lastmonth=, =thismonth-N= | a relative month      |
  | =thisyear=, =lastyear=, =thisyear-N=    | a relative year       |
  | =untilnow=[fn:78]                       | all clocked time ever |

  #+vindex: org-clock-display-default-range
  When this option is not set, Org falls back to the value in
  ~org-clock-display-default-range~, which defaults to the current
  year.

  Use {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} or {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} to shift the time
  interval.

- =:tstart= ::

  A time string specifying when to start considering times.  Relative
  times like ="<-2w>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching tags and
  properties]] for relative time syntax.

- =:tend= ::

  A time string specifying when to stop considering times.  Relative
  times like ="<now>"= can also be used.  See [[*Matching tags and
  properties]] for relative time syntax.

- =:wstart= ::

  The starting day of the week.  The default is 1 for Monday.

- =:mstart= ::

  The starting day of the month.  The default is 1 for the first.

- =:step= ::

  Set to =day=, =week=, =semimonth=, =month=, or =year= to split the
  table into chunks.  To use this, either =:block=, or =:tstart= and
  =:tend= are required.

- =:stepskip0= ::

  When non-~nil~, do not show steps that have zero time.

- =:fileskip0= ::

  When non-~nil~, do not show table sections from files which did not
  contribute.

- =:match= ::

  A tags match to select entries that should contribute.  See
  [[*Matching tags and properties]] for the match syntax.

#+findex: org-clocktable-write-default
Then there are options that determine the formatting of the table.
There options are interpreted by the function
~org-clocktable-write-default~, but you can specify your own function
using the =:formatter= parameter.

- =:emphasize= ::

  When non-~nil~, emphasize level one and level two items.

- =:lang= ::

  Language[fn:79] to use for descriptive cells like "Task".

- =:link= ::

  Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.

- =:narrow= ::

  An integer to limit the width of the headline column in the Org
  table.  If you write it like =50!=, then the headline is also
  shortened in export.

- =:indent= ::

  Indent each headline field according to its level.

- =:hidefiles= ::

  Hide the file column when multiple files are used to produce the
  table.

- =:tcolumns= ::

  Number of columns to be used for times.  If this is smaller than
  =:maxlevel=, lower levels are lumped into one column.

- =:level= ::

  Should a level number column be included?

- =:sort= ::

  A cons cell containing the column to sort and a sorting type.  E.g.,
  =:sort (1 . ?a)= sorts the first column alphabetically.

- =:compact= ::

  Abbreviation for =:level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1=.
  All are overwritten except if there is an explicit =:narrow=.

- =:timestamp= ::

  A timestamp for the entry, when available.  Look for =SCHEDULED=,
  =DEADLINE=, =TIMESTAMP= and =TIMESTAMP_IA= special properties (see
  [[*Special Properties]]), in this order.

- =:tags= ::

  When this flag is non-~nil~, show the headline's tags.

- =:properties= ::

  List of properties shown in the table.  Each property gets its own
  column.

- =:inherit-props= ::

  When this flag is non-~nil~, the values for =:properties= are
  inherited.

- =:formula= ::

  Content of a =TBLFM= keyword to be added and evaluated.  As
  a special case, =:formula %= adds a column with % time.  If you do
  not specify a formula here, any existing formula below the clock
  table survives updates and is evaluated.

- =:formatter= ::

  A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.

To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current
day, you could write:

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
To use a specific time range you could write[fn:80]

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
                    :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A range starting a week ago and ending right now could be written as

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<-1w>" :tend "<now>"
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A summary of the current subtree with % times would be

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during
last week would be

#+begin_example
,#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
,#+END: clocktable
#+end_example

*** Resolving idle time and continuous clocking
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Resolving time when you've been idle.
:ALT_TITLE: Resolving idle time
:END:

**** Resolving idle time
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:

#+cindex: resolve idle time
#+cindex: idle, resolve, dangling

If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your
computer---perhaps to take a phone call---you often need to
"resolve" the time you were away by either subtracting it from the
current clock, or applying it to another one.

#+vindex: org-clock-idle-time
#+vindex: org-clock-x11idle-program-name
By customizing the variable ~org-clock-idle-time~ to some integer,
such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your
computer after being idle for that many minutes[fn:81], and ask what
you want to do with the idle time.  There will be a question waiting
for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed
constantly updated with the current amount, as well as a set of
choices to correct the discrepancy:

- {{{kbd(k)}}} ::

  #+kindex: k
  To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press
  {{{kbd(k)}}}.  Org asks how many of the minutes to keep.  Press
  {{{kbd(RET)}}} to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or
  enter a number to keep that many minutes.

- {{{kbd(K)}}} ::

  #+kindex: K
  If you use the shift key and press {{{kbd(K)}}}, it keeps however
  many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that
  task.  If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just
  clocking out of the current task.

- {{{kbd(s)}}} ::

  #+kindex: s
  To keep none of the minutes, use {{{kbd(s)}}} to subtract all the
  away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment you
  returned.

- {{{kbd(S)}}} ::

  #+kindex: S
  To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the
  away time, use the shift key and press {{{kbd(S)}}}.  Remember that
  using shift always leave you clocked out, no matter which option you
  choose.

- {{{kbd(C)}}} ::

  #+kindex: C
  To cancel the clock altogether, use {{{kbd(C)}}}.  Note that if
  instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting
  clock amount is less than a minute, the clock is still canceled
  rather than cluttering up the log with an empty entry.

What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and
now want to apply them to a new clock?  Simply clock in to any task
immediately after the subtraction.  Org will notice that you have
subtracted time "on the books", so to speak, and will ask if you want
to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on.

There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs.
Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased
a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power
button!  You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save
you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock
in.

If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you
have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last
session.  Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the
unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that
time.  The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time
due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather
than a set amount of idle time.

You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for
dangling clocks at any time using {{{kbd(M-x org-resolve-clocks
RET)}}} (or {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-z)}}}).

**** Continuous clocking
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: continuous clocking

#+vindex: org-clock-continuously
You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the
previous task.  To enable this systematically, set
~org-clock-continuously~ to non-~nil~.  Each time you clock in, Org
retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this
session, and start the new clock from there.

If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix
arguments with ~org-clock-in~ and two {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}} with
~org-clock-in-last~.

**** Clocking out automatically after some idle time
:PROPERTIES:
:UNNUMBERED: notoc
:END:
#+cindex: auto clocking out after idle time

#+vindex: org-clock-auto-clockout-timer
When you often forget to clock out before being idle and you don't
want to manually set the clocking time to take into account, you can
set ~org-clock-auto-clockout-timer~ to a number of seconds and add
=(org-clock-auto-clockout-insinuate)= to your =.emacs= file.

When the clock is running and Emacs is idle for more than this number
of seconds, the clock will be clocked out automatically.

Use =M-x org-clock-toggle-auto-clockout RET= to temporarily turn this
on or off.

** Effort Estimates
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Planning work effort in advance.
:END:
#+cindex: effort estimates
#+cindex: @samp{EFFORT}, property
#+vindex: org-effort-property

If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need
to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you
may want to assign effort estimates to entries.  If you are also
clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort
with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning
estimates.

Effort estimates are stored in a special property =EFFORT=.  Multiple
formats are supported, such as =3:12=, =1:23:45=, or =1d3h5min=; see
the file =org-duration.el= for more detailed information about the
format.

You can set the effort for an entry with the following commands:

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x e)}}}  (~org-set-effort~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x e
  #+findex: org-set-effort
  Set the effort estimate for the current entry.  With a prefix
  argument, set it to the next allowed value---see below.  This
  command is also accessible from the agenda with the {{{kbd(e)}}}
  key.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x C-e)}}} (~org-clock-modify-effort-estimate~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x C-e
  #+findex: org-clock-modify-effort-estimate
  Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.

Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column
view (see [[*Column View]]).  You should start by setting up discrete
values for effort estimates, and a =COLUMNS= format that displays
these values together with clock sums---if you want to clock your
time.  For a specific buffer you can use:

#+begin_example
,#+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
,#+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort){:} %CLOCKSUM
#+end_example

#+texinfo: @noindent
#+vindex: org-global-properties
#+vindex: org-columns-default-format
or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing
the variables ~org-global-properties~ and
~org-columns-default-format~.  In particular if you want to use this
setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised.

The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to
column mode, and to use {{{kbd(S-RIGHT)}}} and {{{kbd(S-LEFT)}}} to
change the value.  The values you enter are immediately summed up in
the hierarchy.  In the column next to it, any clocked time is
displayed.

#+vindex: org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum
If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort
column summarizes the estimated work effort for each day[fn:82], and
you can use this to find space in your schedule.  To get an overview
of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the
option ~org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum~.  The
appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval
are then also added to the load estimate of the day.

Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is
triggered with the {{{kbd(/)}}} key in the agenda (see [[*Commands in
the Agenda Buffer]]).  If you have these estimates defined consistently,
two or three key presses narrow down the list to stuff that fits into
an available time slot.

** Taking Notes with a Relative Timer
:PROPERTIES:
:DESCRIPTION: Notes with a running timer.
:ALT_TITLE: Timers
:END:
#+cindex: relative timer
#+cindex: countdown timer

Org provides two types of timers.  There is a relative timer that
counts up, which can be useful when taking notes during, for example,
a meeting or a video viewing.  There is also a countdown timer.

The relative and countdown are started with separate commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x 0)}}} (~org-timer-start~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x 0
  #+findex: org-timer-start
  Start or reset the relative timer.  By default, the timer is set
  to 0.  When called with a {{{kbd(C-u)}}} prefix, prompt the user for
  a starting offset.  If there is a timer string at point, this is
  taken as the default, providing a convenient way to restart taking
  notes after a break in the process.  When called with a double
  prefix argument {{{kbd(C-u C-u)}}}, change all timer strings in the
  active region by a certain amount.  This can be used to fix timer
  strings if the timer was not started at exactly the right moment.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x ;)}}} (~org-timer-set-timer~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x ;
  #+findex: org-timer-set-timer
  #+vindex: org-timer-default-timer
  Start a countdown timer.  The user is prompted for a duration.
  ~org-timer-default-timer~ sets the default countdown value.  Giving
  a numeric prefix argument overrides this default value.  This
  command is available as {{{kbd(;)}}} in agenda buffers.

Once started, relative and countdown timers are controlled with the
same commands.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x .)}}} (~org-timer~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x .
  #+findex: org-timer
  Insert a relative time into the buffer.  The first time you use
  this, the timer starts.  Using a prefix argument restarts it.

- {{{kbd(C-c C-x -)}}} (~org-timer-item~) ::

  #+kindex: C-c C-x -
  #+findex: org-timer-item
  Insert a description list item with the current relative time.  With